Dan Pacholke: How prisons can help inmates live meaningful lives

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Ivana Korom

We're seen as the organization that is the bucket for failed social policy.

Mi smo organizacija koja je prihvatilište

za neodgovarajuće društveno ponašanje.

I can't define who comes to us or how long they stay.

Ne mogu da definišem

ko dolazi kod nas ili koliko ostaje.

We get the people for whom nothing else has worked,

Mi dobijamo ljude kod kojih

people who have fallen through all

ništa drugo nije uspelo,

ljude koji su prošli kroz sve druge

of the other social safety nets.

mreže društvene sigurnosti.

They can't contain them, so we must.

One ne mogu da ih drže, pa moramo mi.

That's our job:

To je naš posao:

contain them, control them.

da ih držimo i kontrolišemo.

Over the years, as a prison system,

Tokom godina, kao zatvorski sistem,

as a nation, and as a society,

kao nacija i kao društvo

we've become very good at that,

postali smo dobri u tome,

but that shouldn't make you happy.

ali to ne treba da vas raduje.

Danas zatvaramo više ljudi po glavi stanovnika,

Today we incarcerate more people per capita

than any other country in the world.

nego ijedna druga država u svetu.

We have more black men in prison today

Imamo više crnaca u zatvoru danas,

than were under slavery in 1850.

nego što smo ih imali za vreme ropstva 1850.

We house the parents of almost three million

Kod nas su roditelji skoro tri miliona

of our community's children,

dece iz naše zajednice

and we've become the new asylum,

i postali smo novi azil,

the largest mental health provider in this nation.

najveća institucija za mentalno zdravlje u ovoj zemlji.

When we lock someone up,

Kad zatvorimo nekog,

that is no small thing.

to nije mala stvar.

And yet, we are called the Department of Corrections.

Pa ipak, zovemo se Odeljenje za korekcije.

Today I want to talk about

Danas želim da pričam

changing the way we think about corrections.

o promeni načina na koji razmišljamo o korekcijama.

I believe, and my experience tells me,

Verujem, i iskustvo mi govori,

that when we change the way we think,

da kada menjamo način na koji razmišljamo,

we create new possibilities, or futures,

stvaramo nove mogućnosti, ili budućnosti,

and prisons need a different future.

a zatvorima treba drugačija budućnost.

I've spent my entire career in corrections, over 30 years.

Proveo sam celu svoju karijeru, preko 30 godina, u Korekcijama.

I followed my dad into this field.

Nastavio sam zanimanje svog oca.

He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.

On je bio veteran iz Vijetnama.

He was strong, steady, disciplined.

Zatvorska služba mu je odgovarala.

Bio je jak, čvrst, disciplinovan.

I was not so much any of those things,

Ja nisam baš bio takav

and I'm sure that worried him about me.

i siguran sam da ga je to brinulo.

Eventually I decided, if I was going to end up in prison,

Na kraju sam odlučio da

ako ću da završim u zatvoru,

I'd better end up on the right side of the bars,

bolje da završim sa prave strane rešetaka,

so I thought I'd check it out,

pa sam pomislio da ga pogledam,

take a tour of the place my dad worked,

da obiđem mesto gde je moj otac radio,

the McNeil Island Penitentiary.

zatvor na ostrvu Mek Nil.

Now this was the early '80s,

To je bilo ranih '80-ih

and prisons weren't quite what you see

i zatvori nisu bili baš onakvi kao što ih vidite

on TV or in the movies.

na televiziji ili u filmovima.

In many ways, it was worse.

Mnogo toga je bilo gore.

I walked into a cell house that was five tiers high.

Ušao sam u deo sa ćelijama koji je imao pet spratova.

There were eight men to a cell.

Bilo je osmoro ljudi po jednoj ćeliji.

there were 550 men in that living unit.

Bilo je 550 ljudi u tom odeljku.

And just in case you wondered,

I, u slučaju da ste se pitali,

they shared one toilet in those small confines.

delili su jedan toalet u tim malim zatvorenim prostorima.

An officer put a key in a lockbox,

Čuvar je stavljao ključ u katanac

and hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

i stotine ljudi je izbacivano iz svojih ćelija.

Hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

Stotine ljudi je izbacivano iz svojih ćelija.

I walked away as fast as I could.

Otišao sam odatle najbrže što sam mogao.

Eventually I went back and I started as an officer there.

Kasnije sam se vratio i postao čuvar tamo.

My job was to run one of those cell blocks

Moj posao je bio da upravljam jednim od tih ćelijskih blokova

and to control those hundreds of men.

i kontrolišem te stotine ljudi.

When I went to work at our receptions center,

Kad sam otišao da radim u našem centru za primanje,

I could actually hear the inmates roiling from the parking lot,

mogao sam da čujem zatvorenike kako dolaze sa parkinga,

shaking cell doors, yelling,

drmaju vrata ćelija, viču

tearing up their cells.

i rasturaju svoje ćelije.

Take hundreds of volatile people and lock them up,

Kad zatvorite stotine agresivnih ljudi,

and what you get is chaos.

dobijete haos.

Contain and control — that was our job.

Držanje i kontrolisanje - to je bio naš posao.

One way we learned to do this more effectively

Naučili smo da to radimo efikasnije

was a new type of housing unit

pomoću nove vrste odeljka za smeštanje

called the Intensive Management Unit, IMU,

zvanog Odeljak za intenzivno upravljanje,

a modern version of a "hole."

moderne varijante samice.

We put inmates in cells behind solid steel doors

Stavili smo zatvorenike iza čeličnih vrata

with cuff ports so we could restrain them

sa priključcima za lisice da bismo mogli

and feed them.

da ih obuzdamo i damo im hranu.

Guess what?

I znate šta?

It got quieter.

Postalo je tiše.

Disturbances died down in the general population.

Neredi su se smirili.

Places became safer

Mesta su postala sigurnija

because those inmates who were most violent or disruptive

jer su najproblematičniji zatvorenici

could now be isolated.

sada mogli da budu izolovani.

But isolation isn't good.

Ali izolacija nije dobra.

Deprive people of social contact and they deteriorate.

Ako uskratite ljudima društveni kontakt, postaće gori.

It was hard getting them out of IMU,

Bilo je teško premestiti ih iz Odeljka za intenzivno upravljanje

for them and for us.

i nama i njima.

Even in prison, it's no small thing

Čak i u zatvoru, nije mala svar

to lock someone up.

zatvoriti nekog.

My next assignment was to one of the state's deep-end prisons

Moj sledeći posao bio je u jednom od onih zatvora

where some of our more violent or disruptive inmates are housed.

gde su smešteni problematičniji zatvorenici.

By then, the industry had advanced a lot,

Do tada, industrija je mnogo napredovala,

and we had different tools and techniques

i imali smo razne alate i tehnike

to manage disruptive behavior.

za suzbijanje problematičnog ponašanja.

We had beanbag guns and pepper spray

Imali smo "beanbag" puške i suzavce

and plexiglass shields,

i štitove od pleksiglasa,

flash bangs, emergency response teams.

ručne bombe, ekipe za reagovanje u nezgodama.

We met violence with force

Odgovarali smo na nasilje silom

and chaos with chaos.

i na haos haosom.

We were pretty good at putting out fires.

Bili smo dobri u gašenju požara.

While I was there, I met two experienced correctional workers

Dok sam bio tamo, sreo sam dva iskusna zatvorska radnika

who were also researchers,

koji su takođe bili istraživači,

an anthropologist and a sociologist.

antropologa i sociologa.

One day, one of them commented to me and said,

Jednog dana, jedan od njih mi je rekao:

"You know, you're pretty good at putting out fires.

"Ti si dobar u gašenju požara.

Have you ever thought about how to prevent them?"

Jesi li ikada razmišljao kako da ih sprečiš?"

I was patient with them,

Bio sam strpljiv s njima

explaining our brute force approach

i objašnjavao im

to making prisons safer.

našu primenu sile

da bismo učinili zatvore sigurnijim.

They were patient with me.

Oni su bili strpljivi sa mnom.

Out of those conversations grew some new ideas

Iz tih razgovora rodile su se neke nove ideje

and we started some small experiments.

i počeli smo sa malim eksperimentima.

First, we started training our officers in teams

Prvo smo počeli da obučavamo naše čuvare u timovima,

rather than sending them one or two at a time to the state training academy.

umesto da ih šaljemo po jednog ili dvoje na državnu akademiju.

Instead of four weeks of training, we gave them 10.

Umesto 4 nedelje obuke, dali smo im 10.

Then we experimented with an apprenticeship model

Onda smo eksperimentisali sa šegrtskim modelom,

where we paired new staff with veteran staff.

gde smo uparivali novo osoblje sa veteranima.

They both got better at the work.

I jedni i drugi su se poboljšali.

Second, we added verbal de-escalation skills

Drugo, ubacili smo veštine

verbalnog smirivanja situacije u obuku

into the training continuum

and made it part of the use of force continuum.

i to je postao deo primenjivanja sile.

It was the non-force use of force.

To je bila nenasilna primena sile.

And then we did something even more radical.

A onda smo uradili nešto još radikalnije.

We trained the inmates on those same skills.

Obučavali smo zatvorenike u tim veštinama.

We changed the skill set,

Promenili smo repertoar veština

reducing violence, not just responding to it.

smanjujući nasilje, a ne samo odgovarajući na njega.

Third, when we expanded our facility, we tried a new type of design.

Treće, kad smo proširili naše veštine, probali smo novu vrstu dizajna.

Now the biggest and most controversial component

Najveći i najkontroverzniji deo

of this design, of course, was the toilet.

ovog dizajna bio je naravno toalet.

There were no toilets.

Nije bilo toaleta.

Now that might not sound significant to you here today,

To vam danas možda ne zvuči bitno,

but at the time, it was huge.

ali tada je bilo itekako.

No one had ever heard of a cell without a toilet.

Niko nikada nije čuo za ćeliju bez toaleta.

We all thought it was dangerous and crazy.

Svi smo mislili da je to opasno i ludo.

Even eight men to a cell had a toilet.

Čak je i osam ljudi u ćeliji imalo toalet.

That small detail changed the way we worked.

Taj mali detalj je promenio način na koji radimo.

Inmates and staff started interacting

Zatvorenici i osoblje su počeli da dolaze u kontakt

more often and openly and developing a rapport.

češće i otvorenije i da razvijaju odnos.

It was easier to detect conflict and intervene

Bilo je lakše otkriti konflikt i intervenisati

before it escalated.

pre nego što eskalira.

The unit was cleaner, quieter, safer and more humane.

Prostorija je bila čistija, tiša, sigurnija i humanija.

This was more effective at keeping the peace

To je bilo efikasnije u održavanju mira

than any intimidation technique I'd seen to that point.

od bilo koje tehnike zastrašivanja koju sam video dotad.

Interacting changes the way you behave,

Međusobni kontakt menja način ponašanja,

both for the officer and the inmate.

i službenika i zatvorenika.

We changed the environment and we changed the behavior.

Promenili smo okruženje i promenili smo ponašanje.

Now, just in case I hadn't learned this lesson,

Zatim su me, za slučaj da nisam naučio lekciju,

they assigned me to headquarters next,

postavili u centralu

and that's where I ran straight up against system change.

i tamo sam naleteo pravo na promenu sistema.

Now, many things work against system change:

Mnogo toga radi protiv promene sistema:

politics and politicians, bills and laws,

politika i političari, zakoni,

courts and lawsuits, internal politics.

sudovi i parnice, unutrašnja politika.

System change is difficult and slow,

Promena sistema je teška i spora,

and oftentimes it doesn't take you

i često vas ne vodi

where you want to go.

tamo gde hoćete da idete.

It's no small thing to change a prison system.

Nije mala stvar promeniti zatvorski sistem.

So what I did do is I reflected on my earlier experiences

Tako da sam razmišljao o svojim ranijim iskustvima

and I remembered that when we interacted with offenders, the heat went down.

i setio se da kad smo stupali u interakciju sa prestupnicima,

strasti su se stišavale.

When we changed the environment, the behavior changed.

Kad smo menjali okruženje, menjalo se ponašanje.

And these were not huge system changes.

I to nisu bile velike promene sistema.

These were small changes, and these changes

To su bile male promene i one su stvorile

created new possibilities.

nove mogućnosti.

So next, I got reassigned as superintendent of a small prison.

Onda sam prešao

na mesto upravnika malog zatvora.

And at the same time, I was working on my degree

I u isto vreme sam završavao školu

at the Evergreen State College.

na koledžu Evergrin Stejt.

I interacted with a lot of people who were not like me,

Dolazio sam u kontakt sa ljudima različitim od sebe,

people who had different ideas

ljudima koji su imali različite ideje i dolazili iz različitih profesija.

and came from different backgrounds.

One of them was a rainforest ecologist.

Jedna žena je bila prašumski ekolog.

She looked at my small prison and what she saw

Gledala je moj mali zatvor

was a laboratory.

i ono što je videla

bila je laboratorija.

We talked and discovered how prisons and inmates

Razgovarali smo i otkrili kako zatvorenici

could actually help advance science

mogu da pomognu napretku nauke

by helping them complete projects

tako što bi im pomagali

they couldn't complete on their own,

u projektima

koje ne mogu sami da završe,

like repopulating endangered species:

kao što je ponovno naseljevanje ugroženih vrsta:

frogs, butterflies, endangered prairie plants.

žaba, leptira, ugroženih prerijskih biljaka.

At the same time, we found ways to make

U isto vreme, našli smo načina

our operation more efficient

da učinimo našu operaciju efikasnijom

through the addition of solar power,

kroz dodatak solarnog napajanja,

rainwater catchment, organic gardening, recycling.

sakupljača kišnice, gajenja organskog bilja, recikliranja.

This initiative has led to many projects

Ova inicijativa je dovela do mnogih projekata

that have had huge system-wide impact,

koji su imali veliki društveni uticaj,

not just in our system, but in other state systems as well,

ne samo u našem sistemu

već i u sistemima drugih država.

small experiments making a big difference

Mali eksperimenti mnogo doprinose

to science, to the community.

nauci i zajednici.

The way we think about our work changes our work.

Način na koji mislimo o našem radu menja naš rad.

The project just made my job more interesting and exciting.

Ovaj projekat je učinio moj posao zanimljivijim.

I was excited. Staff were excited.

Bio sam uzbuđen

Officers were excited. Inmates were excited.

kao i osoblje, čuvari i zatvorenici.

They were inspired.

Bili su inspirisani.

Everybody wanted to be part of this.

Svi su želeli da budu deo toga.

They were making a contribution, a difference,

Davali su doprinos

one they thought was meaningful and important.

za koji su mislili da je značajan i važan.

Let me be clear on what's going on here, though.

Da razjasnim šta se tu dešava.

Inmates are highly adaptive.

Zatvorenici su veoma prilagodljivi.

They have to be.

Moraju da budu.

Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems

Često znaju više o našim sistemima

than the people who run them.

od ljudi koji ih vode.

And they're here for a reason.

I ovde su s razlogom.

I don't see my job as to punish them or forgive them,

Ne vidim svoj posao kao kažnjavanje ili praštanje,

but I do think they can have

ali mislim da oni mogu imati

decent and meaningful lives even in prison.

dobre i smislene živote čak i u zatvoru.

So that was the question:

To je bilo pitanje:

Could inmates live decent and meaningful lives,

mogu li zatvorenici imati dobre i smislene živote,

and if so, what difference would that make?

i ako mogu, kakav bi značaj to imalo?

So I took that question back to the deep end,

Postavio sam to pitanje u vezi

where some of our most violent offenders are housed.

sa zatvorima sa najnasilnijim zatvorenicima.

Remember, IMUs are for punishment.

Sećate se, Odeljci za intenzivno upravljanje

You don't get perks there, like programming.

su za kažnjavanje.

That was how we thought.

Tamo ne dobijate benefite kao što je programiranje.

But then we started to realize that if any inmates

Tako smo mislili.

Ali onda smo počeli da shvatamo da je

needed programming, it was these particular inmates.

baš ovim zatvorenicima potrebno programiranje.

In fact, they needed intensive programming.

U stvari potrebno im je intenzivno programiranje.

So we changed our thinking 180 degrees,

Tako da smo promenili razmišljanje za 180 stepeni

and we started looking for new possibilities.

i počeli da tražimo nove mogućnosti.

What we found was a new kind of chair.

Pronašli smo novu vrstu stolice.

Instead of using the chair for punishment,

Umesto da koristimo stolicu za kažnjavanje,

we put it in classrooms.

stavili smo je u učionice.

Okay, we didn't forget our responsibility to control,

Nismo zaboravili svoju odgovornost da kontrolišemo,

ali sada su zatvorenici mogli da komuniciraju bezbedno, licem u lice

but now inmates could interact safely, face-to-face

with other inmates and staff,

sa drugim zatvorenicima i osobljem,

and because control was no longer an issue,

i zato što kontrola više nije bila problem,

everybody could focus on other things,

svi su mogli da se fokusiraju na druge stvari,

like learning. Behavior changed.

kao što je učenje.

We changed our thinking, and we changed what was possible, and this gives me hope.

Ponašanje se promenilo.

Promenili smo naše razmišljanje i ono što je moguće,

i to mi daje nadu.

Now, I can't tell you that any of this stuff will work.

Ne mogu da vam kažem da će

bilo šta od ovoga funkcionisati.

What I can tell you, though, it is working.

Mogu da vam kažem da sada funkcioniše.

Our prisons are getting safer for both staff and inmates,

Naši zatvori postaju sigurniji i za osoblje i za zatvorenike,

and when our prisons are safe,

a kada su naši zatvori sigurni,

we can put our energies into a lot more than just controlling.

možemo da usmerimo energiju u nešto više od kontrole.

Reducing recidivism may be our ultimate goal,

Smanjenje recidiva može biti naš konačni cilj,

but it's not our only goal.

ali nije jedini cilj.

To be honest with you, preventing crime

Iskreno, sprečavanje zločina

takes so much more from so many more people

zahteva mnogo više od mnogo više ljudi

and institutions.

i institucija.

If we rely on just prisons to reduce crime,

Ako se oslanjamo samo na zatvore da smanje zločine,

I'm afraid we'll never get there.

bojim se da nikad nećemo uspeti.

But prisons can do some things

Ali zatvori mogu da urade neke stvari

we never thought they could do.

za koje nismo mislili da mogu.

Prisons can be the source of innovation

Zatvori mogu biti izvor inovacije

and sustainability,

i održivosti,

repopulating endangered species and environmental restoration.

naseljavanja ugroženih vrsta i obnove okoline.

Inmates can be scientists and beekeepers,

Zatvorenici mogu biti naučnici i pčelari,

dog rescuers.

spasioci pasa.

Prisons can be the source of meaningful work

Zatvori mogu biti izvor smislenog rada

and opportunity for staff

i prilika za osoblje

and the inmates who live there.

i zatvorenike koji žive tamo.

We can contain and control

Možemo da držimo i kontrolišemo

and provide humane environments.

i obezbedimo humano okruženje.

These are not opposing qualities.

To nisu suprotstavljene stvari.

We can't wait 10 to 20 years to find out

Ne možemo da čekamo 10 do 20 godina da otkrijemo

if this is worth doing.

da li to vredi raditi.

Our strategy is not massive system change.

Naša strategija nije velika promena sistema.

Our strategy is hundreds of small changes

Naša strategija je stotine malih promena

that take place in days or months, not years.

koje se dešavaju u nekoliko dana ili meseci, a ne godina.

We need more small pilots where we learn as we go,

Treba nam više malih vodiča

gde ćemo učiti u hodu,

pilots that change the range of possibility.

vodiča koji menjaju opseg mogućnosti.

We need new and better ways to measure impacts

Trebaju nam novi i bolji načini za merenje uticaja

on engagement, on interaction,

na angažman, na interakciju,

on safe environments.

na sigurna okruženja.

We need more opportunities to participate in

Treba nam više prilika da učestvujemo

and contribute to our communities,

i doprinesemo našim zajednicama,

your communities.

vašim zajednicama.

Prisons need to be secure, yes, safe, yes.

Zatvori treba da budu sigurni.

We can do that.

Možemo to da uradimo.

Prisons need to provide humane environments

Zatvori treba da obezbede humana okruženja

where people can participate, contribute,

gde ljudi mogu da učestvuju, doprinose,

and learn meaningful lives.

i uče da smisleno žive.

We're learning how to do that.

Mi učimo kako da to uradimo.

That's why I'm hopeful.

Zato imam nade.

We don't have to stay stuck in old ideas about prison.

Ne treba da ostanemo pri starim idejama o zatvoru.

We can define that. We can create that.

Možemo to da definišemo. Možemo to da stvorimo.

And when we do that thoughtfully and with humanity,

I kad uradimo to promišljeno i ljudski,

prisons can be more than the bucket

zatvori mogu postati više od prihvatilišta

for failed social policy.

za neodgovarajuće društveno ponašanje.

Maybe finally, we will earn our title:

Možda konačno zaslužimo svoj naziv:

a department of corrections.

Odeljenje za korekcije.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)