A beginner's guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose

2,333,518 views ・ 2019-02-01

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Wilde Luo
00:12
Let's play a game.
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咱們來玩個遊戲。
00:14
Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
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想像你在拉斯維加斯,
00:17
in a casino,
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在一間賭場裡,
00:19
and you decide to play a game on one of the casino's computers,
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你決定在其中一台電腦上玩遊戲,
00:23
just like you might play solitaire or chess.
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就像是玩紙牌或是下棋。
00:26
The computer can make moves in the game, just like a human player.
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電腦也能移動遊戲中的棋子, 和人類玩家一樣。
00:30
This is a coin game.
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這是一個硬幣遊戲。
00:32
It starts with a coin showing heads,
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一開始,有一枚正面朝上的硬幣,
00:35
and the computer will play first.
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開局後,電腦先玩。
00:37
It can choose to flip the coin or not,
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它可以選擇是否拋擲這枚硬幣,
00:40
but you don't get to see the outcome.
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但你不會知道結果如何。
00:43
Next, it's your turn.
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接著就輪到你。
00:44
You can also choose to flip the coin or not,
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你也可以選擇是否拋擲這枚硬幣,
00:47
and your move will not be revealed to your opponent, the computer.
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你的對手,也就是電腦, 同樣不會知道這一輪的結果。
00:51
Finally, the computer plays again, and can flip the coin or not,
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最後,又輪到電腦 選擇是否拋擲硬幣,
00:55
and after these three rounds,
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經過三輪遊戲之後,
00:58
the coin is revealed,
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硬幣的狀態被揭示出來,
01:00
and if it is heads, the computer wins,
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如果是正面朝上,就是電腦贏,
01:03
if it's tails, you win.
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如果是反面朝上,就是你贏。
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game,
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這是個很簡單的遊戲,
01:07
and if everybody plays honestly, and the coin is fair,
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如果大家都不作弊, 且硬幣也是均勻的,
01:11
then you have a 50 percent chance of winning this game.
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那麽你就有 50% 的機會獲勝。
01:15
And to confirm that,
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為了確認這一點,
01:17
I asked my students to play this game on our computers,
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我讓我的學生用我們的 電腦來玩這個遊戲,
01:20
and after many, many tries,
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在嘗試非常非常多次之後,
01:22
their winning rate ended up being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
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他們的勝率最後是 50% 或接近 50%,
01:26
as expected.
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和預期的一樣。
01:28
Sounds like a boring game, right?
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聽起來很無聊,對吧?
01:30
But what if you could play this game on a quantum computer?
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但如果你能用量子電腦 來玩這個遊戲,會怎樣?
01:34
Now, Las Vegas casinos do not have quantum computers,
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拉斯維加斯的賭場可沒有量子電腦,
01:37
as far as I know,
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據我所知是這樣,
01:39
but IBM has built a working quantum computer.
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但 IBM 已經打造出了一台 能夠正常運轉的量子電腦。
01:42
Here it is.
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就是它。
01:44
But what is a quantum computer?
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但是,量子電腦是什麼?
01:46
Well, quantum physics describes
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嗯,量子物理是在描述
01:49
the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles,
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原子和基本粒子的行為,
01:53
like electrons and photons.
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比如電子和光子。
01:55
So a quantum computer operates
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所以,量子電腦的運作方式 在於控制這些粒子的行為,
01:57
by controlling the behavior of these particles,
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02:00
but in a way that is completely different from our regular computers.
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但其做法和普通的電腦完全不同。
02:04
So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version
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量子電腦並不只是
我們目前電腦的加強版,
02:08
of our current computers,
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02:10
just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.
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就好像電燈泡並不是加強版的蠟燭。
02:14
You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles.
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無論如何,蠟燭也不可能變成電燈泡。
02:19
A light bulb is a different technology,
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電燈泡使用了一種不同的技術,
02:21
based on deeper scientific understanding.
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它的基礎是更深入的科學理解。
02:23
Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device,
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同樣地,量子電腦也是一種新裝置,
02:27
based on the science of quantum physics,
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以量子物理為根據,
02:30
and just like a light bulb transformed society,
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就如同電燈泡改變了人類社會,
02:33
quantum computers have the potential to impact
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量子電腦也有潛力影響 我們生活的方方面面,
02:36
so many aspects of our lives,
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02:38
including our security needs, our health care and even the internet.
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包括我們的安全需求、 我們的醫療保健,甚至網際網路。
02:42
So companies all around the world are working to build these devices,
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全世界的公司都在打造這類裝置。
02:47
and to see what the excitement is all about,
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要想看看它有多讓人興奮,
02:49
let's play our game on a quantum computer.
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咱們來用量子電腦玩這個遊戲。
02:52
So I can log into IBM's quantum computer from right here,
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我可以從這裡登入到 IBM 的量子電腦,
02:57
which means I can play the game remotely,
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也就表示我可以從遠端玩這個遊戲,
03:00
and so can you.
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你也可以做到。
03:02
To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
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為了讓你們參與進來,你們可能記得,
先前有收到 TED 寄的電子郵件,
03:07
asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not,
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信上請你選擇, 如果你在玩這個遊戲,
是否會選擇拋擲硬幣。
03:11
if you played the game.
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03:13
Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square.
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事實上,我們在信上 是請你選擇圓形或方形。
03:17
You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin,"
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你當時並不知道,選擇圓形 就表示「擲硬幣」,
03:21
and your choice of square was "don't flip."
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選擇方形就表示「不要擲」。
03:24
We received 372 responses.
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我們收到了 372 個人的回覆。
03:27
Thank you.
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謝謝你們。
03:28
That means we can play 372 games against the quantum computer
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那就表示,我們可以用你們的選擇,
跟量子電腦玩 372 場遊戲。
03:33
using your choices.
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03:34
And it's a pretty fast game to play,
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這個遊戲一下就結束了,
03:37
so I can show you the results right here.
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所以我可以把結果呈現在這裡。
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
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不幸的是,你們的戰績不太好。
03:42
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:44
The quantum computer won almost every game.
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量子電腦幾乎全勝。
03:48
It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer.
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它輸了幾場,只是因為 電腦中的運算錯誤。
03:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:53
So how did it achieve this amazing winning streak?
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所以,它是如何取得 這驚人的一連串勝利的?
03:58
It seems like magic or cheating,
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它就像魔術或作弊一樣,
04:00
but actually, it's just quantum physics in action.
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但事實上,它只是量子物理的運作。
04:03
Here's how it works.
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它的運作方式如下。
04:05
A regular computer simulates heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
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普通電腦用一個位元來 模擬硬幣的正反面,
04:10
a zero or a one,
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即 0 或是 1,
04:12
or a current flipping on and off inside your computer chip.
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或記錄當前是否選擇拋擲硬幣, 儲存在你的電腦晶片中。
04:16
A quantum computer is completely different.
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量子電腦則完全不同。
04:19
A quantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity.
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一個量子位元更具有 不固定性、非二進制的特質。
04:24
It can exist in a superposition, or a combination of zero and one,
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它能存在於量子疊加態當中, 即 0 和 1 的組合當中,
04:30
with some probability of being zero and some probability of being one.
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既有可能是 0,也有可能是 1。
04:35
In other words, its identity is on a spectrum.
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換言之,它的真面目其實是一個範圍。
04:38
For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero
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比如,它可能有 70% 的概率是 0,
04:42
and a 30 percent chance of being one
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30% 的概率是 1,
04:44
or 80-20 or 60-40.
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或 80% 與 20%, 60% 與 40%等。
04:49
The possibilities are endless.
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存在無限的可能性。
04:51
The key idea here
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這裡的關鍵在於,
04:53
is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and one
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我們得要捨棄「只存在固定的 0 和 1」 的思考方式,
04:57
and allow for some uncertainty.
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允許不確定性存在。
04:59
So during the game,
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在遊戲期間,
05:01
the quantum computer creates this fluid combination of heads and tails,
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量子電腦會創造出正反兩面 (0 和 1)的不固定性組合,
05:06
zero and one,
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05:07
so that no matter what the player does,
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所以,不論玩家選擇什麼,
05:09
flip or no flip,
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不論擲或不擲硬幣,這種 量子疊加態並不會改變。
05:10
the superposition remains intact.
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05:13
It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids.
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這有點像是在攪拌兩種液體。
05:17
Whether or not you stir, the fluids remain in a mixture,
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不論你攪或不攪, 兩種液體都混合在一起。
05:22
but in its final move,
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但在它的最後一輪遊戲中,
05:24
the quantum computer can unmix the zero and one,
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量子電腦能分離出 0 和 1,
05:28
perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time.
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將硬幣完美地恢復成正面朝上, 所以你每次都會輸。
05:32
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird, you are absolutely right.
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如果你覺得這一切十分怪異, 那你一點兒也沒錯。
05:38
Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads and tails.
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普通硬幣並不會以正面 和反面的組合形式存在。
05:43
We do not experience this fluid quantum reality
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我們在日常生活中並不會經歷
這種不固定的、量子化的現實。
05:47
in our everyday lives.
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05:49
So if you are confused by quantum,
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所以,如果量子讓你困惑不解,
05:51
don't worry, you're getting it.
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別擔心,你其實正在明白它。
05:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:56
But even though we don't experience quantum strangeness,
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但是,雖然我們沒有 切身體驗量子的不可思議,
06:00
we can see its very real effects in action.
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我們可以看到它產生了 非常真實的影響。
06:04
You've seen the data for yourself.
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你們已經親眼看到資料了。
06:06
The quantum computer won
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量子電腦會贏,
06:08
because it harnessed superposition and uncertainty,
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是因為它利用量子疊加態和不確定性,
06:12
and these quantum properties are powerful,
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這些量子特性非常強大,
06:15
not just to win coin games,
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不僅能幫你贏得硬幣遊戲,
06:17
but also to build future quantum technologies.
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也能用來建造未來的量子科技。
06:21
So let me give you three examples of potential applications
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讓我舉三個例子, 說明那些有潛力的科技應用,
06:24
that could change our lives.
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它們有可能改變我們的生活。
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty could be used to create private keys
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首先,量子不確定性 可用于私鑰加密,
06:32
for encrypting messages sent from one location to another
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將兩地之間傳輸的訊息進行加密,
06:36
so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly,
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因為量子不確定性,
駭客就無法偷偷地複製完整密鑰。
06:41
because of quantum uncertainty.
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06:43
They would have to break the laws of quantum physics
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他們若想盜用密鑰,
就得打破量子物理的法則。
06:47
to hack the key.
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06:49
So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested by banks
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全世界的銀行和其他機構已經在測試
這種牢不可破的加密。
06:54
and other institutions worldwide.
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06:57
Today, we use more than 17 billion connected devices globally.
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現今,全球使用了超過 170 億個接入網路的裝置。
07:03
Just imagine the impact quantum encryption could have in the future.
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想像一下,量子加密 在未來會有怎樣的影響。
07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could also transform health care and medicine.
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第二,量子科技也能轉變 醫療保健和醫學。
07:14
For example, the design and analysis of molecules for drug development
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比如,在藥物開發中, 設計和分析各種分子
07:19
is a challenging problem today,
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是現今很具挑戰性的問題,
07:22
and that's because exactly describing and calculating
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這是因為,要精確地描述和計算
07:27
all of the quantum properties of all the atoms in the molecule
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分子中所有原子的全部量子特性,
07:31
is a computationally difficult task, even for our supercomputers.
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是非常難以計算的, 即使對於超級電腦也同樣。
07:35
But a quantum computer could do better,
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但量子電腦能做得更好,
07:37
because it operates using the same quantum properties
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因為它與它試圖模擬的分子一樣,
07:40
as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
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使用了相同的量子特性來進行計算,
07:43
So future large-scale quantum simulations for drug development
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因此,對於藥物開發, 未來的大規模量子模擬
07:48
could perhaps lead to treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's,
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也許可以為阿茲海默症 之類的疾病找到治療方式,
07:51
which affects thousands of lives.
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影響成千上萬的人。
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite quantum application
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第三,是我最喜愛的量子應用,
07:57
is teleportation of information from one location to another
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是將資訊從一個地點 即時傳遞到另一個地點,
08:02
without physically transmitting the information.
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但不需要實際傳遞。
08:05
Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
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聽起來很科幻,但這是有可能的,
08:09
because these fluid identities of the quantum particles
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因為量子粒子的這些不固定特質
08:13
can get entangled across space and time
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在時間和空間中 可能會糾纏在一起,
08:16
in such a way that when you change something about one particle,
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以至於當你改變了 其中的某一個粒子,
08:20
it can impact the other,
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就會同時影響到其他粒子的狀態, 這就成了量子通信的「通道」。
08:21
and that creates a channel for teleportation.
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08:25
It's already been demonstrated in research labs
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在研究實驗室裡已經展示它可行,
08:27
and could be part of a future quantum internet.
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可能會成為未來量子 網際網路的一部分。
08:31
We don't have such a network as yet,
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我們目前尚無這樣的網路,
08:34
but my team is working on these possibilities,
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但我的團隊正在努力實現它,
08:37
by simulating a quantum network on a quantum computer.
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我們會在一台量子電腦上 模擬一個量子網路。
08:42
So we have designed and implemented some interesting new protocols
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我們已經設計並實現了 一些有趣的、新的通訊協議,
08:46
such as teleportation among different users in the network
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比如在網路上不同 用戶之間傳輸訊息,
08:51
and efficient data transmission
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以及高效的文件傳輸,
08:54
and even secure voting.
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甚至還有安全的選舉投票。
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me, being a quantum physicist.
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因此,我身為量子物理學家, 覺得這非常有意思。
08:59
I highly recommend it.
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我極力推薦它。
09:00
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:02
We get to be explorers in a quantum wonderland.
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我們有機會在量子仙境中當探險家。
09:05
Who knows what applications we will discover next.
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誰知道接下來我們 會發現什麼新應用。
09:09
We must tread carefully and responsibly
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當我們打造量子未來時,
我們必須要謹慎且可靠地向前邁進。
09:12
as we build our quantum future.
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09:14
And for me, personally,
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對我個人來說,
09:16
I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers.
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我認為量子物理並不只是 用來打造量子電腦的工具。
09:22
I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature
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我認為量子電腦能協助我們 探索大自然的謎題,
09:27
and reveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences.
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並更深入地揭示出我們 無法體驗的隱秘世界。
09:31
How amazing that we humans,
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這是多麼不可思議,我們人類
09:33
with our relatively limited access to the universe,
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對於宇宙的認識 和接觸是相對受限的,
09:36
can still see far beyond our horizons
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我們卻單單靠著想像力和獨創性,
09:39
just using our imagination and our ingenuity.
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仍然能觀察到遠遠 高於我們眼界的地方。
09:42
And the universe rewards us
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而宇宙給我們的獎賞
09:44
by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprising it is.
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就是讓我們看到它是 多麼有趣、讓人驚奇。
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain,
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未來,本來就是不確定的,
09:52
and to me, that is certainly exciting.
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但對我來說,我很確定, 它是讓人興奮的。
09:56
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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