A beginner's guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose

2,437,638 views

2019-02-01 ใƒป TED


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A beginner's guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose

2,437,638 views ใƒป 2019-02-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hanwool Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : TJ Kim
00:12
Let's play a game.
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
00:14
Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
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๋ผ์Šค๋ฒ ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ์นด์ง€๋…ธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:17
in a casino,
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00:19
and you decide to play a game on one of the casino's computers,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
00:23
just like you might play solitaire or chess.
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00:26
The computer can make moves in the game, just like a human player.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
00:30
This is a coin game.
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์ด์ œ ๋™์ „ ๋’ค์ง‘ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•  ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
00:32
It starts with a coin showing heads,
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๋™์ „์˜ ์•ž๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ 
00:35
and the computer will play first.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
It can choose to flip the coin or not,
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๋™์ „์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์„์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:40
but you don't get to see the outcome.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
00:43
Next, it's your turn.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ฐจ๋ก€์—์š”.
00:44
You can also choose to flip the coin or not,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋™์ „์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์„์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:47
and your move will not be revealed to your opponent, the computer.
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
00:51
Finally, the computer plays again, and can flip the coin or not,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋’ค์ง‘์„์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ 
00:55
and after these three rounds,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ํŒ์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด
00:58
the coin is revealed,
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๋™์ „์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
and if it is heads, the computer wins,
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์•ž๋ฉด์ด๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธด ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
01:03
if it's tails, you win.
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๋’ท๋ฉด์ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ธด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game,
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๊ฝค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ .
01:07
and if everybody plays honestly, and the coin is fair,
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋™์ „์—๋„ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:11
then you have a 50 percent chance of winning this game.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ฐ˜์ด์ฃ .
01:15
And to confirm that,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ 
01:17
I asked my students to play this game on our computers,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:20
and after many, many tries,
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์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
01:22
their winning rate ended up being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
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์Šน๋ฅ ์ด 50%๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”. ์•„๋‹ˆ 50% ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:26
as expected.
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜€์ฃ .
01:28
Sounds like a boring game, right?
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐ™์ฃ ?
01:30
But what if you could play this game on a quantum computer?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:34
Now, Las Vegas casinos do not have quantum computers,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ผ์Šค๋ฒ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์นด์ง€๋…ธ์—๋Š” ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:37
as far as I know,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋ก ์š”.
01:39
but IBM has built a working quantum computer.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ IBM์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:42
Here it is.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:44
But what is a quantum computer?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
01:46
Well, quantum physics describes
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์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
01:49
the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles,
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์›์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด์ฃ .
01:53
like electrons and photons.
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์ „์ž๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
01:55
So a quantum computer operates
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์ฆ‰, ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š”
01:57
by controlling the behavior of these particles,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:00
but in a way that is completely different from our regular computers.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ์›์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
02:04
So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š”
๊ธฐ์กด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๊ทธ์ € ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋งŒ ๋”ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
of our current computers,
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02:10
just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์€ ์–‘์ดˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
02:14
You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles.
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์–‘์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง„ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
02:19
A light bulb is a different technology,
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์ „๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๊ณ 
02:21
based on deeper scientific understanding.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
based on the science of quantum physics,
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์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:30
and just like a light bulb transformed society,
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์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:33
quantum computers have the potential to impact
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
02:36
so many aspects of our lives,
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:38
including our security needs, our health care and even the internet.
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์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
02:42
So companies all around the world are working to build these devices,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:47
and to see what the excitement is all about,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ด๊ด‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:49
let's play our game on a quantum computer.
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
So I can log into IBM's quantum computer from right here,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ IBM์˜ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•ด์„œ
02:57
which means I can play the game remotely,
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์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
and so can you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:02
To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
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TED์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
03:07
asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not,
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๋™์ „์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์„์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:11
if you played the game.
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:13
Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์›๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:17
You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin,"
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๋ชจ๋ฅด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์›์€ "๋™์ „์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š”๋‹ค"์ด๊ณ 
03:21
and your choice of square was "don't flip."
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์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์€ "์•ˆ ๋’ค์ง‘๋Š”๋‹ค"๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด ๋’€์–ด์š”.
03:24
We received 372 responses.
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๋‹ต์žฅ์ด 372๊ฐœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ ค์š”.
03:28
That means we can play 372 games against the quantum computer
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ 372๋ฒˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:33
using your choices.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:34
And it's a pretty fast game to play,
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๊ฝค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ผ
03:37
so I can show you the results right here.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
03:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:44
The quantum computer won almost every game.
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:48
It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer.
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์ž‘๋™์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ช‡ ํŒ ๋‚ด์คฌ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
03:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:53
So how did it achieve this amazing winning streak?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:58
It seems like magic or cheating,
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๋งˆ์ˆ  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์†์ž„์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
04:00
but actually, it's just quantum physics in action.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
Here's how it works.
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์–ด๋–ค ์›๋ฆฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
04:05
A regular computer simulates heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋™์ „์˜ ์–‘๋ฉด์„ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
a zero or a one,
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0 ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 1 ์ด์ฃ .
04:12
or a current flipping on and off inside your computer chip.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์นฉ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผฐ๋‹ค ๊ป๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
A quantum computer is completely different.
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
A quantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity.
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์–‘์ž๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์ง„๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
04:24
It can exist in a superposition, or a combination of zero and one,
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'์ค‘์ฒฉ'์œผ๋กœ 0 ๊ณผ 1์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:30
with some probability of being zero and some probability of being one.
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0๊ณผ 1์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:35
In other words, its identity is on a spectrum.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๊ทธ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, 0์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 70%๊ณ 
04:42
and a 30 percent chance of being one
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1์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 30%๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:44
or 80-20 or 60-40.
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8 ๋Œ€ 2 ๋˜๋Š” 6 ๋Œ€ 4 ๋“ฑ
04:49
The possibilities are endless.
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๊ทธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์—” ๋์ด ์—†์ฃ .
04:51
The key idea here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€
04:53
is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and one
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0๊ณผ 1์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์€ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
04:57
and allow for some uncertainty.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
So during the game,
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:01
the quantum computer creates this fluid combination of heads and tails,
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋™์ „์˜ ์•ž๊ณผ ๋’ค์˜ ์œ ๋™์  ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
zero and one,
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0๊ณผ 1์ด์ฃ .
05:07
so that no matter what the player does,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋“ ,
05:09
flip or no flip,
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๋™์ „์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๋“  ๋ง๋“ 
05:10
the superposition remains intact.
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์ด ์ค‘์ฒฉ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ž์–ด ์ “๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
05:17
Whether or not you stir, the fluids remain in a mixture,
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์ “๋“  ์ “์ง€ ์•Š๋“  ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์„ž์ธ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:22
but in its final move,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฐจ๋ก€์—์„œ
05:24
the quantum computer can unmix the zero and one,
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” 0๊ณผ 1์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ 
05:28
perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time.
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์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ž๋ฉด์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird, you are absolutely right.
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์ข€ ํฌํ•œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…”๋„ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์ •์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads and tails.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์ „์€ ์•ž๊ณผ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
05:43
We do not experience this fluid quantum reality
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ์–‘์ž์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
05:47
in our everyday lives.
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์ผ์ƒ์—์„  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
So if you are confused by quantum,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๊ฐ์ด ์•ˆ ์žกํ˜€๋„
05:51
don't worry, you're getting it.
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๊ณง ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ, ๊ฑฑ์ •๋„ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
05:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:56
But even though we don't experience quantum strangeness,
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'์–‘์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜๋„'๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
06:00
we can see its very real effects in action.
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๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:04
You've seen the data for yourself.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์…จ์ž–์•„์š”.
06:06
The quantum computer won
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒผ๋˜ ๊ฑด
06:08
because it harnessed superposition and uncertainty,
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์ค‘์ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
and these quantum properties are powerful,
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์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์–‘์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
06:15
not just to win coin games,
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๋™์ „๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ด๊ธธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:17
but also to build future quantum technologies.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์–‘์ž ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:21
So let me give you three examples of potential applications
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์ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์–‘์ž์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์‘์šฉ์€
06:24
that could change our lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty could be used to create private keys
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์–‘์ž ๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „์†ก์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”
06:32
for encrypting messages sent from one location to another
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๊ฐœ์ธ ์•”ํ˜ธํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly,
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ํ•ด์ปค๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑด
06:41
because of quantum uncertainty.
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์–‘์ž์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์ •์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
They would have to break the laws of quantum physics
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์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ค์•ผ
06:47
to hack the key.
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๊ทธ ์•”ํ˜ธํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:49
So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested by banks
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์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š”
์€ํ–‰ ๋“ฑ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œํ—˜ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
and other institutions worldwide.
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06:57
Today, we use more than 17 billion connected devices globally.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  170์–ต ๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ผ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:03
Just imagine the impact quantum encryption could have in the future.
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์–‘์ž ์•”ํ˜ธ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ผ์น  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could also transform health care and medicine.
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์–‘์ž๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
For example, the design and analysis of molecules for drug development
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹ ์•ฝ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋ถ„์„์€
07:19
is a challenging problem today,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
and that's because exactly describing and calculating
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์ž ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์›์ž๋“ค์˜
07:27
all of the quantum properties of all the atoms in the molecule
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์–‘์ž์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
07:31
is a computationally difficult task, even for our supercomputers.
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์Šˆํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:35
But a quantum computer could do better,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
because it operates using the same quantum properties
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด
07:40
as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
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๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So future large-scale quantum simulations for drug development
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์–‘์ž ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:48
could perhaps lead to treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's,
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘๋„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:51
which affects thousands of lives.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite quantum application
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์…‹์งธ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
07:57
is teleportation of information from one location to another
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ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:02
without physically transmitting the information.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ „์†ก์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
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๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
08:09
because these fluid identities of the quantum particles
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์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–‘์ž ์ž…์ž๋Š”
08:13
can get entangled across space and time
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:16
in such a way that when you change something about one particle,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž…์ž์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์ž๋“ค๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ
08:20
it can impact the other,
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08:21
and that creates a channel for teleportation.
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์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
08:25
It's already been demonstrated in research labs
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์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:27
and could be part of a future quantum internet.
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ์–‘์ž ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
We don't have such a network as yet,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
08:34
but my team is working on these possibilities,
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์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:37
by simulating a quantum network on a quantum computer.
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์–‘์ž๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
08:42
So we have designed and implemented some interesting new protocols
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋ดค์ฃ .
08:46
such as teleportation among different users in the network
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™,
08:51
and efficient data transmission
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ „์†ก,
08:54
and even secure voting.
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์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me, being a quantum physicist.
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์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธธ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹จ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
08:59
I highly recommend it.
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๊ฐ•์ถ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:02
We get to be explorers in a quantum wonderland.
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์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
09:05
Who knows what applications we will discover next.
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๋˜ ๋ญ˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ• ์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
09:09
We must tread carefully and responsibly
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์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
09:12
as we build our quantum future.
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์–‘์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
And for me, personally,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:16
I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers.
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์–‘์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
09:22
I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature
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์–‘์ž์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
09:27
and reveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences.
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์•„์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
09:31
How amazing that we humans,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
09:33
with our relatively limited access to the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:36
can still see far beyond our horizons
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€ํ‰์„  ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
just using our imagination and our ingenuity.
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์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:42
And the universe rewards us
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ
09:44
by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprising it is.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‹ ๋น„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
09:52
and to me, that is certainly exciting.
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๊ทธ ์ ์ด ์ œ๊ฒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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