Printing a human kidney | Anthony Atala

551,044 views ・ 2011-03-08

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Silvija Varga Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
0
15260
3000
Danas je velika kriza u zdravstvu
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
1
18260
2000
jer nema dovoljno organa.
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
2
20260
2000
Činjenica je da živimo duže.
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
3
22260
2000
Medicina je mnogo uspešnija
00:24
of making us live longer,
4
24260
2000
u produžavanju ljudskih života
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
5
26260
2000
i javlja se problem, kako starimo
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
6
28260
3000
naši organi više zakazuju
00:31
and so currently
7
31260
2000
i trenutno
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
8
33260
2000
nema dovoljno organa za presađivanje.
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
9
35260
2000
Zapravo, tokom poslednjih 10 godina,
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
10
37260
3000
broj pacijenata kojima je potreban organ se udvostručio,
00:40
while in the same time,
11
40260
2000
dok je istovremeno,
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
12
42260
3000
broj transplantanta jedva porastao.
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
13
45260
2000
Ovo je kriza javnog zdravstva.
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
14
47260
2000
Ovde stupa na scenu oblast
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
15
49260
2000
koju nazivamo regenerativna medicina.
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
16
51260
2000
U stvari ona uključuje više različitih oblasti.
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
17
53260
2000
Zapravo, mogu se koristiti premosnice,
00:55
biomaterials --
18
55260
2000
biomaterijali,
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
19
57260
2000
oni su kao parče vaše bluze ili košulje,
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
20
59260
3000
specijalni materijali koji se mogu presaditi u pacijenta
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
21
62260
3000
i koji će pomoći da se regenerišete.
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
22
65260
3000
Ili možemo da koristimo samo ćelije
01:08
either your very own cells
23
68260
2000
ili vaše sopstvene ćelije
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
24
70260
2000
ili druge kulture matičnih ćelija.
01:12
Or we can use both.
25
72260
2000
Ili možemo i jedno i drugo.
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
26
74260
2000
Možemo koristiti, zapravo, biomaterijale
01:16
and the cells together.
27
76260
2000
i ćelije zajedno.
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
28
78260
3000
To je u ovoj oblasti postignuto do danas.
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
29
81260
2000
Ali to u stvari nije nova oblast.
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
30
83260
2000
Zanimljivo je da je ova knjiga
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
31
85260
3000
objavljena čak 1938.
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
32
88260
2000
Njen naziv je "Kultura organa".
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
33
90260
3000
Prvi autor, Aleksis Karel, je dobitnik Nobelove nagrade.
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
34
93260
2000
On je konstruisao neke od tehnologija
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
35
95260
2000
koje se i danas koriste u zašivanju krvnih sudova,
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
36
97260
3000
kao i tehnike spajanja krvnih sudova koje i danas koristimo
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
37
100260
3000
je zapravo osmislio Aleksis.
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
38
103260
3000
Ali želim da istaknem njegovog koautora:
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
39
106260
2000
Čarlsa Lindberga.
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
40
108260
3000
To je isti onaj Čarls Lindberg
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
41
111260
2000
koji je proveo ostatak svog života
01:53
working with Alexis
42
113260
2000
radeći sa Aleksisom
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
43
115260
2000
na Rokfeler Institutu u Njujorku,
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
44
117260
2000
u domenu kultivisanja organa.
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
45
119260
2000
Dakle, ako su ove grane nauke prisutne toliko dugo,
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
46
121260
2000
zašto je klinički napredak tako mali?
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
47
123260
3000
To je zbog mnogih izazova.
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
48
126260
2000
Ako bih morao da izdvojim samo tri,
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
49
128260
2000
prvi izazov bi bio stvaranje materijala
02:10
that could go in your body
50
130260
2000
koji bi mogli da se stave u telo
02:12
and do well over time.
51
132260
2000
i da istraju tokom vremena.
02:14
And many advances now,
52
134260
2000
Iako postoje mnogi napreci danas
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
53
136260
2000
jedva možemo da uradimo tako nešto.
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
54
138260
2000
Drugi izazov su ćelije.
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
55
140260
3000
Nismo mogli prikupiti dovoljno ćelija za kultivisanje organa van tela.
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
56
143260
3000
Poslednjih 20 godina uglavnom smo se borili sa time.
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
57
146260
2000
Sada, mnogi naučnici mogu da kultivišu različite vrste ćelija.
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
58
148260
2000
Na sve to, imamo i matične ćelije.
02:30
But even now, 2011,
59
150260
3000
Ali čak i danas, 2011.
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
60
153260
4000
postoje određene ćelije koje ne možemo da kultivišemo.
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
61
157260
3000
Ćelije jetre i pankreasa, nervne ćelije
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
62
160260
3000
i dan danas ne možemo da kultivišemo.
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
63
163260
2000
Treći izazov je vaskularnost,
02:45
the actual supply of blood
64
165260
3000
snabdevanje organa krvlju
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
65
168260
3000
koje omogućava tim organima da prežive
02:51
once we regenerate them.
66
171260
2000
kada ih regenerišemo.
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
67
173260
2000
Dakle, danas koristimo biomaterijale.
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
68
175260
2000
Ovo je biomaterijal.
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
69
177260
3000
Možemo ih savijati, preplitati ili koristiti u ovakvom stanju.
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
70
180260
3000
Ovo je kao mašina za pravljenje šećerne vune.
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
71
183260
2000
Videli ste sprej koji ulazi.
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
72
185260
2000
Izgleda kao vlakna šećerne vune koja,
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
73
187260
2000
stvara ovu strukturu nalik tubi,
03:09
which is a biomaterial
74
189260
2000
koja je biomaterijal,
03:11
that we can then use
75
191260
2000
koju zatim možemo da koristimo
03:13
to help your body regenerate
76
193260
2000
u svrhu regeneracije tela
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
77
195260
3000
koristeći za to ćelije pacijenta.
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
78
198260
2000
Upravo smo to ovde uradili.
03:20
This is actually a patient
79
200260
2000
Ovo je pacijent,
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
80
202260
2000
kojem je ponuđen odbačeni organ,
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
81
204260
3000
a mi smo stvorili jedan od ovih pametnih biomaterijala
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
82
207260
2000
i tada smo iskoristili ovaj biomaterijal
03:29
to replace and repair
83
209260
3000
da zamenimo i popravimo
03:32
that patient's structure.
84
212260
2000
strukturu pacijentovog organa.
03:34
What we did was we actually
85
214260
2000
Ono što smo uradili je
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
86
216260
2000
da smo koristili biomaterijal kao most,
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
87
218260
2000
tako da ćelije u organu
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
88
220260
2000
mogu da pređu taj most,
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
89
222260
2000
i pomognu premošćavanje procepa
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
90
224260
2000
regeneracije tog tkiva.
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
91
226260
2000
Ovo je taj pacijent 6 meseci kasnije,
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
92
228260
3000
ovo je rendgenski snimak regenerisanog tkiva
03:51
which is fully regenerated
93
231260
2000
koje je, kao što vidite, potpuno obnovljeno
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
94
233260
3000
kada ga analizirate ispod mikroskopa.
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
95
236260
2000
Takođe, možemo da koristimo samo ćelije.
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
96
238260
3000
Ovo su ćelije koje smo dobili.
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
97
241260
3000
Ovo su matične ćelije koje stvaramo iz određenog izvora
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
98
244260
2000
i možemo da ih kultivišemo da postanu srčane ćelije
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
99
246260
2000
i one počinju da kucaju u kulturi.
04:08
So they know what to do.
100
248260
2000
One znaju šta treba da rade.
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
101
250260
2000
Ćelije genetski znaju šta treba da rade
04:12
and they start beating together.
102
252260
2000
i počinju da kucaju zajedno.
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
103
254260
2000
Danas, mnoga klinička istraživanja
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
104
256260
2000
koriste razne vrste matičnih ćelija
04:18
for heart disease.
105
258260
2000
za bolesti srca.
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
106
260260
3000
Dakle, to se danas primenjuje.
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
107
263260
2000
Ili, ako koristimo veće strukture
04:25
to replace larger structures,
108
265260
2000
da bi zamenili veće strukture
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
109
267260
2000
onda koristimo pacijentove ćelije
04:29
or some cell population,
110
269260
2000
ili neke populacije ćelija
04:31
and the biomaterials,
111
271260
2000
i biomaterijale,
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
112
273260
2000
zajedno s premosnicama.
04:35
So the concept here:
113
275260
2000
Koncept je sledeći:
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
114
277260
3000
ako imate organ koji je zatajio ili koji je povređen,
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
115
280260
2000
mi uzimamo malu količinu tkiva,
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
116
282260
3000
manje od polovine veličine poštanske markice.
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
117
285260
3000
Tada razdvajamo ćelije,
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
118
288260
2000
i kultivišemo ćelije izvan tela.
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
119
290260
3000
Tada uzimamo premosnice, biomaterijale,
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
120
293260
3000
izgleda kao komad bluze ili majice,
04:56
we then shape that material,
121
296260
2000
tada oblikujemo taj materijal,
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
122
298260
3000
i stavljamo te ćelije preko materijala
05:01
one layer at a time --
123
301260
2000
sloj po sloj,
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
124
303260
3000
slično premazivanju kolača.
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
125
306260
2000
Tada sve to stavimo u mašinu sličnu rerni
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
126
308260
2000
i u mogućnosti smo da kreiramo tu strukturu
05:10
and bring it out.
127
310260
2000
i izvadimo je napolje.
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
128
312260
2000
Ovo je srčani zalistak
05:14
that we've engineered,
129
314260
2000
koji smo stvorili
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
130
316260
3000
i kao što vidite, postoji struktura srčanog zaliska
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
131
319260
3000
njega smo prekrili ćelijama,
05:22
and then we exercise it.
132
322260
2000
a potom ga uvežbavali.
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
133
324260
2000
Vidite listiće kako se otvaraju i zatvaraju,
05:26
of this heart valve
134
326260
2000
na ovom srčanom zalisku
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
135
328260
4000
koji se trenutno koristi u eksperimentalne svrhe
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
136
332260
3000
da bismo napredovali sa istraživanjem.
05:35
Another technology
137
335260
2000
Drugi vid tehnologije
05:37
that we have used in patients
138
337260
2000
koji smo koristili kod pacijenata
05:39
actually involves bladders.
139
339260
2000
odnosi se na bešike.
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
140
341260
3000
Od pacijenta uzimamo mali komadić bešike,
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
141
344260
3000
opet, polovinu od veličine poštanske markice.
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
142
347260
2000
Opet, kultivišemo ćelije izvan tela,
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
143
349260
2000
uzimamo premosnice, prekrivamo ih ćelijama,
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
144
351260
3000
pacijentovim ćelijama, sa dva različita tipa ćelija.
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
145
354260
3000
Zatim, opet, stavimo u "rernu".
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
146
357260
2000
Rerna ima iste uslove kao ljudsko telo,
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
147
359260
3000
37 stepeni, 95% kiseonik.
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
148
362260
3000
Nekoliko nedelja posle, imate svoj organ
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
149
365260
3000
koji možemo da presadimo u pacijenta.
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
150
368260
3000
Za ove pacijetne, mi samo "šijemo" ove materijale.
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
151
371260
3000
Koristimo ove trodimenzionalne slike za analizu,
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
152
374260
3000
ali biomaterijale pravimo ručno.
06:18
But we now have better ways
153
378260
2000
Danas, postoje i bolji načini
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
154
380260
2000
za stvaranje struktura uz pomoć ćelija.
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
155
382260
4000
Danas koristimo vrste tehnologija,
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
156
386260
2000
gde za organe, kao što je
06:28
like the liver,
157
388260
2000
jetra,
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
158
390260
3000
uzimamo odbačene organe.
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
159
393260
3000
Kao što znate, mnogi organi se odbacuju, ne koriste se.
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
160
396260
2000
Dakle, možemo da koristimo ove strukture jetre
06:38
which are not going to be used,
161
398260
2000
koje neće biti upotrebljene,
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
162
400260
4000
stavljamo u mašine sličnim mašinama za pranje veša
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
163
404260
2000
koje nam omogućavaju da ćelije budu isprane.
06:46
Two weeks later,
164
406260
2000
Dve nedelje kasnije,
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
165
408260
2000
dobijate nešto što liči na jetru.
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
166
410260
2000
Izgleda kao jetra,
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
167
412260
3000
ali nema ćelije, to je samo skelet jetre.
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
168
415260
4000
Tada u te strukture ponovo ulivamo ćelije jetre,
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
169
419260
2000
brinući se o očuvanju krvnih sudova.
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
170
421260
3000
Prvo ulivamo krv u krvne sudove
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
171
424260
2000
pacijentovim ćelijama,
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
172
426260
3000
nakon čega jetrene ćelije postavljamo u parenhim.
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
173
429260
2000
Do sada smo bili u mogućnosti da predstavimo
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
174
431260
2000
stvaranje tkiva ljudske jetre,
07:13
just this past month
175
433260
2000
tokom proteklog meseca,
07:15
using this technology.
176
435260
3000
koristeći ovu tehnologiju.
07:19
Another technology that we've used
177
439260
2000
Druga vrsta tehnologije koju koristimo
07:21
is actually that of printing.
178
441260
2000
je štampanje.
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
179
443260
3000
Ovo ovde je običan štampač,
07:26
but instead of using ink,
180
446260
2000
ali umesto mastila
07:28
we're using cells.
181
448260
2000
koristimo ćelije.
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
182
450260
2000
Ovde možete da vidite glavu štampača
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
183
452260
2000
kako prelazi i stvara strukturu,
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
184
454260
2000
i za to je potrebno 40 minuta, da se stvori struktura.
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
185
456260
2000
Ovo je trodimenzionalni podizač
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
186
458260
2000
koji se spušta i slaže sloj po sloj
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
187
460260
2000
svaki put kada glava štampača pređe jedan deo.
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
188
462260
3000
Nakon toga je moguće izvaditi stvorenu strukturu.
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
189
465260
3000
Izvadi se struktura iz štampača i presadi se.
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
190
468260
2000
Ovo je komad kosti
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
191
470260
3000
koji ću vam pokazati na ovoj slici
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
192
473260
3000
koji je stvoren uz pomoć ovog štampača
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
193
476260
3000
i presađen, kao što to ovde vidite.
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
194
479260
2000
To je potpuno nova kost koja je presađena
08:01
using these techniques.
195
481260
3000
koristeći ovu tehniku.
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
196
484260
4000
Druga, mnogo naprednija tehnika koju ovde vidimo,
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
197
488260
2000
tehnologija nove generacije,
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
198
490260
2000
jeste sofisticiranija vrsta štampača.
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
199
492260
3000
Ovaj određeni štampač je dizajniran
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
200
495260
3000
da štampa direktno na pacijenta.
08:18
So what you see here --
201
498260
2000
Dakle, ovde vidite,
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
202
500260
2000
znam da zvuči čudno,
08:22
but that's the way it works.
203
502260
2000
ali to je kako on funkcioniše.
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
204
504260
3000
Jer u stvarnosti, ono što želimo da uradimo
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
205
507260
3000
jeste da pacijentu koji leži u krevetu sa ranom,
08:30
and you have a scanner,
206
510260
2000
i uz pomoć skenera
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
207
512260
2000
mi skeniramo telo.
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
208
514260
2000
To je ono što vidite ovde sa desne strane.
08:36
You see a scanner technology
209
516260
2000
Vidimo tehnologiju skeniranja
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
210
518260
3000
skenirane slike rane na pacijentu
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
211
521260
3000
zatim se vratimo sa glavama štampača
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
212
524260
3000
i štampamo slojeve koji su neophodni
08:47
on the patients themselves.
213
527260
2000
direktno na pacijente.
08:49
This is how it actually works.
214
529260
2000
To je kako ovo funkcioniše.
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
215
531260
2000
Evo skenera kako prolazi,
08:53
scanning the wound.
216
533260
2000
skenirajući ranu.
08:55
Once it's scanned,
217
535260
2000
Nakon što je rana skenirana,
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
218
537260
2000
šalju se informacije za slojeve ćelija
08:59
where they need to be.
219
539260
2000
i gde one treba da budu.
09:01
And now you're going to see here
220
541260
2000
Ovde ćete da vidite
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
221
543260
2000
demonstraciju kako se to radi
09:05
in a representative wound.
222
545260
3000
na jednoj rani.
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
223
548260
3000
Ovo radimo uz pomoć gela koji je moguće podizati.
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
224
551260
2000
Kada se te ćelije nađu na pacijentu
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
225
553260
2000
one će biti zalepljene tamo gde treba da budu.
09:15
And this is actually new technology
226
555260
2000
Ovo je nova vrsta tehnologije
09:17
still under development.
227
557260
3000
koju još uvek razvijamo.
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
228
560260
3000
Takođe radimo i na razvijanju sofisticiranijih štampača.
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
229
563260
2000
Jer, naš najveći izazov
09:25
are the solid organs.
230
565260
2000
su pravi organi.
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
231
567260
2000
Ne znam da li znate,
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
232
569260
4000
ali 90% pacijenata na transplantacionoj listi
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
233
573260
3000
čeka na bubreg.
09:36
Patients are dying every day
234
576260
2000
Pacijenti umiru svaki dan
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
235
578260
3000
jer mi nemamo dovoljno bubrega za sve.
09:41
So this is more challenging --
236
581260
2000
Ovo je malo veći izazov,
09:43
large organ, vascular,
237
583260
2000
veliki vaskularni organ,
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
238
585260
2000
mnogo krvnih sudova,
09:47
a lot of cells present.
239
587260
2000
mnogo ćelija.
09:49
So the strategy here is --
240
589260
2000
Strategija ovde jeste,
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
241
591260
2000
ovo je rendgenski snimak,
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
242
593260
2000
slažemo sloj po sloj
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
243
595260
2000
koristeći kompjuterizovanu morfometričku slikovnu analizu
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
244
597260
2000
i trodimenzionalnu rekonstrukciju
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
245
599260
3000
da bi došli do pacijentovih bubrega.
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
246
602260
3000
Tada imamo mogućnost da napravimo slike,
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
247
605260
2000
360 stepeni rotacije,
10:07
to analyze the kidney
248
607260
2000
da analiziramo bubreg
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
249
609260
4000
sa svim njegovim karakteristikama,
10:13
and we then are able
250
613260
2000
tada smo u mogućnosti
10:15
to actually take this information
251
615260
2000
da te informacije iskoristimo
10:17
and then scan this
252
617260
2000
i skeniramo
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
253
619260
2000
i štampamo u kompjuterizovanoj formi.
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
254
621260
3000
Prolazimo sloj po sloj kroz organ,
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
255
624260
3000
analizirajući svaki sloj organa,
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
256
627260
4000
tada smo umogućnosti da te informacije pošaljemo
10:31
through the computer
257
631260
2000
kroz kompjuter
10:33
and actually design the organ
258
633260
2000
i zapravo dizajniramo organ
10:35
for the patient.
259
635260
2000
za pacijenta.
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
260
637260
3000
Ovo je štampač.
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
261
640260
2000
Ovo je štampanje.
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
262
642260
4000
Zapravo, doneli smo štampač.
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
263
646260
3000
Dok smo ovde razgovarali,
10:49
you can actually see the printer
264
649260
3000
možete da vidite štampač,
10:52
back here in the back stage.
265
652260
3000
ovde iza bine.
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
266
655260
2000
Ovo je pravi štampač
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
267
657260
2000
i on štampa strukturu bubrega
10:59
that you see here.
268
659260
2000
koji ovde vidite.
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
269
661260
2000
Potrebno je 7 sati da se odštampa jedan bubreg,
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
270
663260
3000
dakle na pola puta je.
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
271
666260
3000
Doktor Kang će nam se sada pridružiti
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
272
669260
3000
i pokazaćemo vam jedan od ovih bubrega
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
273
672260
3000
koji smo odštampali danas.
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
274
678260
2000
Staviću rukavice.
11:26
Thank you.
275
686260
2000
Hvala.
11:28
Go backwards.
276
688260
2000
Idite unazad.
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
277
696260
3000
Rukavice su mi malo male, ali evo.
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
278
699260
2000
Možete da vidite bubreg
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
279
701260
2000
koji smo danas odštampali.
11:43
(Applause)
280
703260
16000
(Aplauz)
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
281
719260
3000
Ima čvrstoću.
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
282
723260
3000
Ovo je doktor Kang koji radi sa nama na ovom projektu
12:06
and part of our team.
283
726260
2000
i koji je deo našeg tima.
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
284
728260
3000
Hvala vam doktore Kang. Hvala.
12:11
(Applause)
285
731260
5000
(Aplauz)
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
286
736260
2000
Ovo je u stvari nova generacija.
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
287
738260
2000
Ovo je štampač koji vidite ovde na sceni.
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
288
740260
3000
A ovo je nova vrsta tehnologije koju razvijamo.
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
289
744260
4000
U stvarnosti, ovo već jako dugo radimo.
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
290
748260
2000
Želim da vam pokažem nešto
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
291
750260
3000
što se tiče tehnologije koju već koristimo na pacijentima.
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
292
753260
2000
Ovo je kratki video zapis,
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
293
755260
2000
samo 30 sekundi,
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
294
757260
3000
o pacijentu koji je dobio organ.
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
295
760260
2000
(Video) Luk Masela: Bio sam stvarno bolestan. Jedva sam ustajao iz kreveta.
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
296
762260
3000
Nisam išao u školu i bio sam zaista jadan.
12:45
I couldn't go out
297
765260
2000
Nisam mogao da izlazim
12:47
and play basketball at recess
298
767260
2000
i igram košarku za vreme odmora,
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
299
769260
2000
a da ne osećam da ću da padnem u nesvest
12:51
when I got back inside.
300
771260
2000
kada se vratim nazad unutra.
12:53
I felt so sick.
301
773260
3000
Osećao sam se tako bolesno.
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
302
776260
3000
Ceo život bih proveo na dijalizi
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
303
779260
2000
i ne želim ni da mislim o tome kakav bi mi život bio
13:01
if I was on that.
304
781260
2000
da se to desilo.
13:03
So after the surgery,
305
783260
2000
Posle operacije,
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
306
785260
2000
život mi je postao mnogo bolji.
13:07
I was able to do more things.
307
787260
2000
Bio sam u mogućnosti da radim mnoge stvari.
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
308
789260
2000
Mogao sam da se bavim rvanjem u školi.
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
309
791260
3000
Postao sam kapiten tima i to je bilo sjajno.
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
310
794260
3000
Postao sam normalno dete.
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
311
797260
3000
Koristili su moje ćelije da naprave bešiku,
13:20
it's going to be with me.
312
800260
2000
ona ostaje sa mnom.
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
313
802260
3000
Imam je za ceo život, tako da je sve dobro.
13:25
(Applause)
314
805260
38000
(Aplauz)
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
315
843260
2000
Huan Enrikez: Ovi eksperimenti ponekada uspevaju
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
316
845260
2000
i zaista je odlično što uspevaju.
14:07
Luke, come up please.
317
847260
2000
Luk, dođi kod nas.
14:14
(Applause)
318
854260
15000
(Aplauz)
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
319
869260
2000
Dakle Luk, pre prošle noći,
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
320
871260
2000
kada si poslednji put video Tonija?
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
321
873260
3000
LM: Pre deset godina, kada sam imao operaciju,
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
322
876260
2000
i zaista je odlično videti ga.
14:38
(Laughter)
323
878260
2000
(Smeh)
14:40
(Applause)
324
880260
6000
(Aplauz)
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
325
886260
2000
HE: Reci nam, čime se baviš?
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
326
888260
3000
LM: Trenutno studiram na Univerzitetu u Konektikatu.
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
327
891260
4000
Prva godina sam i studiram komunikacije, TV i mas medije
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
328
895260
3000
i pokušavam da živim kao normalan čovek,
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
329
898260
2000
što sam želeo još od malena.
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
330
900260
2000
Ali to je bilo teško naročito kada se rodite sa spina bifidom
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
331
902260
3000
i kada vam bubrezi i bešika ne funkcionišu.
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
332
905260
2000
Preživeo sam 16 operacija
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
333
907260
2000
i delovalo je nemoguće
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
334
909260
3000
kada su mi bubrezi otkazali kao desetogodišnjaku.
15:12
And this surgery came along
335
912260
2000
Tada se pojavila ova operacija
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
336
914260
2000
i učinila da budem ono što sam danas
15:16
and saved my life.
337
916260
2000
spasivši mi život.
15:18
(Applause)
338
918260
11000
(Aplauz)
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
339
929260
3000
HE: Toni je uradio stotine ovih operacija?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
340
932260
3000
LM: Ono što znam jeste da on zaista vredno radi
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
341
935260
2000
i smišlja zaista neverovatne stvari.
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
342
937260
3000
Znam da sam bio jedan od prvih 10 ljudi koji su imali ovu operaciju.
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
343
940260
3000
Kada sam imao 10 godina, nisam shvatao koliko je to sjajno.
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
344
943260
2000
Bio sam dete i mislio sam,
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
345
945260
2000
"Ma da, može. Uradiću tu operaciju."
15:47
(Laughter)
346
947260
2000
(Smeh)
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
347
949260
2000
Samo sam hteo da mi bude bolje,
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
348
951260
3000
i tek sada kada sam odrastao, shvatio sam koliko je to sjajno
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
349
954260
3000
i koliko je zadivljujuće ono što on radi.
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
350
958260
3000
HE: Kada su te nazvali iznenada -
16:01
Tony's really shy,
351
961260
2000
Toni se zacrveneo,
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
352
963260
2000
dugo smo ga ubeđivali
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
353
965260
2000
jer je Toni stvarno skroman,
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
354
967260
3000
da dovede Luka.
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
355
970260
2000
Dakle Luk, otišao si kod svojih profesora,
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
356
972260
2000
diplomiraćeš komunikacione nauke,
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
357
974260
2000
i pitao si ih da ti dopuste da dođeš ovde na TED
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
358
976260
2000
što ima neke veze sa komunikacijama,
16:18
and what was their reaction?
359
978260
3000
kakva je njihova rekacija bila?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
360
981260
2000
LM: Većina mojih profesora me podržala,
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
361
983260
3000
rekli su: "Donesi slike
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
362
986260
3000
i pokaži mi video zapise na internetu" i "Srećni smo zbog tebe".
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
363
989260
2000
Bilo je par njih koji su bili malo tvrdoglavi,
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
364
991260
2000
pa sam morao da porazgovaram sa njima.
16:33
I pulled them aside.
365
993260
3000
Pozvao sam ih na stranu.
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
366
996260
2000
HE: Čast mi je da sam te upoznao.
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
367
998260
2000
Hvala najlepše. (LM: Hvala i Vama.)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
368
1003260
2000
HE: Hvala i tebi Toni.
16:45
(Applause)
369
1005260
3000
(Aplauz)
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7