Printing a human kidney | Anthony Atala

551,532 views ใƒป 2011-03-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Tae-Hoon Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Lee Junho
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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์˜ํ•™์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
00:24
of making us live longer,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
and so currently
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
00:40
while in the same time,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ ์˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š”
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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์ง€์ง€์ฒด(์Šค์บํด๋“œ)๋ผ๋“ ์ง€
00:55
biomaterials --
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์ƒ์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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์ด๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๋‚˜ ์…”์ธ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ผ
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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์‹œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:08
either your very own cells
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Or we can use both.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์–‘์ชฝ์„ ๋‹ค ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€
01:16
and the cells together.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ํ•™์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฑ…์€
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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1938๋…„์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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์ œ๋ชฉ์€ "์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘"์ธ๋ฐ
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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์ œ1 ์ €์ž ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์Šค ์นด๋ ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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์ €๋ถ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ด์‹์šฉ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ € ๊ณต๋™ ์ €์ž์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฆฐ๋“œ๋ฒ„๊ทธ.
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฆฐ๋“œ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋กœ
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ์ƒ์„
01:53
working with Alexis
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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๋‰ด์š•์˜ ๋กํŽ ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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์ž„์ƒ์  ์ง„์ „์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋งŒ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
02:10
that could go in your body
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:12
and do well over time.
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์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
And many advances now,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์„œ
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๊ฐ„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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์ด์ œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋ฐ๋‹ค
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2011๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ, ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ ๋“ฑ์€
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋„๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ผ๋‹จ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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๊ทธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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์‹ค์ œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ๊ณ , ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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์ด๊ฑด ์†œ์‚ฌํƒ• ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ๋ฐ์š”
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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์ €๊ฑด ์†œ์‚ฌํƒ• ์‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
03:11
that we can then use
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
This is actually a patient
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์ด๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜์ž๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
03:29
to replace and repair
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชป์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ
03:32
that patient's structure.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
What we did was we actually
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ–ˆ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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์ € ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์†์ƒ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ X๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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์žฌ์ƒ๋œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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์กฐ์ง์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žฌ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ•๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
So they know what to do.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ญ˜ ํ• ์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
and they start beating together.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ•๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:18
for heart disease.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜์ž ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋” ํฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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๋” ํฐ ์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:29
or some cell population,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
So the concept here:
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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๊ทธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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์šฐํ‘œ ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ณ 
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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๋ชธ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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์•„๊นŒ๋„ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผญ ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๋‚˜ ์…”์ธ  ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”
04:56
we then shape that material,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
one layer at a time --
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๊ฒน์”ฉ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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์ผ€์ต์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ ๊ตฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์˜ค๋ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ 
05:10
and bring it out.
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๊บผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ
05:14
that we've engineered,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ์ด ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์€
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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์ž‘๋™์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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ํŒ์—ฝ์ด ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค ๋‹ซํ˜”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:26
of this heart valve
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๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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๊ณ„์† ๋” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Another technology
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์ง์ ‘ ํ™˜์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ
05:37
that we have used in patients
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์—์„œ ์šฐํ‘œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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์ง€์ง€์ฒด์— ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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ํ™˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ฃ .
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์˜ค๋ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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์ธ์ฒด์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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์„ญ์”จ 35๋„์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋†๋„ 95%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ 
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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ํ™˜์ž ๋ชธ์— ์ด์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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์ด๋“ค ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
But we now have better ways
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด์ œ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ ํ˜• ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
06:28
like the liver,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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์•ˆ ์“ธ ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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์„ธํƒ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ 
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์”ป์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Two weeks later,
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2์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด ๊ฐ„์— ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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์ „์ฒด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ „์ฒด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์—
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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ํ™˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ค์งˆ(์กฐ์ง)์— ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์จ์„œ
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์—
07:13
just this past month
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์ธ์ฒด ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„
07:15
using this technology.
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๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์‡„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘ ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์ธ๋ฐ
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
07:28
we're using cells.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 40๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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3์ฐจ์› ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ์ธต์”ฉ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ € ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผ›์กฐ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
using these techniques.
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๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ์š”.
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ •๊ตํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š”
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชธ ์œ„์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์‡„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
So what you see here --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์ž…์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์นจ๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ๋ˆ•ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ํŒ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด๋ฐ
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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์šฐ์„  ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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์ธต์ธต์ด ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
08:53
scanning the wound.
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์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์Šค์บ”์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:59
where they need to be.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹ค ์žฅ๋ฉด์€
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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๋ชจํ˜• ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
09:05
in a representative wound.
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์ž‘์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ค์„ ์จ์„œ, ์ง‘์–ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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์ผ๋‹จ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž ๋ชธ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณ ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๊ณ 
09:17
still under development.
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์•„์ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
09:25
are the solid organs.
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๊ณ ํ˜• ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์•„์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด์‹ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ 90%๋Š”
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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์ด์‹์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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๋Œ€ํ˜• ์žฅ๊ธฐ, ๋„๊ด€,
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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๋˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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์„ธํฌ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ CT ์˜์ƒ, ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด์ธ๋ฐ
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•œ์ธต ํ•œ์ธต
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์ธก์ • ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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3์ฐจ์› ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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ํ™˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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360๋„ ํšŒ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•œ
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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์ „ ์ฒด์ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
and we then are able
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š”
10:15
to actually take this information
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
10:17
and then scan this
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ธ์‡„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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์Šค์บ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ์ธต ํ•œ์ธต์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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๊ฐ ์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:31
through the computer
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:33
and actually design the organ
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
10:35
for the patient.
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์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ธ์‡„ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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์ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋’ค์— ๊ณ„์† ์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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์ € ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ
10:59
that you see here.
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์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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์‹ ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ฝ ์ผ๊ณฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ œ ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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๊ฐ• ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค์‹ค ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‡„ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”
11:26
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
Go backwards.
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๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”.
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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์ด ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ด ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ข€ ์ž‘๋„ค์š”. ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ์ด ์‹ ์žฅ์ด
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ธ์‡„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํƒ„ํƒ„ํ•œ ์งˆ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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์ด๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ• ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์ด๊ตฌ์š”, ์ €์™€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
and part of our team.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํŒ€์ด์ฃ .
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜, ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋™์˜์ƒ์€
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ง€ ๊ฝค ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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์•„์ฃผ ์งค๋ง‰ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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30์ดˆ ์ •๋„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ๋ฃจํฌ ๋งˆ์…€๋ผ: ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”. ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์งˆ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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ํ•™๊ต๋„ ๋น ์ ธ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์ฐธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:45
I couldn't go out
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์‰ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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๋†๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ์ข€ ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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๊ต์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด
12:51
when I got back inside.
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๊ผญ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
I felt so sick.
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์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์ƒ ์‹ ์žฅ ํˆฌ์„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋• ์„์ง€
13:01
if I was on that.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
So after the surgery,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„๋กœ
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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์‚ถ์ด ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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ํŒ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ๋งก์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•˜์ฃ .
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณดํ†ต ์• ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์ œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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ํ‰์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด์ œ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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ํ›„์•™ ์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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๋ฃจํฌ, ์ด๋ฆฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€์š”.
14:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฃจํฌ, ์–ด์ œ ์ €๋… ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ „์—
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์ฃ ?
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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๋ฃจํฌ: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 10๋…„ ์ „์ด์ฃ .
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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๋ต™๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ข€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์ค„๋ž˜์š”?
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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๋ฃจํฌ: ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋‹ค๋…€์š”.
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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2ํ•™๋…„์ด๊ณ  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋งค์Šค ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณดํ†ต ์• ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์š”.
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋ผˆ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆผ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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์‹ ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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16๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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10์‚ด ๋•Œ ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€์ฃ .
15:12
And this surgery came along
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:16
and saved my life.
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฑด ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ ?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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๋ฃจํฌ: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผ ํ•˜์‹ ๋ฐ์š”
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ์‹ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ฒซ 10๋ช… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 10์‚ด ๋• ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์–ด์š”.
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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"์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ํ• ๋ž˜์š”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ• ๋ž˜์š”." ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ .
15:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—ฌ์„œ
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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๋ฃจํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š๋ผ
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์„ค๋“์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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๋ฃจํฌ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ต™๊ณ 
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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TED์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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๋ญ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋˜๊ฐ€์š”?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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๋ฃจํฌ: ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ์ ๊ทน ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์–ด์š”
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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๋‹ค๋“ค "์‚ฌ์ง„๋„ ์ข€ ์ฐ์–ด์˜ค๊ณ 
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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๋™์˜์ƒ๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜." "์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋“ค ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋‘์„ธ ๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ๊ณ„์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋ง์”€์€ ๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋“์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์„œ ์˜๊ด‘์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. (๋ฃจํฌ: ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ฆˆ: ํ† ๋‹ˆ, ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”.
16:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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