Dan Pacholke: How prisons can help inmates live meaningful lives

Prevoditelj: Igor Pureta Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

We're seen as the organization that is the bucket for failed social policy.

Nas se doživljava kao ustanovu u koju dolaze propali socijalni slučajevi.

I can't define who comes to us or how long they stay.

Ja ne mogu odrediti tko dolazi k nama i koliko dugo ostaje.

We get the people for whom nothing else has worked,

Dolaze nam ljudi kojima ništa drugo nije pomoglo,

people who have fallen through all

ljudi koji su prošli kroz

of the other social safety nets.

ostale socijalne sigurnosne mreže.

They can't contain them, so we must.

Oni ih ne mogu zadržati, pa to moramo mi.

That's our job:

To je naš posao:

zadržati ih, kontrolirati ih.

contain them, control them.

Tijekom godina, kao zatvorski sustav,

Over the years, as a prison system,

as a nation, and as a society,

kao nacija, kao društvo,

we've become very good at that,

postali smo jako dobri u tome,

but that shouldn't make you happy.

ali to vas ne bi trebalo veseliti.

Danas zatvaramo više ljudi

Today we incarcerate more people per capita

than any other country in the world.

od bilo koje druge zemlje na svijetu.

We have more black men in prison today

U zatvorima danas imamo više crnaca

than were under slavery in 1850.

nego za vrijeme ropstva 1850.

We house the parents of almost three million

Udomljujemo oko 3 milijuna roditelja

djece naše zajednice

of our community's children,

and we've become the new asylum,

i postajemo novi azil,

the largest mental health provider in this nation.

najveći opskrbljivač mentalnog zdravlja ove nacije.

When we lock someone up,

Kada nekoga zatvorimo -

that is no small thing.

to nije mala stvar.

And yet, we are called the Department of Corrections.

A ipak, nazivamo se Popravnim odjelom.

Danas želim govoriti o

Today I want to talk about

changing the way we think about corrections.

promjeni načina pristupa "popravljanju".

I believe, and my experience tells me,

Vjerujem, a i moje iskustvo me tome uči -

that when we change the way we think,

da promijenom načina razmišljanja,

we create new possibilities, or futures,

stvaramo nove prilike, ili budućnosti,

and prisons need a different future.

a zatvori trebaju drugačiju budućnost.

I've spent my entire career in corrections, over 30 years.

Proveo sam čitavu svoju karijeru, preko 30 godina, u popravnim odjelima.

I followed my dad into this field.

Pratio sam tamo svog oca.

He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.

On je bio vijetnamski veteran. Popravni rad mu je pristajao.

He was strong, steady, disciplined.

Bio je čvrst, odlučan, discipliniran.

I was not so much any of those things,

Ja sam bio malo od navedenog

and I'm sure that worried him about me.

i siguran sam da mu je to smetalo kod mene.

Eventually I decided, if I was going to end up in prison,

Na koncu sam odlučio - ako ću završiti u zatvoru,

I'd better end up on the right side of the bars,

neka to bude s prave strane rešetki,

so I thought I'd check it out,

pa sam pomislio provjeriti kako to izgleda,

take a tour of the place my dad worked,

poći u razgled mjesta gdje je otac radio -

the McNeil Island Penitentiary.

Kazneni zatvor McNeil Island.

To je bilo ranih 80-ih kada

Now this was the early '80s,

and prisons weren't quite what you see

zatvori nisu izgledali onako

on TV or in the movies.

kako ih vidimo na TV-u ili u filmovima.

In many ways, it was worse.

Izgledali su puno gore, u svakom pogledu.

I walked into a cell house that was five tiers high.

Ušao sam u kaznionicu koja je imala pet katova.

There were eight men to a cell.

Osam muškaraca po ćeliji.

U čitavoj zajednici - 550 muškaraca.

there were 550 men in that living unit.

And just in case you wondered,

I, ako vas slučajno zanima -

they shared one toilet in those small confines.

dijelili su jedan toalet u tim malim kavezima.

An officer put a key in a lockbox,

Policajac otključa lokot

and hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

i stotine muškaraca izjuri iz svojih ćelija.

Hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

Stotine muškaraca izjurilo je iz ćelija.

I walked away as fast as I could.

Otrčao sam što sam brže mogao.

Eventually I went back and I started as an officer there.

Ipak sam se tamo vratio i počeo raditi kao službenik.

My job was to run one of those cell blocks

Vodio sam jedan zatvorski odjel

i kontrolirao stotine muškaraca.

and to control those hundreds of men.

When I went to work at our receptions center,

Kada sam prešao u naš prijemni centar,

mogao sam čuti zatvorenike kako se svađaju na parkiralištu,

I could actually hear the inmates roiling from the parking lot,

shaking cell doors, yelling,

tresu vrata ćelija, viču,

tearing up their cells.

kidaju svoje ćelije.

Uzmite stotine nestabilnih ljudi i zaključajte ih

Take hundreds of volatile people and lock them up,

and what you get is chaos.

i ono što ćete dobiti je kaos.

Contain and control — that was our job.

Zadrži i kontroliraj je bio naš posao.

One way we learned to do this more effectively

Jedan od načina kako da to učinkovito svladamo

was a new type of housing unit

bio je novi tip

called the Intensive Management Unit, IMU,

stambene jedinice nazvan Intenzivna upravljačka jedinica,

a modern version of a "hole."

moderna verzija "jazbine".

Stavili bismo zatvorenike iza čvrstih, čeličnih vrata

We put inmates in cells behind solid steel doors

with cuff ports so we could restrain them

s malenim otvorima kako bismo ih mogli obuzdati

and feed them.

i hraniti.

Pogodite što se dogodilo!

Guess what?

It got quieter.

Postalo je mirnije.

Disturbances died down in the general population.

Generalno uznemiravanje je zamrlo.

Places became safer

Mjesto je postalo sigurnije

because those inmates who were most violent or disruptive

jer su ovi zatvorenici, koji su bili najviše nasilni,

could now be isolated.

sada mogli biti izolirani.

But isolation isn't good.

Ali izolacija nije dobra.

Deprive people of social contact and they deteriorate.

Lišite ljude socijalnog kontakta i postat će gori.

It was hard getting them out of IMU,

Bilo je teško izvlačiti ih iz Intenzivne upravljačke jedinice,

for them and for us.

kako njima, tako i nama.

Even in prison, it's no small thing

Čak i u zatvoru, nije mala stvar

to lock someone up.

nekoga zaključati.

My next assignment was to one of the state's deep-end prisons

Idući posao bio je u jednom od najgorih državnih zatvora

where some of our more violent or disruptive inmates are housed.

gdje su bili zatočeni neki od najnasilnijih zatvorenika.

By then, the industry had advanced a lot,

Do tada je industrija jako napredovala

and we had different tools and techniques

i imali smo različite alate i tehnike

to manage disruptive behavior.

za ukroćivanje neposluha.

We had beanbag guns and pepper spray

Imali smo sačmarice i suzavce

te štitnike od pleksiglasa

and plexiglass shields,

flash bangs, emergency response teams.

i timove hitne intervencije.

We met violence with force

Dočekivali smo nasilje silom,

and chaos with chaos.

a kaos kaosom.

We were pretty good at putting out fires.

Bili smo poprilično dobri u stišavanju vatre.

While I was there, I met two experienced correctional workers

Tamo sam upoznao sam dvojicu iskusnih popravnih socijalnih radnika

who were also researchers,

koji su bili i istraživači -

antropolog i sociolog.

an anthropologist and a sociologist.

One day, one of them commented to me and said,

Jednog dana, jedan je rekao:

"You know, you're pretty good at putting out fires.

"Znaš, ti si prilično dobar u smirivanju.

Have you ever thought about how to prevent them?"

Jesi li ikada razmišljao o tome prevenirati problem?"

I was patient with them,

Bio sam strpljiv s njima,

explaining our brute force approach

objašnjavao naš brutalan pristup

to making prisons safer.

kojim smo štitili ostale.

They were patient with me.

Oni su bili strpljivi sa mnom.

Out of those conversations grew some new ideas

Iz ovih razgovora su izrodile neke nove ideje

and we started some small experiments.

pa smo započeli s malim eksperimentima.

First, we started training our officers in teams

Prvo, počeli smo trenirati službenike u timovima

rather than sending them one or two at a time to the state training academy.

umjesto da ih šaljemo po jednog ili dvojicu u državnu akademiju.

Umjesto četiri, dali smo im deset tjedana treninga.

Instead of four weeks of training, we gave them 10.

Then we experimented with an apprenticeship model

Zatim smo eksperimentirali s modelom obuke

where we paired new staff with veteran staff.

gdje smo uparili novog službenika sa drugim, starijim službenikom.

They both got better at the work.

Obojica su napredovala u poslu.

Second, we added verbal de-escalation skills

Drugo - uveli smo verbalne vještine smirivanja

into the training continuum

u proces treninga

and made it part of the use of force continuum.

i učinili ih dijelom kontinuuma sile.

It was the non-force use of force.

To je bilo korištenje sile bez upotrebe sile.

And then we did something even more radical.

Tada smo učinili nešto još radikalnije.

Trenirali smo zatvorenike tim istim vještinama.

We trained the inmates on those same skills.

We changed the skill set,

Promijenili smo skup vještina,

reducing violence, not just responding to it.

smanjili nasilje, a ne samo odgovorili na njega.

Third, when we expanded our facility, we tried a new type of design.

Treće - kada smo povećali prostor, isprobali smo novi tip dizajna.

Sada je najveća i najkontroverznija komponenta

Now the biggest and most controversial component

of this design, of course, was the toilet.

ovog projekta bila, naravno, toalet.

There were no toilets.

Toaleta nije bilo.

Sada, vama to možda nije ništa značajno,

Now that might not sound significant to you here today,

but at the time, it was huge.

tada je to bila velika stvar.

Nitko nikada nije čuo za ćeliju bez toaleta.

No one had ever heard of a cell without a toilet.

We all thought it was dangerous and crazy.

Mislili smo da je to opasno i suludo.

Even eight men to a cell had a toilet.

Čak je i ćelija sa osam muškaraca imala toalet.

That small detail changed the way we worked.

Taj je mali detalj promijenio naš način rada.

Inmates and staff started interacting

Službenici i zatvorenici su počeli komunicirati

more often and openly and developing a rapport.

te se razvila neka vrsta prisnosti.

It was easier to detect conflict and intervene

Bilo lakše detektirati sukob i intervenirati

before it escalated.

prije nego je eskalirao.

The unit was cleaner, quieter, safer and more humane.

Odjel je bio čišći, tiši, sigurniji i humaniji.

This was more effective at keeping the peace

Ovo je imalo više efekta u očuvanju mira

than any intimidation technique I'd seen to that point.

od bilo koje druge tehnike zastrašivanja dosad.

Interacting changes the way you behave,

Interakcija mijenja način ponašanja,

both for the officer and the inmate.

kako službenika, tako i zatvorenika.

We changed the environment and we changed the behavior.

Promijenili smo ambijent i promijenili smo ponašanje.

Now, just in case I hadn't learned this lesson,

Potom, u slučaju da nisam naučio lekciju,

they assigned me to headquarters next,

odlučili su mi dodijeliti zapovjedništvo

and that's where I ran straight up against system change.

i tu sam se odlučno primio promjene sustava.

Now, many things work against system change:

Mnoge stvari se koriste za promjenu sustava:

politike i političari, zakoni,

politics and politicians, bills and laws,

sudovi i parnice, unutarnje politike.

courts and lawsuits, internal politics.

System change is difficult and slow,

Promjena sustava je teška i spora,

and oftentimes it doesn't take you

a često te i ne dovede

where you want to go.

gdje si htio doći.

It's no small thing to change a prison system.

Nije mala stvar promijeniti zatvorski sustav.

So what I did do is I reflected on my earlier experiences

Ja sam razmišljao o svojim prijašnjim iskustvima

and I remembered that when we interacted with offenders, the heat went down.

i sjetio se da kada postoji interakcija, situacija se smiruje.

Promijenili smo atmosferu, ponašanje se promijenilo.

When we changed the environment, the behavior changed.

To nisu bile velike promjene sustava.

And these were not huge system changes.

These were small changes, and these changes

Ovo su bile male promjene koje su

created new possibilities.

stvorile nove mogućnosti.

So next, I got reassigned as superintendent of a small prison.

Potom sam postavljen za nadzornika malog zatvora.

And at the same time, I was working on my degree

Istovremeno sam radio na magistarskom radu

at the Evergreen State College.

na fakultetu Evergreen State.

I interacted with a lot of people who were not like me,

Surađivao sam s puno različitih ljudi,

people who had different ideas

koji su imali drugačije ideje

and came from different backgrounds.

i došli su iz drugačijih sredina.

Jedna od njih bila je ekologinja prašuma.

One of them was a rainforest ecologist.

She looked at my small prison and what she saw

U mom malom zatvoru ona je

was a laboratory.

vidjela laboratorij.

Razgovarali smo i otkrili kako bi zatvori i zatvorenici

We talked and discovered how prisons and inmates

mogli pomoći unapređenju znanosti

could actually help advance science

tako da pomognu dovršiti projekte

by helping them complete projects

they couldn't complete on their own,

koje oni nisu mogli dovršiti sami,

like repopulating endangered species:

poput repopulacije ugroženih vrsta:

frogs, butterflies, endangered prairie plants.

žaba, leptira, ugroženih prerijskih biljaka.

Pronašli smo načine kako

At the same time, we found ways to make

our operation more efficient

operaciju učiniti učinkovitijom

through the addition of solar power,

dodavanjem solarne energije,

sakupljanjem kišnice, organskim vrtlarenjem, recikliranjem.

rainwater catchment, organic gardening, recycling.

This initiative has led to many projects

Ova inicijativa je dovela do mnogo projekata koji

that have had huge system-wide impact,

su imali ogroman utjecaj na sustav,

not just in our system, but in other state systems as well,

ne samo u našem sustavu, već i u drugim državnim sustavima,

small experiments making a big difference

maleni eksperimenti stvarali su veliku razliku

to science, to the community.

u znanosti i u zajednici.

The way we think about our work changes our work.

Način na koji razmišljamo o svom poslu mijenja naš posao.

The project just made my job more interesting and exciting.

Ovaj projekt je učinio moj posao zanimljivijim i uzbudljivijim.

I was excited. Staff were excited.

Bio sam uzbuđen. Osoblje je bilo uzbuđeno.

Officers were excited. Inmates were excited.

Policajci i zatvorenici su bili uzbuđeni.

They were inspired.

Bili su inspirirani.

Everybody wanted to be part of this.

Svatko je želio biti dio ovoga.

Davali su neki doprinos, stvarali su razliku,

They were making a contribution, a difference,

one they thought was meaningful and important.

bili su značajni i važni.

Let me be clear on what's going on here, though.

Pojasnit ću o čemu se ovdje točno radi.

Inmates are highly adaptive.

Zatvorenici su vrlo prilagodljivi.

They have to be.

Moraju biti.

Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems

Često znaju više o našem sustavu

than the people who run them.

od ljudi koji ga vode.

And they're here for a reason.

I ovdje su s razlogom.

I don't see my job as to punish them or forgive them,

Ne gledam svoj posao kao na kažnjavanje ili opraštanje zatvorenicima,

but I do think they can have

i mislim da oni mogu imati

decent and meaningful lives even in prison.

pristojne i smislene živote u zatvorima.

So that was the question:

Stoga, pitanje je bilo:

Could inmates live decent and meaningful lives,

Mogu li zatvorenici živjeti pristojne i smislene živote

and if so, what difference would that make?

i, ako mogu, kakvu razliku bi to donijelo?

So I took that question back to the deep end,

Otišao sam s tim pitanjem do najdubljeg kraja,

where some of our most violent offenders are housed.

gdje su bili smješteni najnasilniji prijestupnici.

Remember, IMUs are for punishment.

Sjetite se, te jedinice su

You don't get perks there, like programming.

za kažnjavanje. Tamo nema vedrine.

That was how we thought.

Tako smo mislili.

But then we started to realize that if any inmates

Onda smo shvatili da, ako bilo koji zatvorenik

needed programming, it was these particular inmates.

treba program, to bi onda bili ovi zatvorenici.

In fact, they needed intensive programming.

Zapravo, oni su trebali intenzivan program.

So we changed our thinking 180 degrees,

Promijenili smo razmišljanje za 180 stupnjeva

and we started looking for new possibilities.

i počeli tražiti nove mogućnosti.

Osmislili smo novu vrstu stolca.

What we found was a new kind of chair.

Instead of using the chair for punishment,

Umjesto za kažnjavanje,

we put it in classrooms.

stavili smo ga u učionicu.

Okay, we didn't forget our responsibility to control,

Mislili smo na svoju odgovornost prema kontroli,

a zatvorenici su se mogli sigurnije družiti, licem u lice,

but now inmates could interact safely, face-to-face

with other inmates and staff,

s drugim zatvorenicima i osobljem,

and because control was no longer an issue,

a kako kontrola više nije bila problem,

everybody could focus on other things,

svatko se mogao fokusirati na svoje stvari,

poput učenja. Ponašanje se promijenilo.

like learning. Behavior changed.

We changed our thinking, and we changed what was possible, and this gives me hope.

Promijenili smo način razmišljanja te sve što se dalo i to mi je dalo nadu.

Now, I can't tell you that any of this stuff will work.

Ne znam hoće li ove stvari funkcionirati.

Mogu reći da sada funkcioniraju.

What I can tell you, though, it is working.

Our prisons are getting safer for both staff and inmates,

Naši zatvori su sigurniji za osoblje i za zatvorenike,

a kada su zatvori sigurni,

and when our prisons are safe,

we can put our energies into a lot more than just controlling.

možemo usmjeriti svoju energiju na nešto više od same kontrole.

Smanjiti recidivizam bi bio naš krajnji cilj,

Reducing recidivism may be our ultimate goal,

but it's not our only goal.

ali ne i naš jedini cilj.

To be honest with you, preventing crime

Iskreno, prevencija zločina

takes so much more from so many more people

daje puno više prostora ljudima

and institutions.

i institucijama.

If we rely on just prisons to reduce crime,

Ako se oslanjamo samo na zatvore za smanjivanje stope kriminala,

I'm afraid we'll never get there.

bojim se da u tome nikad nećemo uspjeti.

But prisons can do some things

Ali zatvori mogu učiniti nešto

we never thought they could do.

što nikad nismo mislili da mogu.

Prisons can be the source of innovation

Zatvori mogu biti izvor inovacija

i održivosti,

and sustainability,

repopulating endangered species and environmental restoration.

repopulacije ugroženih vrsta i obnove okoliša.

Inmates can be scientists and beekeepers,

Zatvorenici mogu biti znanstvenici i pčelari,

dog rescuers.

treneri pasa.

Zatvori mogu biti izvor smislenog rada

Prisons can be the source of meaningful work

and opportunity for staff

te prilika za osoblje

and the inmates who live there.

i zatvorenike koji tamo žive.

We can contain and control

Mi možemo zadržavati i kontrolirati,

možemo i osigurati ljudske uvjete.

and provide humane environments.

These are not opposing qualities.

To nisu suprostavljene vrijednosti.

We can't wait 10 to 20 years to find out

Ne možemo čekati 10 ili 20 godina da bismo vidjeli

je li ovo vrijedno činjenja.

if this is worth doing.

Our strategy is not massive system change.

Naša strategija nije masovna promjena sustava.

Our strategy is hundreds of small changes

Naša strategija su stotine malih promjena

that take place in days or months, not years.

kojima trebaju dani ili mjeseci, ne godine.

We need more small pilots where we learn as we go,

Potrebno nam je više malih istraživanja gdje učimo kako se kretati,

pilots that change the range of possibility.

istraživanja koja mijenjaju raspon mogućnosti.

We need new and better ways to measure impacts

Potrebni su nam bolji načini mjerenja utjecaja

on engagement, on interaction,

na angažman, na interakciju,

na sigurnu atmosferu.

on safe environments.

Potrebno nam je više prilika za sudjelovanje

We need more opportunities to participate in

and contribute to our communities,

i doprinos zajednici,

your communities.

vašoj zajednici.

Zatvori trebaju biti sigurni - da! Sigurni - da!

Prisons need to be secure, yes, safe, yes.

To možemo napraviti.

We can do that.

Zatvori trebaju osigurati ljudske životne uvjete

Prisons need to provide humane environments

u kojima ljudi mogu participirati, doprinijeti

where people can participate, contribute,

and learn meaningful lives.

i učiti voditi smislene živote.

We're learning how to do that.

Mi poučavamo kako to činiti.

That's why I'm hopeful.

Zato sam pun nade.

We don't have to stay stuck in old ideas about prison.

Ne trebamo ostati sa starim idejama o zatvorima.

We can define that. We can create that.

Možemo to definirati. Možemo to stvoriti.

And when we do that thoughtfully and with humanity,

I kada to učinimo pažljivo i humano,

prisons can be more than the bucket

zatvori mogu postati više od kante

for failed social policy.

zakazale socijalne politike.

Maybe finally, we will earn our title:

Možda ćemo, napokon, zaslužiti svoju titulu:

a department of corrections.

popravni odjel.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)