Dan Pacholke: How prisons can help inmates live meaningful lives

翻译人员: Vickie Huang 校对人员: Zhiting Chen

We're seen as the organization that is the bucket for failed social policy.

我们被看作为那种失败的社会政策 善后的机构。

I can't define who comes to us or how long they stay.

我不能规定谁来我们这里 或者他们停留多久。

We get the people for whom nothing else has worked,

我们接收那些任何方式对他们来说 都不管用的人，

people who have fallen through all

那些其他社会安全保障体系的

of the other social safety nets.

漏网之鱼。

They can't contain them, so we must.

社会不能容纳他们， 所以我们必须这样做。

That's our job:

那就是我们的工作：

contain them, control them.

容纳他们，控制他们。

Over the years, as a prison system,

多年以来，作为一个监狱系统，

as a nation, and as a society,

作为一个国家，以及作为一个社会，

we've become very good at that,

我们已经变得非常善于做那件事，

but that shouldn't make you happy.

但是那不应该使你高兴。

Today we incarcerate more people per capita

现在我们监狱人口占人口比例

than any other country in the world.

比世界上任何一个国家都要高

We have more black men in prison today

我们今日在监狱里的黑人

than were under slavery in 1850.

比1850年奴隶制实行的时候还要多

We house the parents of almost three million

我们监禁接近三百万

of our community's children,

社区儿童的父母

and we've become the new asylum,

我们已经成为新型的收容所，

the largest mental health provider in this nation.

全国最大的精神健康服务提供者。

When we lock someone up,

当我们拘禁某一个人，

that is no small thing.

那不是一件小事情。

And yet, we are called the Department of Corrections.

可是，我们被称为惩教署。

Today I want to talk about

今天我想谈谈关于

changing the way we think about corrections.

改变我们看待惩教的方式。

I believe, and my experience tells me,

我相信，以及我的经验告诉我，

that when we change the way we think,

当我们改变思考问题的方式，

we create new possibilities, or futures,

我们就能创造新的可能性， 或者未来，

and prisons need a different future.

而监狱需要一个不同的未来。

I've spent my entire career in corrections, over 30 years.

我花费了我整个的职业生涯在惩教上， 超过了30年。

I followed my dad into this field.

我跟随我父亲进入这个领域。

He was a Vietnam veteran. Corrections suited him.

他是一个越战老兵。惩教适合他。

He was strong, steady, disciplined.

他强壮，沉着，遵守纪律。

I was not so much any of those things,

我并没有太多那些特质，

and I'm sure that worried him about me.

我敢肯定那使他担心我。

Eventually I decided, if I was going to end up in prison,

最终我决定，如果有一天我会终老在狱中，

I'd better end up on the right side of the bars,

我最好终老在栏杆正确的那一边，

so I thought I'd check it out,

所以我想我应该去看看，

take a tour of the place my dad worked,

到我父亲工作的地方游览一下，

the McNeil Island Penitentiary.

麦克尼尔岛监狱。

Now this was the early '80s,

这是早期的80年代，

and prisons weren't quite what you see

监狱还不太是你们

on TV or in the movies.

在电视上或者电影里看到的样子

In many ways, it was worse.

在许多方面，它更糟糕。

I walked into a cell house that was five tiers high.

我走进一个五层高的牢房里。

There were eight men to a cell.

在一个牢房里有八个人。

there were 550 men in that living unit.

一个生活单元里有550人。

And just in case you wondered,

以防你不知道，

they shared one toilet in those small confines.

他们在那些小隔间里共用一个厕所。

An officer put a key in a lockbox,

一个警官把一条钥匙插进密码箱里，

and hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

数以百计的人从他们的牢房里涌了出来。

Hundreds of men streamed out of their cells.

数以百计的人从他们的牢房里涌了出来。

I walked away as fast as I could.

我以最快的速度离开了。

Eventually I went back and I started as an officer there.

最终我回去了， 我在那里成为了一个狱警。

My job was to run one of those cell blocks

我的工作是管理其中一个牢房区

and to control those hundreds of men.

以及控制那里数以百计的犯人。

When I went to work at our receptions center,

当我去我们接待中心工作的时候，

I could actually hear the inmates roiling from the parking lot,

我能真的听见犯人从床上滚下，

shaking cell doors, yelling,

摇晃牢房的门，叫喊，

tearing up their cells.

毁坏他们的牢房。

Take hundreds of volatile people and lock them up,

把许许多多不稳定的人关起来，

and what you get is chaos.

你得到的只有混乱。

Contain and control — that was our job.

容纳和控制——那是我们的工作。

One way we learned to do this more effectively

我们学习到更有效的一种方式

was a new type of housing unit

是一个新型的居住单元

called the Intensive Management Unit, IMU,

叫集约化管理单元，IMU，

a modern version of a "hole."

一个现代版的“洞穴”。

We put inmates in cells behind solid steel doors

我们把犯人放进用实心钢门封住的牢房

with cuff ports so we could restrain them

戴上手铐，以便于我们能限制他们

and feed them.

还有给他们食物。

Guess what?

猜猜怎么样？

It got quieter.

变得更安静了。

Disturbances died down in the general population.

骚乱在普通人群中逐渐消失。

Places became safer

地方变得更加安全

because those inmates who were most violent or disruptive

因为那些最暴力 最具破坏力的犯人

could now be isolated.

现在能被隔离起来了。

But isolation isn't good.

但是隔离并不好。

Deprive people of social contact and they deteriorate.

剥夺犯人的社交联系， 他们变得更恶劣了。

It was hard getting them out of IMU,

把他们从IMU弄出来是很困难的，

for them and for us.

无论是对他们还是对我们来说。

Even in prison, it's no small thing

即使在监狱，把某一个人关起来

to lock someone up.

决不是一件小事情。

My next assignment was to one of the state's deep-end prisons

我的下一个任务在州里其中一个

where some of our more violent or disruptive inmates are housed.

关押更暴力或者更具破坏性的囚犯的监狱。

By then, the industry had advanced a lot,

到那时候为止， 行业已经进步了许多，

and we had different tools and techniques

而我们拥有了不同的工具和技术

to manage disruptive behavior.

去管理破坏性行为。

We had beanbag guns and pepper spray

我们有了豆袋枪和胡椒喷雾

and plexiglass shields,

还有防爆盾，

flash bangs, emergency response teams.

闪光弹，应急反应小组。

We met violence with force

我们用暴力来对付暴力

and chaos with chaos.

用混乱面对混乱。

We were pretty good at putting out fires.

我们很擅长解决问题。

While I was there, I met two experienced correctional workers

在那里工作的时候， 我遇到了两个经验丰富的管教人员

who were also researchers,

并且他们都是研究员，

an anthropologist and a sociologist.

一位是人类学家还有一位社会学家。

One day, one of them commented to me and said,

一天，他们其中一人对我说，

"You know, you're pretty good at putting out fires.

“你知道，你很擅长平息战火，

Have you ever thought about how to prevent them?"

你又没有想过如何预防它们呢？”

I was patient with them,

我对他们很耐心，

explaining our brute force approach

解释我们的暴力法，

to making prisons safer.

那是为了把监狱变得更安全。

They were patient with me.

他们对我很耐心。

Out of those conversations grew some new ideas

从那些对话中我得到了一些新的想法

and we started some small experiments.

并且我们开始了一些小型的实验。

First, we started training our officers in teams

首先，我们从培训几组狱警开始

rather than sending them one or two at a time to the state training academy.

而不是一次送一个或者两个狱警 到州立培训学院。

Instead of four weeks of training, we gave them 10.

我们提供给他们10周的培训， 而不是原本的4周。

Then we experimented with an apprenticeship model

然后我们尝试了一种学徒制模式

where we paired new staff with veteran staff.

我们将新的员工跟经验丰富的老手配对。

They both got better at the work.

他们俩在工作上都变得更好了。

Second, we added verbal de-escalation skills

第二，我们增加了口头降级技巧

into the training continuum

到连续不断的训练中

and made it part of the use of force continuum.

以及令它成为武力使用等级的一部分。

It was the non-force use of force.

它是暴力的非暴力形式的应用。

And then we did something even more radical.

然后我们做了一些更加激进的事情。

We trained the inmates on those same skills.

我们训练犯人那些相同的技巧。

We changed the skill set,

我们改变了技巧，

reducing violence, not just responding to it.

减少了暴力，而不仅仅是回应它。

Third, when we expanded our facility, we tried a new type of design.

第三，当我们扩建设施的时候， 尝试了一个新型的设计。

Now the biggest and most controversial component

现在，设计中最大以及最受到争议的部分

of this design, of course, was the toilet.

当然是，厕所。

There were no toilets.

那里没有厕所。

Now that might not sound significant to you here today,

对于今天现场的你们来说， 这些可能听起来不重要，

but at the time, it was huge.

但是在那时候， 这是个很严重的问题。

No one had ever heard of a cell without a toilet.

没有人听说过 牢房没有厕所。

We all thought it was dangerous and crazy.

我们全都认为这是危险的和疯狂的。

Even eight men to a cell had a toilet.

即使八个人的牢房也有厕所。

That small detail changed the way we worked.

那个小的细节 改变了我们工作的方式。

Inmates and staff started interacting

犯人和工作人员开始 更频繁和开放地

more often and openly and developing a rapport.

互动以及发展出了和谐的关系。

It was easier to detect conflict and intervene

探测冲突和在升级前干预

before it escalated.

变得更加容易。

The unit was cleaner, quieter, safer and more humane.

单元变得更加整洁，安静， 安全以及更加人性化。

This was more effective at keeping the peace

这在保持和平上比任何其他

than any intimidation technique I'd seen to that point.

我见过的恐吓技术都要更有效率。

Interacting changes the way you behave,

互动改变了你的行为方式，

both for the officer and the inmate.

无论是对狱警还是对犯人来说。

We changed the environment and we changed the behavior.

我们改变了环境， 我们还改变了行为。

Now, just in case I hadn't learned this lesson,

这时候，以防万一 我没有吸取这个教训，

they assigned me to headquarters next,

他们接着安排我去总部，

and that's where I ran straight up against system change.

那是我直接执行系统改革的地方。

Now, many things work against system change:

这时候，很多事情对系统改革不利：

politics and politicians, bills and laws,

政治和政治家，法案和法律，

courts and lawsuits, internal politics.

法院和诉讼，内部政治。

System change is difficult and slow,

系统改革是困难以及缓慢的，

and oftentimes it doesn't take you

而它时常带不了你

where you want to go.

去你想到的地方。

It's no small thing to change a prison system.

改变一个监狱系统并不是一件小事情。

So what I did do is I reflected on my earlier experiences

所以我反省了一下过去的经验

and I remembered that when we interacted with offenders, the heat went down.

并且我想起来当我们与罪犯交流的时候， 紧张度就下降了。

When we changed the environment, the behavior changed.

当我们改变环境的时候， 行为就会改变。

And these were not huge system changes.

而这些不是大的系统性的改革。

These were small changes, and these changes

这些是小的改变，并且这些改变

created new possibilities.

制造出新的可能，

So next, I got reassigned as superintendent of a small prison.

接下来，我被分配到了一所小监狱当狱长。

And at the same time, I was working on my degree

并且在同一时间，我正在为我在

at the Evergreen State College.

艾沃格瑞州立学院的学位而努力。

I interacted with a lot of people who were not like me,

我去很多与我不同的人接触，

people who had different ideas

跟我有不同想法的人，

and came from different backgrounds.

还有有着不同背景的人。

One of them was a rainforest ecologist.

其中有一个人是雨林生态学家。

She looked at my small prison and what she saw

她看了一下我的小监狱而她想到的是

was a laboratory.

一个实验室。

We talked and discovered how prisons and inmates

我们交流并发现监狱以及犯人是如何

could actually help advance science

能够通过帮助他们完成试验项目

by helping them complete projects

从而来帮助科学发展。

they couldn't complete on their own,

他们没法自己完成，

like repopulating endangered species:

像重新繁衍濒临灭绝的物种：

frogs, butterflies, endangered prairie plants.

青蛙，蝴蝶，濒临灭绝的草原植物。

At the same time, we found ways to make

与此同时，我们发现了

our operation more efficient

让我们运行的更有效率的方法，

through the addition of solar power,

通过引入太阳能，

rainwater catchment, organic gardening, recycling.

雨水收集，有机园艺，回收利用。

This initiative has led to many projects

这种首创精神已经导致很多

that have had huge system-wide impact,

有巨大系统性影响的项目，

not just in our system, but in other state systems as well,

不仅仅在我们的系统内， 在其他州的系统也一样，

small experiments making a big difference

小型的实验对科学

to science, to the community.

对社区产生巨大影响。

The way we think about our work changes our work.

我们看待工作的方式 改变了我们的工作。

The project just made my job more interesting and exciting.

项目使我的工作更加有趣和令人兴奋。

I was excited. Staff were excited.

我很兴奋。工作人员很兴奋。

Officers were excited. Inmates were excited.

狱警们很兴奋。犯人们很兴奋。

They were inspired.

他们都受到了启发。

Everybody wanted to be part of this.

每一个人都想成为其中的一份子。

They were making a contribution, a difference,

他们对有意义和重要的事，

one they thought was meaningful and important.

做出了贡献，产生了影响。

Let me be clear on what's going on here, though.

让我尽管澄清一下这里正在发生什么事情。

Inmates are highly adaptive.

犯人们非常适应。

They have to be.

他们不得不这样做。

Oftentimes, they know more about our own systems

他们时常比管理他们的人

than the people who run them.

更清楚自己的系统。

And they're here for a reason.

他们进监狱是有原因的。

I don't see my job as to punish them or forgive them,

我并不认我的工作是去 惩罚或者原谅他们，

but I do think they can have

但是我认为他们即使在监狱

decent and meaningful lives even in prison.

也能拥有得体和有意义的生活。

So that was the question:

所以那是个问题：

Could inmates live decent and meaningful lives,

犯人们可以过上体面而且有意义的生活吗？

and if so, what difference would that make?

如果可以，会带来怎样的不同？

So I took that question back to the deep end,

我带着那疑问回到最困难的部分，

where some of our most violent offenders are housed.

那个关押最暴力的罪犯的地方。

Remember, IMUs are for punishment.

记住，IMU(集约化管理单元)是用于惩罚的。

You don't get perks there, like programming.

你不会在那里得到额外的好处，比如规划。

That was how we thought.

我们就是这样想的。

But then we started to realize that if any inmates

但是我们开始意识到

needed programming, it was these particular inmates.

这些特定的犯人，比任何其他人 都更需要计划指令。

In fact, they needed intensive programming.

事实上，他们需要强烈的适应。

So we changed our thinking 180 degrees,

所以我们在思想上有了180度的转变

and we started looking for new possibilities.

开始寻找新的可能性。

What we found was a new kind of chair.

我们找到的是一种新型的椅子。

Instead of using the chair for punishment,

取代了原来用来惩罚的椅子，

we put it in classrooms.

我们把它放置于教室。

Okay, we didn't forget our responsibility to control,

好吧，我们没有忘记控制的职责，

but now inmates could interact safely, face-to-face

但是犯人可以安全地相处，

with other inmates and staff,

跟狱友还有工作人员面对面沟通，

and because control was no longer an issue,

而且因为管制已经不再是一个问题了，

everybody could focus on other things,

所有人都可以集中精力到其他的事情中，

like learning. Behavior changed.

像学习。行为改变了。

We changed our thinking, and we changed what was possible, and this gives me hope.

我们改变了思维，创造不同的可能性， 而这给我们带来了希望。

Now, I can't tell you that any of this stuff will work.

现在，我无法肯定这完全可行。

What I can tell you, though, it is working.

我能告诉你的是，它正在起作用。

Our prisons are getting safer for both staff and inmates,

对工作人员和犯人来说 我们的监狱都变得更加安全，

and when our prisons are safe,

而当我们的监狱安全了，

we can put our energies into a lot more than just controlling.

我们可以把精力更多地投入到 控制犯人以外的事情。

Reducing recidivism may be our ultimate goal,

减少惯犯也许是我们的终极目标，

but it's not our only goal.

但是它不是我们的唯一目标。

To be honest with you, preventing crime

坦白跟你们说，预防犯罪

takes so much more from so many more people

需要更多的人力物力

and institutions.

以及机构参与其中。

If we rely on just prisons to reduce crime,

如果我们仅仅依赖监狱去减少犯罪，

I'm afraid we'll never get there.

恐怕永远都达不到目标。

But prisons can do some things

但是监狱能够做一些

we never thought they could do.

我们从未想过它们能做到的事情。

Prisons can be the source of innovation

监狱可以是创新和

and sustainability,

可持续发展，

repopulating endangered species and environmental restoration.

重新繁衍濒临灭绝的物种 以及环境修复之源。

Inmates can be scientists and beekeepers,

囚犯可以是科学家和养蜂人，

dog rescuers.

犬只救援人员。

Prisons can be the source of meaningful work

对工作人员

and opportunity for staff

和犯人来说，

and the inmates who live there.

监狱可以提供有意义的工作和机会。

We can contain and control

我们可以容纳和控制

and provide humane environments.

以及提供人道的环境。

These are not opposing qualities.

这些不是相对立的。

We can't wait 10 to 20 years to find out

我们不能等待10年到20年去发现

if this is worth doing.

这是不是值得做的。

Our strategy is not massive system change.

我们的策略不是巨大的系统改变。

Our strategy is hundreds of small changes

我们的策略是数以百计的小改变

that take place in days or months, not years.

发生在几天或者几个月，而不是几年。

We need more small pilots where we learn as we go,

我们需要更多小的试点， 在前进中学习，

pilots that change the range of possibility.

改变可能性范围的试点。

We need new and better ways to measure impacts

我们需要新的更好的方式去衡量影响

on engagement, on interaction,

在参与上，在互动上，

on safe environments.

在安全的环境里。

We need more opportunities to participate in

我们需要更多的机会去参与

and contribute to our communities,

和贡献我们的社区，

your communities.

你们的社区。

Prisons need to be secure, yes, safe, yes.

监狱需要变得牢靠，对的， 安全，对的。

We can do that.

我们能够做到。

Prisons need to provide humane environments

监狱需要提供人道主义环境

where people can participate, contribute,

人们可以参与，贡献，

and learn meaningful lives.

以及学习有意义的生活。

We're learning how to do that.

我们正在学习如何去做到那件事。

That's why I'm hopeful.

那就是我满怀希望的原因。

We don't have to stay stuck in old ideas about prison.

我们没有必要停留在对监狱老旧的观念上。

We can define that. We can create that.

我们可以定义它。我们可以创造它。

And when we do that thoughtfully and with humanity,

当我们细心地以及人道地做事，

prisons can be more than the bucket

监狱可以不只是

for failed social policy.

承载失败社会政策的桶。

Maybe finally, we will earn our title:

也许最终，我们将会赢得我们的头衔：

a department of corrections.

一个修正的部门。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）