How (and why) Russia hacked the US election | Laura Galante

譯者: Anney Ye 審譯者: Helen Chang

Let's say you despise

假設你鄙視

Western democracy.

西方的民主制度。

Democracy, in all its trappings,

民主，佈滿了陷阱、

free elections, town halls,

從投票自由、市政廳、

endless debates about the proper role of government.

到對政府角色永無止境的爭論。

Too messy,

都太亂七八糟，

too unpredictable,

無法預測，

too constraining for your taste.

不符合你的修養。

And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else

當這些民主人士勾結在一起，

about individual rights and freedoms --

向其他人宣揚自由與人權時──

it gets under your skin.

總讓你覺得憤怒。

So what to do about it?

所以，我們應該怎麼辦呢？

You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies

你可以指出西方民主的失敗和虛偽，

and explain how your way is better,

然後提供一種更好的制度，

but that's never really worked for you.

但那種方法並不適合你。

What if you could get the people

那麼，如果你能夠使那些

whose support is the very foundation of these democracies

民主制度的支持者

to start questioning the system?

開始懷疑這個系統呢？

Make the idea occur in their own minds

讓他們自己產生這樣的想法：

that democracy and its institutions are failing them,

民主及其制度正在將他們引向失敗，

their elite are corrupt puppet masters

他們眼中的精英其實都是 腐敗的演戲高手，

and the country they knew is in free fall.

而他們的國家正在無可挽回地衰退。

To do that,

要想做到這點，

you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres

你需要滲透進

這些民主人士的圈子。

of these democracies.

You'll need to turn their most powerful asset --

你需要將他們最有力量的資產──

an open mind --

開放的思維──

into their greatest vulnerability.

轉變成他們最脆弱的地方。

You'll need people to question the truth.

你需要讓人們開始質疑真相。

Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016.

現在，各位都知道在 2016 年 發生的駭客攻擊和洩密事件。

One was the Democratic National Committee's networks,

被攻擊的網路之一是 民主黨全國委員會，

and the personal email accounts of its staff,

以及民主黨成員的個人郵箱賬號，

later released on WikiLeaks.

這些信息被發表在在維基解密上。

After that, various online personas,

在那之後，許多網路上的人物,

like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian,

比如一個宣稱自己是羅馬尼亞駭客， 但不會說羅馬尼亞語的人

aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists.

強烈地想把這些洩密新聞 推送給新聞工作者。

The media took the bait.

媒體上鉤了。

They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie.

他们的關注都被吸引到了 民主黨對伯尼·桑德斯的恨上。

At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news

在那時，有一個故事， 比新聞本身更受關注：

that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers

一群俄羅斯官方駭客

who we called "Advanced Persistent Threat 28,"

名稱為「高階持續性威脅 28 」，

or "APT28" for short,

或者簡稱 APT28 ，

was carrying out these operations against the US.

為了制約美國而發動了 這些黑客攻擊。

And there was no shortage of evidence.

我們有充足的證據證明這點。

This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere

這群來自俄羅斯政府的駭客並不是

在 2016 年無端出現。

in 2016.

We had started tracking this group back in 2014.

我們從 2014 年 就已經盯上這個組織了。

And the tools that APT28 used to compromise its victims' networks

而 APT28 所用的 破壞受害人網路的工具

demonstrated a thoughtful, well-resourced effort

展現出其背後投入的 長期精力和資源。

that had taken place for now over a decade

這一項目已經進行了超過十年，

in Moscow's time zone

在莫斯科時區，十年如一日，

from about 9 am to 6 pm.

駭客們每天從早上九點， 工作到到下午六點。

APT28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya,

APT28 經常獵捕某些特定聯繫人 和郵件：車臣共和國記者、

the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés --

喬治亞國政府，以及 東歐防禦部門──

all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government.

所有對於俄羅斯政府來說 非常有趣的目標。

We weren't the only ones onto this.

我們並不是唯一關注這件事的人。

Governments, research teams across the world,

政府、全世界的研究機關

were coming to similar conclusions

都得到了相似的結論，

and observing the same types of operations.

並且看到了同樣類型的操作。

But what Russia was doing in 2016

但俄羅斯在 2016 年做的事

went far beyond espionage.

遠遠超過了間諜活動。

The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online

民主黨全國委員會受到的黑客攻擊 只是被盜數據在線上發佈的一個例子，

accompanied by a sensational narrative,

伴隨著聳人聽聞的敘述，

then amplified in social media

然後由於媒體的光速傳播

for lightning-speed adoption by the media.

在社交媒體上放大。

This didn't ring the alarm bells

然而這並沒有響起人們的警鐘：

that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility

事實上，一個國家正試著干預

另一個國家的內政。

of another's internal affairs.

So why, collectively, did we not see this coming?

那麼，為什麼我們集體 沒有意識到它的到來？

Why did it take months before Americans understood

為什麼遠在幾個月以後， 美國人才明白

that they were under a state-sponsored information attack?

他們受到的信息攻擊， 是另一個國家的操縱？

The easy answer is politics.

一個簡單的答案是政治。

The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22.

奧巴馬陷入了一個完美的困境。

By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering

通過讓民眾對俄羅斯政府正在

干預美國總統大選一事感到焦慮，

in the US presidential campaign,

the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself.

行政當局可能會使自己 看起來像是在干擾大選。

But the better answer, I think,

但我想，更好的答案

is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped

是美國和西方對於現代的信息化操縱

to recognize and respond to a modern information operation,

毫無任何防備，

despite the fact that the US had wielded information

儘管美國曾在不久前的時代

with devastating success in an era not so long ago.

在信息方面取得過巨大的成功。

Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years

美國和西方國家 曾花費了過去 20 年時間

caught up in cybersecurity --

强化網路安全──

what networks to harden,

什麼樣的網路需要強化，

which infrastructure to deem critical,

哪些基礎設施是關鍵，

how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands --

怎樣建立網路戰士的 軍隊和網路指令──

Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms.

而俄羅斯的想法更注重結果。

Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf,

在第一個 iPhone 出現之前，

the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity

俄羅斯政府就知道了 網路技術所能提供的

風險和機會，

that technology provided

and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us.

以及它給我們提供的即時信息交流。

As our realities are increasingly based on the information

隨著我們眼中的現實越來越基於

that we're consuming at the palm of our hand

我們掌中得到的信息，

and from the news feeds that we're scanning

以及從我們瀏覽的新聞，

and the hashtags and stories that we see trending,

和當下流行的標籤和故事，

the Russian government was the first to recognize

俄羅斯政府是第一個意識到

how this evolution

這場技術革命是如何

had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet.

把你的意識 變成地球上可利用資源的。

And your mind is particularly exploitable

當你習慣於現在不受監管

if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information,

又引人入勝的信息流時，

now increasingly curated to your own tastes.

你的思想格外容易被人利用。

This panorama of information that's so interesting to you

這個對你來說非常有趣的全景式信息

gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind.

給了一個國家，或者任何人， 一個入侵你思想的機會。

It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations

這一新型的，由國家支持的信息行動

that can be that much more successful,

成功率更高，

more insidious,

更加隱秘，

and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media --

同時更難被目標觀眾，包括媒體，

所察覺到。

to decipher and characterize.

If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter,

如果你能使一個標籤 在推特上流行起來，

or chum the waters with fake news

或者用假新聞收買網路水軍，

directed to audiences primed to receive it,

針對著準備接收這些信息的觀眾，

or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email

或者讓記者們解析海量的郵件

for a cent of impropriety --

來尋找哪怕是一分一毫的不誠實──

all tactics used in Russian operations --

這都是被俄羅斯政府利用過的策略，

then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations

這樣，你就能夠高效地

改變你目標的思想。

in the mind of your target.

This is what Russia's long called "reflexive control."

這就是被俄羅斯稱作 「反射控制」的東西。

It's the ability to use information on someone else

這是將信息用在別人身上的能力：

so that they make a decision

這樣做，他們的選擇

on their own accord

是由他們自己做出的，

that's favorable to you.

卻有利於你。

This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management,

這是一個國家 在影響和控制你的認知：

and it's conducted by any means,

這可以用各種形式來實現：

with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it.

不管用什麼工具， 不管基不基於網路，都能達到目標。

Take this for another example.

還有另一個例子。

In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea,

在 2014 年的二月初， 俄羅斯入侵克里米亞的幾週前，

a phone call is posted on YouTube.

有人在 YouTube 上傳了一通電話。

In it, there's two US diplomats.

電話裡有兩個美國外交官。

They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine,

他們聽起來像是在烏克蘭玩過家家，

and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership

而更糟糕的是， 他們咒罵歐盟在化解危機時

缺乏領導力和速度。

in resolving the crisis.

The media covers the phone call,

媒體報導了這個電話，

and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash

最後的外交反作用

leaves Washington and Europe reeling.

使得華盛頓和歐洲失去平衡。

And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude

糟糕的是，它使得人們 對俄羅斯在烏克蘭的侵略

towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine.

持有一種玩世不恭， 毫不嚴肅的態度。

Mission accomplished.

任務完成。

So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks

所以當駭客洩露的 電話通話、郵件和網路

keep grabbing the headlines,

一直牢牢佔據著頭條，

the real operations are the ones

其背後真正的操作

that are influencing the decisions you make

正在影響你做出的決定

and the opinions you hold,

和你的想法。

all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest.

而這一切全都為 一個國家的戰略利益服務。

This is power in the information age.

這就是信息時代的力量。

And this information is all that much more seductive,

而當它是隱秘信息時，

all that much easier to take at face value and pass on,

這個信息變得愈發吸引人，

when it's authentic.

傳播的速度更快。

Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails

有誰不會對本來永遠不會公開的

藏在電話通話和郵件裡的真相 感到好奇呢？

that were never intended for public consumption?

But how meaningful is that truth

但如果你不知道 為什麼那個真相展示給了你，

if you don't know why it's being revealed to you?

真相又有什麼意義呢？

We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living,

我們必須意識到 我們生活的這個地方──

which we've quaintly termed "cyberspace,"

我們把它叫做「網路空間」，

isn't defined by ones and zeroes,

並不是由 0 和 1 來定義，

but by information and the people behind it.

而是由信息和信息背後的人。

This is far more than a network of computers and devices.

這遠不僅僅是一個 由電腦和設備構成的網路。

This is a network composed of minds

這是一個由操作電腦設備的 腦袋們所形成的網路。

interacting with computers and devices.

And for this network,

而這個網路，

there's no encryption, there's no firewall,

沒有加密，沒有防火墻，

no two-factor authentication,

沒有雙重認證，

no password complex enough to protect you.

沒有足夠複雜到保護你的密碼。

What you have for defense

你擁有的抵禦武器

is far stronger, it's more adaptable, it's always running the latest version.

遠遠更強，更具有適應性， 永遠都是最新版。

It's the ability to think critically:

它是批判性思維：

call out falsehood,

指出錯誤的地方，

press for the facts.

努力找到事實。

And above all, you must have the courage

而最重要的，你必須要有勇氣

to unflinchingly pursue the truth.

去堅定不移的追求真相。

(Applause)

（掌聲）