A beginner's guide to quantum computing | Shohini Ghose

2,392,653 views ใƒป 2019-02-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shlomo Adam
00:12
Let's play a game.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:14
Imagine that you are in Las Vegas,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืœืืก-ื•ื’ืืก,
00:17
in a casino,
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ื‘ืงื–ื™ื ื•,
00:19
and you decide to play a game on one of the casino's computers,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื•,
00:23
just like you might play solitaire or chess.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืื• ืฉื—ืžื˜.
00:26
The computer can make moves in the game, just like a human player.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:30
This is a coin game.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
00:32
It starts with a coin showing heads,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขืฅ,
00:35
and the computer will play first.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
00:37
It can choose to flip the coin or not,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœื,
00:40
but you don't get to see the outcome.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
00:43
Next, it's your turn.
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื›ื.
00:44
You can also choose to flip the coin or not,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœื,
00:47
and your move will not be revealed to your opponent, the computer.
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ื•ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
00:51
Finally, the computer plays again, and can flip the coin or not,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœื,
00:55
and after these three rounds,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
00:58
the coin is revealed,
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ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
01:00
and if it is heads, the computer wins,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ ืขืฅ, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ืฆื—,
01:03
if it's tails, you win.
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ ืคืœื™, ืืชื ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื.
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™,
01:07
and if everybody plays honestly, and the coin is fair,
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืงื™,
01:11
then you have a 50 percent chance of winning this game.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”.
01:15
And to confirm that,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื–ืืช,
01:17
I asked my students to play this game on our computers,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:20
and after many, many tries,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:22
their winning rate ended up being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-50 ืื—ื•ื–,
01:26
as expected.
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ื›ืฆืคื•ื™.
01:28
Sounds like a boring game, right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉืขืžื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:30
But what if you could play this game on a quantum computer?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™?
01:34
Now, Las Vegas casinos do not have quantum computers,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื–ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก,
01:37
as far as I know,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™,
01:39
but IBM has built a working quantum computer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ื™-ื‘ื™-ืื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:42
Here it is.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
01:44
But what is a quantum computer?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™?
01:46
Well, quantum physics describes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช
01:49
the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
01:53
like electrons and photons.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
01:55
So a quantum computer operates
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ
01:57
by controlling the behavior of these particles,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื”,
02:00
but in a way that is completely different from our regular computers.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:04
So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืกืชื ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:08
of our current computers,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
02:10
just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ืจ.
02:14
You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื ืจื•ืช.
02:19
A light bulb is a different technology,
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ื ื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:21
based on deeper scientific understanding.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:23
Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:27
based on the science of quantum physics,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
02:30
and just like a light bulb transformed society,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:33
quantum computers have the potential to impact
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ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
02:36
so many aspects of our lives,
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02:38
including our security needs, our health care and even the internet.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:42
So companies all around the world are working to build these devices,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
02:47
and to see what the excitement is all about,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
02:49
let's play our game on a quantum computer.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
02:52
So I can log into IBM's quantum computer from right here,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™-ื‘ื™-ืื ืžื›ืืŸ,
02:57
which means I can play the game remotely,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
03:00
and so can you.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืืชื.
03:02
To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, from TED,
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืžืจืืฉ ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืž-TED,
03:07
asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not,
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ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื ื”ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœื,
03:11
if you played the game.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง.
03:13
Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
03:17
You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin,"
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” "ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข",
03:21
and your choice of square was "don't flip."
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” "ืœื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข."
03:24
We received 372 responses.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• 372 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
03:28
That means we can play 372 games against the quantum computer
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง 372 ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™
03:33
using your choices.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:34
And it's a pretty fast game to play,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“,
03:37
so I can show you the results right here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื” ื•ืžื™ื“.
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืขื•ืžื”.
03:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:44
The quantum computer won almost every game.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืฆื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:48
It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:53
So how did it achieve this amazing winning streak?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”?
03:58
It seems like magic or cheating,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืงืกื ืื• ืžืขืฉื” ืจืžื™ื™ื”,
04:00
but actually, it's just quantum physics in action.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:03
Here's how it works.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:05
A regular computer simulates heads or tails of a coin as a bit,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช:
04:10
a zero or a one,
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ืืคืก ืื• ืื—ืช,
04:12
or a current flipping on and off inside your computer chip.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื˜ืœืช ืื• ืื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
04:16
A quantum computer is completely different.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
04:19
A quantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity.
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ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื-ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
04:24
It can exist in a superposition, or a combination of zero and one,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘"ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”", ืื• ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืคืก ื•ืื—ื“,
04:30
with some probability of being zero and some probability of being one.
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ืขื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืก ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ื“.
04:35
In other words, its identity is on a spectrum.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
04:38
For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืคืก
04:42
and a 30 percent chance of being one
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ื•-30 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“
04:44
or 80-20 or 60-40.
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ืื• 80-20 ืื• 60-40.
04:49
The possibilities are endless.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™.
04:51
The key idea here
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื›ืืŸ
04:53
is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and one
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืก ืื• ืื—ื“
04:57
and allow for some uncertainty.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
04:59
So during the game,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
05:01
the quantum computer creates this fluid combination of heads and tails,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ื–ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืขืฅ ื•ืคืœื™,
05:06
zero and one,
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ืฉืœ ืืคืก ืื• ืื—ื“,
05:07
so that no matter what the player does,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ,
05:09
flip or no flip,
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ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืื™ ื”ื˜ืœืชื”,
05:10
the superposition remains intact.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื.
05:13
It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
05:17
Whether or not you stir, the fluids remain in a mixture,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืชื‘ื—ืฉื• ืื• ืœื, ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช,
05:22
but in its final move,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื•,
05:24
the quantum computer can unmix the zero and one,
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืคืก ื•ืื—ื“,
05:28
perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื›ืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืชืคืกื™ื“ื•.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird, you are absolutely right.
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืืชื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
05:38
Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads and tails.
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ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ื•ืคืœื™.
05:43
We do not experience this fluid quantum reality
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ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:47
in our everyday lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:49
So if you are confused by quantum,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื,
05:51
don't worry, you're getting it.
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื”.
05:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:56
But even though we don't experience quantum strangeness,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
06:00
we can see its very real effects in action.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:04
You've seen the data for yourself.
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ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
06:06
The quantum computer won
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—
06:08
because it harnessed superposition and uncertainty,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืชื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
06:12
and these quantum properties are powerful,
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ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืœืื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
06:15
not just to win coin games,
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
06:17
but also to build future quantum technologies.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
06:21
So let me give you three examples of potential applications
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
06:24
that could change our lives.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty could be used to create private keys
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
06:32
for encrypting messages sent from one location to another
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ืœื”ืฆืคื ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
06:36
so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืคืฆื—ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืกืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
06:41
because of quantum uncertainty.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
06:43
They would have to break the laws of quantum physics
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
06:47
to hack the key.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.
06:49
So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested by banks
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ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื—ืกื™ื ืช-ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื“ืง ืข"ื™ ื‘ื ืงื™ื
06:54
and other institutions worldwide.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:57
Today, we use more than 17 billion connected devices globally.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-17 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:03
Just imagine the impact quantum encryption could have in the future.
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ืื– ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืคื ื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could also transform health care and medicine.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
07:14
For example, the design and analysis of molecules for drug development
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
07:19
is a challenging problem today,
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ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื”,
07:22
and that's because exactly describing and calculating
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
07:27
all of the quantum properties of all the atoms in the molecule
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
07:31
is a computationally difficult task, even for our supercomputers.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:35
But a quantum computer could do better,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:37
because it operates using the same quantum properties
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
07:40
as the molecule it's trying to simulate.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช.
07:43
So future large-scale quantum simulations for drug development
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
07:48
could perhaps lead to treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
07:51
which affects thousands of lives.
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ืืฉืจ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืืœืคื™ื.
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite quantum application
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
07:57
is teleportation of information from one location to another
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ
08:02
without physically transmitting the information.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™.
08:05
Sounds like sci-fi, but it is possible,
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™,
08:09
because these fluid identities of the quantum particles
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:13
can get entangled across space and time
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื–ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
08:16
in such a way that when you change something about one particle,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื—ื“,
08:20
it can impact the other,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ,
08:21
and that creates a channel for teleportation.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื”.
08:25
It's already been demonstrated in research labs
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ
08:27
and could be part of a future quantum internet.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ื“ื‘ืš ื‘ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
08:31
We don't have such a network as yet,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ื›ื–ืืช,
08:34
but my team is working on these possibilities,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
08:37
by simulating a quantum network on a quantum computer.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
08:42
So we have designed and implemented some interesting new protocols
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ื•ืžื™ืžืฉื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
08:46
such as teleportation among different users in the network
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช,
08:51
and efficient data transmission
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ืชืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืขื™ืœื”
08:54
and even secure voting.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช-ืžื™ื“ืข.
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me, being a quantum physicist.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:59
I highly recommend it.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคื” ืžืœื.
09:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:02
We get to be explorers in a quantum wonderland.
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ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ-ืคืœืื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
09:05
Who knows what applications we will discover next.
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
09:09
We must tread carefully and responsibly
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
09:12
as we build our quantum future.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:14
And for me, personally,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
09:16
I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืจืง ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
09:22
I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
09:27
and reveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:31
How amazing that we humans,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
09:33
with our relatively limited access to the universe,
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ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืงื•ื,
09:36
can still see far beyond our horizons
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•
09:39
just using our imagination and our ingenuity.
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ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:42
And the universe rewards us
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ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื’ื•ืžืœ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
09:44
by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprising it is.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืข.
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain,
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืื™,
09:52
and to me, that is certainly exciting.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžืœื”ื™ื‘.
09:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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