A beginner's guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Let's play a game.

Odigrajmo igru.

Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,

Zamislite da ste u Las Vegasu,

in a casino,

u kazinu,

and you decide to play a game on one of the casino's computers,

i odlučujete da odigrate igru na jednom od kompjutera u kazinu,

just like you might play solitaire or chess.

baš kao što biste igrali pasijans ili šah.

The computer can make moves in the game, just like a human player.

Kompjuter može da pravi poteze u igri, baš kao i ljudski igrač.

This is a coin game.

Radi se o igri s novčićem.

It starts with a coin showing heads,

Počinje tako što novčić pokazuje glavu,

and the computer will play first.

a kompjuter igra prvi.

It can choose to flip the coin or not,

Može da bira da li će da okrene novčić ili ne,

but you don't get to see the outcome.

međutim, vi ne vidite rezultat.

Next, it's your turn.

Potom ste vi na redu.

You can also choose to flip the coin or not,

I vi možete da birate da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,

and your move will not be revealed to your opponent, the computer.

a vaš potez neće da bude otkriven vašem protivniku, kompjuteru.

Finally, the computer plays again, and can flip the coin or not,

Naposletku, kompjuter igra ponovo i može da okrene novčić ili ne,

and after these three rounds,

a nakon tri runde igre,

the coin is revealed,

prikazuje se novčić,

and if it is heads, the computer wins,

a ako je glava, pobeđuje kompjuter,

if it's tails, you win.

ako je pismo, vi pobeđujete.

So it's a pretty simple game,

Dakle, radi se o veoma prostoj igri,

and if everybody plays honestly, and the coin is fair,

i ako svi igraju pošteno i novčić nije namešten,

then you have a 50 percent chance of winning this game.

onda su vam šanse 50% da pobedite u igri.

And to confirm that,

A da bih to potvrdila,

I asked my students to play this game on our computers,

tražila sam od mojih studenata da igraju ovu igru na našim kompjuterima,

and after many, many tries,

i nakon mnogih, mnogih pokušaja,

their winning rate ended up being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,

stopa uspešnosti je na kraju bila oko 50 procenata ili blizu 50 procenata,

as expected.

kao što je i očekivano.

Sounds like a boring game, right?

Zvuči kao dosadna igra, zar ne?

But what if you could play this game on a quantum computer?

Međutim, šta ako biste mogli da igrate ovu igru na kvantnom kompjuteru?

Now, Las Vegas casinos do not have quantum computers,

Sad, kazina u Las Vegasu nemaju kvantne kompjutere,

as far as I know,

bar da ja znam,

but IBM has built a working quantum computer.

ali IBM je sagradio funkcionalan kvantni kompjuter.

Here it is.

Evo ga.

But what is a quantum computer?

Međutim, šta je to kvantni kompjuter?

Well, quantum physics describes

Pa, kvantna fizika opisuje

the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles,

ponašanje atoma i elementarnih čestica,

like electrons and photons.

poput elektrona i fotona.

So a quantum computer operates

Dakle, kvantni kompjuter radi

by controlling the behavior of these particles,

tako što kontroliše ponašanje ovih čestica,

but in a way that is completely different from our regular computers.

ali na potpuno drugačiji način nego što to rade obični kompjuteri.

So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version

Dakle, kvantni kompjuter nije tek jača verzija

of our current computers,

naših sadašnjih kompjutera,

just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.

baš kao što sijalica nije jača sveća.

You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles.

Ne možete da napravite sijalicu unapređujući sveće.

A light bulb is a different technology,

Sijalica je drugačija tehnologija

based on deeper scientific understanding.

zasnovana na dubljem naučnom razumevanju.

Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device,

Slično, kvantni kompjuter je novi tip uređaja,

based on the science of quantum physics,

zasnovan na nauci o kvantnoj fizici.

and just like a light bulb transformed society,

I baš kao što je sijalica izmenila društvo,

quantum computers have the potential to impact

kvantni kompjuteri imaju potencijal da utiču

so many aspects of our lives,

na toliko aspekata naših života,

including our security needs, our health care and even the internet.

uključujući naše bezbednosne potrebe, naše zdravstvo, pa čak i internet.

So companies all around the world are working to build these devices,

Dakle, firme širom sveta rade na izgradnji ovih uređaja,

and to see what the excitement is all about,

a kako biste videli čemu sve to uzbuđenje,

let's play our game on a quantum computer.

odigrajmo našu igru na kvantnom kompjuteru.

So I can log into IBM's quantum computer from right here,

Mogu da se ulogujem na IBM-ov kvantni kompjuter odavde,

which means I can play the game remotely,

a to znači da mogu da igram igru na daljinu,

and so can you.

a možete i vi.

To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, from TED,

Kako bismo ovo ostvarili, možda se sećate da ste ranije dobili imejl od TED-a,

asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not,

koji vas je pitao da izaberete da li ćete da okrenete novčić ili ne,

if you played the game.

ako ste igrali igru.

Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square.

Pa, zapravo, tražili smo od vas da odaberete krug ili kvadrat.

You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin,"

Niste to znali, ali vaš izbor kruga je značio „okrenuti novčić“,

and your choice of square was "don't flip."

a vaš izbor kvadrata je značio „ne okretati“.

We received 372 responses.

Primili smo 372 odgovora.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

That means we can play 372 games against the quantum computer

To znači da možemo da odigramo 372 igre protiv kvantnog kompjutera

using your choices.

upotrebom vaših izbora.

And it's a pretty fast game to play,

I radi se o veoma brzoj igri,

so I can show you the results right here.

pa ću da vam pokažem rezultate ovde.

Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.

Nažalost, niste dobro prošli.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The quantum computer won almost every game.

Kvantni kompjuter je pobedio u skoro svakoj igri.

It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer.

Izgubio je nekoliko samo zbog operativnih grešaka u kompjuteru.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So how did it achieve this amazing winning streak?

Dakle, kako je postigao ovaj neverovatni niz pobeda?

It seems like magic or cheating,

Čini se kao čarolija ili varanje,

but actually, it's just quantum physics in action.

ali zapravo se samo radi o kvantnoj fizici na delu.

Here's how it works.

Evo kako funkcioniše.

A regular computer simulates heads or tails of a coin as a bit,

Obični kompjuter simulira glavu ili pismo novčića kao bit,

a zero or a one,

nulu ili jedinicu,

or a current flipping on and off inside your computer chip.

ili struju koja se uključuje ili isključuje u kompjuterskom čipu.

A quantum computer is completely different.

Kvantni kompjuter je potpuno drugačiji.

A quantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity.

Kvantni bit ima fluidniji, nebinarni identitet.

It can exist in a superposition, or a combination of zero and one,

Može da postoji u superpoziciji ili kombinaciji nule i jedinice,

with some probability of being zero and some probability of being one.

sa izvesnom verovatnoćom da bude nula i izvesnom verovatnoćom da bude jedan.

In other words, its identity is on a spectrum.

Drugim rečima, njegov identitet nalazi se na spektru.

For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero

Na primer, šanse mogu da budu 70 procenata da je nula

and a 30 percent chance of being one

i 30 procenata da je jedan

or 80-20 or 60-40.

ili 80-20 ili 60-40.

The possibilities are endless.

Mogućnosti su beskrajne.

The key idea here

Ključna ideja ovde

is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and one

je da moramo da se odreknemo preciznih vrednosti nula i jedan

and allow for some uncertainty.

i da dozvolimo nešto neodređenosti.

So during the game,

Dakle, tokom igre,

the quantum computer creates this fluid combination of heads and tails,

kvantni kompjuter kreira ovu fluidnu kombinaciju glava i pisama,

zero and one,

nule i jedinice,

so that no matter what the player does,

tako da šta god da igrač uradi,

flip or no flip,

okrene ili ne okrene,

the superposition remains intact.

superpozicija ostaje netaknuta.

It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids.

Pomalo liči na mešanje smeše dve tečnosti.

Whether or not you stir, the fluids remain in a mixture,

Bilo da mešate ili ne, tečnosti ostaju u smeši,

but in its final move,

ali finalnim pokretom

the quantum computer can unmix the zero and one,

kvantni kompjuter može da razdvoji nulu i jedinicu,

perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time.

u potpunosti obnavljajući glavu tako da gubite svaki put.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

If you think this is all a bit weird, you are absolutely right.

Ako mislite da je sve ovo malčice čudno, potpuno ste u pravu.

Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads and tails.

Standardni novčići ne postoje u kombinaciji glava i pisama.

We do not experience this fluid quantum reality

Nemamo iskustvo ove fluidne kvantne stvarnosti

in our everyday lives.

u našim svakodnevnim životima.

So if you are confused by quantum,

Pa, ako vas zbunjuje kvantnost,

don't worry, you're getting it.

ne brinite, shvatate je.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But even though we don't experience quantum strangeness,

Međutim, iako ne doživljavamo kvantnu čudnovatost,

we can see its very real effects in action.

možemo da vidimo njene veoma stvarne efekte na delu.

You've seen the data for yourself.

Sami ste videli podatke.

The quantum computer won

Kvantni kompjuter je pobedio

because it harnessed superposition and uncertainty,

jer je ovladao superpozicijom i neodređenošću,

and these quantum properties are powerful,

a ova kvantna svojstva su moćna,

not just to win coin games,

ne samo zbog pobeđivanja u igrama s novčićem,

but also to build future quantum technologies.

već i zbog izgradnje budućih kvantnih tehnologija.

So let me give you three examples of potential applications

Dozvolite da vam dam tri primera mogućih primena

that could change our lives.

koje mogu da promene naše živote.

First of all, quantum uncertainty could be used to create private keys

Pre svega, kvantna neodređenost može se koristiti za pravljenje ličnih ključeva

for encrypting messages sent from one location to another

za enkripciju poruka koje se šalju s jedne lokacije na drugu

so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly,

kako hakeri ne bi mogli da savršeno kopiraju ključ u tajnosti

because of quantum uncertainty.

zbog kvantne neodređenosti.

They would have to break the laws of quantum physics

Morali bi da prekrše zakone kvantne fizike

to hack the key.

da bi hakovali ključ.

So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested by banks

Dakle, ovaj vid nesalomive enkripcije već testiraju banke

and other institutions worldwide.

i druge institucije širom sveta.

Today, we use more than 17 billion connected devices globally.

Danas globalno koristimo preko 17 milijardi povezanih uređaja.

Just imagine the impact quantum encryption could have in the future.

Samo zamislite kakav bi uticaj mogla da ima kvantna enkripcija u budućnosti.

Secondly, quantum technologies could also transform health care and medicine.

Pod dva, kvantna tehnologija bi mogla i da transformiše zdravstvo i medicinu.

For example, the design and analysis of molecules for drug development

Na primer, izrada i analiza molekula za razvoj lekova

is a challenging problem today,

je veliki problem danas,

and that's because exactly describing and calculating

a to je zato što je precizan opis i proračun

all of the quantum properties of all the atoms in the molecule

svih kvantnih svojstava svih atoma u molekulu

is a computationally difficult task, even for our supercomputers.

računarski gledano težak zadatak, čak i za naše superkompjutere.

But a quantum computer could do better,

Međutim, kvantni kompjuter to može bolje

because it operates using the same quantum properties

jer radi upotrebom istih kvantnih svojstava

as the molecule it's trying to simulate.

koje molekul pokušava da simulira.

So future large-scale quantum simulations for drug development

Pa bi buduće kvantne simulacije velikog obima za razvoj lekova

could perhaps lead to treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's,

možda mogle da dovedu do terapija za bolesti poput Alchajmerove,

which affects thousands of lives.

koja pogađa na hiljade života.

And thirdly, my favorite quantum application

I pod tri, moja omiljena kvantna primena

is teleportation of information from one location to another

je teleportacija informacija s jedne lokacije na drugu

without physically transmitting the information.

bez fizičkog prenosa informacije.

Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,

Zvuči poput naučne fantastike,

ali je moguće

because these fluid identities of the quantum particles

zato što ovi fluidni identiteti kvantnih čestica

can get entangled across space and time

mogu da se upletu duž prostora i vremena

in such a way that when you change something about one particle,

tako da, kada promenite nešto kod jedne čestice,

it can impact the other,

to može da utiče na drugu,

and that creates a channel for teleportation.

a to stvara kanal za teleportaciju.

It's already been demonstrated in research labs

Ovo je već demonstrirano u istraživačkim laboratorijama

and could be part of a future quantum internet.

i može da bude deo budućeg kvantnog interneta.

We don't have such a network as yet,

Još uvek nemamo takvu mrežu,

but my team is working on these possibilities,

ali moja ekipa radi na ovim mogućnostima,

by simulating a quantum network on a quantum computer.

simulirajući kvantnu mrežu na kvantnom kompjuteru.

So we have designed and implemented some interesting new protocols

Dakle, dizajnirali smo i implementirali neke zanimljive nove protokole,

such as teleportation among different users in the network

poput teleportacije među različitim korisnicima mreže,

and efficient data transmission

efikasnog prenosa podataka,

and even secure voting.

pa čak i bezbednog glasanja.

So it's a lot of fun for me, being a quantum physicist.

Dakle, meni je izuzetno zabavno što sam kvantna fizičarka.

I highly recommend it.

Od srca to preporučujem.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We get to be explorers in a quantum wonderland.

Imamo priliku da budemo istraživači u kvantnoj zemlji čuda.

Who knows what applications we will discover next.

Ko zna kakve ćemo primene još da otrkijemo.

We must tread carefully and responsibly

Moramo da se krećemo oprezno i odgovorno

as we build our quantum future.

dok gradimo kvantnu budućnost.

And for me, personally,

A za mene lično,

I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers.

ne gledam na kvantnu fiziku kao na oruđe samo za izgradnju kvantnih kompjutera.

I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature

Gledam na kvantne kompjutere kao način da ispitamo tajne prirode

and reveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences.

i da otkrijemo više o ovom skrivenom svetu van našeg iskustva.

How amazing that we humans,

Koliko je zapanjujuće da mi kao ljudi,

with our relatively limited access to the universe,

sa našim relativno ograničenim pristupom univerzumu,

can still see far beyond our horizons

ipak možemo da vidimo daleko mimo našeg horizonta

just using our imagination and our ingenuity.

samo upotrebom naše mašte i naše ingenioznosti.

And the universe rewards us

A univerzum nas nagrađuje

by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprising it is.

tako što nam pokazuje koliko je neverovatno zanimljiv i pun iznenađenja.

The future is fundamentally uncertain,

Budućnost je temeljno neizvesna,

and to me, that is certainly exciting.

a za mene, to je izvesno uzbudljivo.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)