How (and why) Russia hacked the US election | Laura Galante

翻译人员: Mo Siman 校对人员: Lipeng Chen

Let's say you despise

假设你很反感

Western democracy.

西方民主。

Democracy, in all its trappings,

一切民主制度的衍生物，

free elections, town halls,

像自由选举、市政厅，

endless debates about the proper role of government.

以及关于政府角色的无数论辩，

Too messy,

都太乱，

too unpredictable,

不可捉摸，

too constraining for your taste.

在你看来局限太多。

And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else

而种种制度都在一起向人们灌输

about individual rights and freedoms --

个人权利和自由的观念——

it gets under your skin.

这让你恼火。

So what to do about it?

那怎么办？

You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies

你可以揭露西方民主的虚伪和失败，

and explain how your way is better,

说你的主张的优势，

but that's never really worked for you.

但这对你而言并不实际。

What if you could get the people

那如果你能让

whose support is the very foundation of these democracies

民主制度的中坚分子

to start questioning the system?

开始质疑这套制度呢？

Make the idea occur in their own minds

让这些人自己感到

that democracy and its institutions are failing them,

民主及其机制辜负了他们，

their elite are corrupt puppet masters

精英阶层腐败透顶，上下其手，

and the country they knew is in free fall.

这个国家正急速衰落。

To do that,

要做到这些，

you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres

就要潜入相关机构的

of these democracies.

信息系统，

You'll need to turn their most powerful asset --

把民主最强有力的武器——

an open mind --

开明思想——

into their greatest vulnerability.

变成其要害。

You'll need people to question the truth.

要让人们开始质疑所谓真相。

Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016.

我想大家都熟知2016年的 黑客入侵和泄密事件。

One was the Democratic National Committee's networks,

一个是民主党全国委员会（DNC）

and the personal email accounts of its staff,

网站资料及其成员的电邮被窃取，

later released on WikiLeaks.

并发布在维基解密上。

After that, various online personas,

之后，网上有好几个人，

like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian,

比如一个据说是罗马尼亚人， 却不会说该国语言的网络罪犯，

aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists.

极力向媒体推送有关消息。

The media took the bait.

媒体上钩了。

They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie.

记者们只关注DNC 多么讨厌伯尼·桑德。

At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news

那段时间，DNC和伯尼间的恩怨远比

that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers

某个俄国政府支持的黑客组织更吸引人。

who we called "Advanced Persistent Threat 28,"

该组织被称为高持续性威胁28，

or "APT28" for short,

简称APT28，

was carrying out these operations against the US.

正是它进行了此次入侵。

And there was no shortage of evidence.

此事证据确凿。

This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere

这一黑客组织并不是到了2016年才

凭空出现的。

in 2016.

从2014年起我们就在追踪它。

We had started tracking this group back in 2014.

And the tools that APT28 used to compromise its victims' networks

APT28所使用的入侵手段表明

demonstrated a thoughtful, well-resourced effort

其行动有计划性，资源充足，

that had taken place for now over a decade

且运作长达十数年，

in Moscow's time zone

在莫斯科时区范围内

from about 9 am to 6 pm.

十分活跃。

APT28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya,

APT28常常盯上记者的 电邮和通信记录，目标包括车臣、

the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés --

格鲁吉亚政府 和东欧各国驻外武官，

all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government.

都是俄罗斯政府的兴趣所在。

We weren't the only ones onto this.

并非只有我们关注他们。

Governments, research teams across the world,

各国政府和全世界的研究团队

were coming to similar conclusions

都得出了相似的结论，

and observing the same types of operations.

都注意到类似的活动。

But what Russia was doing in 2016

但2016年俄罗斯的所作所为

went far beyond espionage.

远不止窃取情报。

The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online

和DNC事件一样，被窃信息 经常在网上发布，

accompanied by a sensational narrative,

辅以敏感的描写，

then amplified in social media

在社交媒体上被放大，

for lightning-speed adoption by the media.

好在短时间内 得到媒体大量报道。

This didn't ring the alarm bells

人们不会警觉

that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility

一个国家正试图破坏他国

of another's internal affairs.

处理内政上的公信力。

So why, collectively, did we not see this coming?

那么从集体角度看， 为什么我们没预见到？

Why did it take months before Americans understood

为什么几个月后美国民众才

that they were under a state-sponsored information attack?

意识到这是外国暗中支持的黑客行为？

The easy answer is politics.

简单而言，政治。

The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22.

奥巴马政府正处于自相矛盾的困境中。

By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering

要是指出俄罗斯有可能干预

in the US presidential campaign,

美国总统大选，

the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself.

政府自己很可能背上干预大选的骂名。

But the better answer, I think,

但我想，更确切的是，

is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped

美国和其他西方国家根本没准备好

to recognize and respond to a modern information operation,

辨别和应对现代信息战，

despite the fact that the US had wielded information

哪怕美国在信息技术方面

with devastating success in an era not so long ago.

长期以来有着压倒性优势。

Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years

因此在过去20年里，美国 和其他西方国家

caught up in cybersecurity --

忙着加强网络安全——

what networks to harden,

哪些网络需要加强防护，

which infrastructure to deem critical,

哪些设备必须重视，

how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands --

如何组建网络军队和指挥系统——

Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms.

俄罗斯却在考虑影响更为深远的策略。

Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf,

早在苹果手机上市之前，

the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity

俄罗斯就了解了技术

that technology provided

和交际与

and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us.

即时通讯方式带来的风险、机会。

As our realities are increasingly based on the information

我们的生活越来越依赖于

that we're consuming at the palm of our hand

通过移动设备

and from the news feeds that we're scanning

阅读媒体推送，

and the hashtags and stories that we see trending,

关注热门话题，以获取信息。

the Russian government was the first to recognize

俄罗斯第一个意识到

how this evolution

这种革命性现象

had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet.

能将人心变为最容易利用的武器。

And your mind is particularly exploitable

特别是有些人

if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information,

喜欢关注来自非法渠道的信息，

这类信息常常根据 他们的兴趣加工过。

now increasingly curated to your own tastes.

This panorama of information that's so interesting to you

这样呈现的信息很能引人关注，

gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind.

给了国家或其他人一个后门 进入你的思想。

It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations

正是这种由国家运作的新型信息战

that can be that much more successful,

更能取得成功，

more insidious,

更隐秘，

and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media --

对其目标人群而言，包括媒体，

to decipher and characterize.

更难辨识和判别。

If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter,

如果能制造推特热点话题，

or chum the waters with fake news

或是散布虚假新闻作为诱饵，

directed to audiences primed to receive it,

故意让某些人群看到，

or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email

让记者们检查大量电邮

for a cent of impropriety --

以寻找敏感的字句——

all tactics used in Russian operations --

这些在俄罗斯的行动中均可看到——

then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations

那么就能在不知不觉间有效地

in the mind of your target.

左右目标人群的想法。

This is what Russia's long called "reflexive control."

这就是俄罗斯一直说的“反身性控制”，

It's the ability to use information on someone else

即你可以通过对目标人群释放信息，

so that they make a decision

诱导他们做出判断，

on their own accord

他们自主的判断，

that's favorable to you.

却对你有利。

This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management,

这是在国家层面上操控 公共形象和认知，

and it's conducted by any means,

有很多种途径来实现，

with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it.

很多工具可以利用， 无论是不是基于网络。

Take this for another example.

有另一个例子。

In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea,

2014年2月，俄罗斯 入侵克里米亚几周前，

a phone call is posted on YouTube.

一段电话录音被传到YouTube上。

In it, there's two US diplomats.

录音中是两名美国外交官，

They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine,

似乎在谈论在乌克兰扶植政权，

and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership

还骂欧盟行动迟缓，缺乏领导力，

in resolving the crisis.

不能解决危机。

The media covers the phone call,

媒体报道了这一事件，

and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash

随之而来的外交僵局

leaves Washington and Europe reeling.

让美国和欧洲措手不及。

And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude

于是美欧都不能有力地回击，

towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine.

听任俄罗斯占领克里米亚。

Mission accomplished.

目标达成。

So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks

所以，泄露的电话录音、 邮件和网站资料

keep grabbing the headlines,

屡屡占据头条，

the real operations are the ones

与此同时，真正的目标却是

that are influencing the decisions you make

影响你的判断，

and the opinions you hold,

左右你的观点，

all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest.

好为某个国家的战略利益服务。

This is power in the information age.

这就是信息时代的力量。

And this information is all that much more seductive,

这些信息变得更加诱人，

all that much easier to take at face value and pass on,

更容易让人从表面解读，更易于传播，

when it's authentic.

因其像模像样。

Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails

只有电话录音和邮件里才有 而不会公开的东西，

that were never intended for public consumption?

谁会不感兴趣？

But how meaningful is that truth

但这些若是出于某种原因

if you don't know why it's being revealed to you?

给你看的，又有何意义？

We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living,

我们必须意识到，网络 越来越多地介入生活，

which we've quaintly termed "cyberspace,"

这个我们称之为“网络空间”的地方，

isn't defined by ones and zeroes,

起决定作用的并非0和1，

but by information and the people behind it.

而是信息和信息背后的人。

This is far more than a network of computers and devices.

它并不只是电脑和其他设备组成。

This is a network composed of minds

它是由与电脑等设备交互的

interacting with computers and devices.

无数人组成的网络。

And for this network,

对于这样的网络，

there's no encryption, there's no firewall,

没有加密，没有防火墙，

no two-factor authentication,

没有双重认证，

no password complex enough to protect you.

没有复杂的密码保护你。

What you have for defense

能保护你的，

is far stronger, it's more adaptable, it's always running the latest version.

更为强大，更易于更新， 永远都是最新版本。

It's the ability to think critically:

那就是批判性思维：

call out falsehood,

揭穿谎言，

press for the facts.

逼近事实。

And above all, you must have the courage

但首先，你必须要有勇气

to unflinchingly pursue the truth.

不懈地追寻真相。

(Applause)

（掌声）