Printing a human kidney | Anthony Atala

551,231 views ・ 2011-03-08

TED


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譯者: Bill Hsiung 審譯者: K. C. Peng
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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現今其實存在著一個重大的醫療健康危機,
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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那就是可供移植人體器官的短缺。
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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事實上,我們活得更長久了;
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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現代醫學對於讓我們活得更長久
00:24
of making us live longer,
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居功厥偉。
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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問題是:當我們老化,
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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我們器官衰竭的機率也增加。
00:31
and so currently
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因此現今,
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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可供使用的器官並不足夠。
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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事實上,過去十年間,
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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需要接受器官移植的病人數量倍增,
00:40
while in the same time,
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但同時,
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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真正的器官移植術例卻幾乎沒有增加。
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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因此,這已經是公眾醫療健康的危機了,
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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也因此,這也是我們為什麼需要進行這個領域研究的原因,
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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我們稱這個研究領域為 — 再生醫學。
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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它其實牽涉了許多不同的區域,
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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你可以使用,例如說:支架、
00:55
biomaterials --
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生物材料 --
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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它們就好像男裝或女裝襯衫上面的一塊布料 --
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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但是這些是由可以真正植入病人體內的專門材料所製成,
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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它們無害地在你體內,協助你再生與癒合。
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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或是我們可以單獨使用細胞,
01:08
either your very own cells
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不管是你自體本身的細胞,
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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或是不同的幹細胞群。
01:12
Or we can use both.
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或者我們兩者兼用;
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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事實上,我們可以將生物材料
01:16
and the cells together.
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與細胞一起使用。
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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這就是今日這個領域的現況。
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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但事實上,這並不是一個新興的領域。
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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非常有趣地,
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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這裡有一本早在 1938 年出版的書。
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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書名叫做《器官培養》
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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第一作者是 Alexis Carrel ,一名諾貝爾獎得主。
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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他實際上發明了一些
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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今日縫合血管仍在使用的技術。
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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我們今日所使用的某些血管嫁接法
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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就是 Alexis 設計的。
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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但是我想要你們注意一下他的共同作者:
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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查爾斯•林白
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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是的,就是那個飛越大西洋的林白,
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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他的後半輩子
01:53
working with Alexis
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都跟著 Alexis 一起
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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在紐約的洛克斐勒醫學研究機構(現為洛克斐勒大學)
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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進行器官培養的研究。
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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那麼,如果這個領域已經存在了這麼多年,
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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為什麼臨床的突破這麼的少?
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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這其實跟許多不同的難題有關。
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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但如果讓我來列出三大心目中的難題,
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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第一個將會是材料的設計,
02:10
that could go in your body
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一個能夠進入你的身體
02:12
and do well over time.
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並且長時間穩定無害的材料。
02:14
And many advances now,
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這方面現今已經有了很多的進展,
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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我們可以相當迅速的做到這點。
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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第二個難題是細胞,
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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我們無法獲得足量的病人細胞,並在病人體外進行培養。
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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在過去的廿年間,基本上我們克服了這個難題。
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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許多科學家現在可以培養許多不同種類的細胞 --
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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更何況我們還有幹細胞。
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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但是就算現在,2011 年,
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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仍然有部分特定的細胞,我們就是無法從病人身上培養。
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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肝臟細胞,神經細胞,胰臟細胞 --
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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就算是今天,我們仍然無法培養這些細胞。
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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第三個難題就是血管結構,
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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能夠真正的供給血液
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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給這些器官或組織
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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讓它們在人工再生後得以存活。
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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現在我們已經可以使用生物材料了。
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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這就是生物材料。
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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我們可以對它們進行編織、接合,或是我們可以將它們做成你看到的這樣。
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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這其實像台棉花糖機,
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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你們看到水花噴進去,
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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這就像是棉花糖的細絲ㄧ般,
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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組成了這個結構,這個管狀的結構,
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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這就是接下來
03:11
that we can then use
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我們可以用來
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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幫助你身體再生的生物材料,
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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而我們所使用的原料,是你自身的細胞。
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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這就是我們在這邊所做的。
03:20
This is actually a patient
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這是一位病人,
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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他的某個器官病變壞死了,
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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我們製造出這些智慧型生物材料,
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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並使用這些智慧型材料
03:29
to replace and repair
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來取代並修復
03:32
that patient's structure.
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病人自身的結構。
03:34
What we did was we actually
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我們事實上
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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使用生物材料來當做橋樑,
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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因此器官內的細胞
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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可以在橋樑上走動,好比說,
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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然後幫忙跨越缺口
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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使組織再生。
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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然後在這邊你們看到了同一位病患治療後六個月
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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的 X 光片,你們可以看到再生的組織,
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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當你在顯微鏡下仔細觀察後,
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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你可以發現它已經完全癒合了。
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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我們也可以只利用細胞。
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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這些是我們所獲得的細胞。
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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這些是我們從特定來源所製造出來的幹細胞,
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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我們可以使它們變為心藏細胞,
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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接著它們在培養基中開始跳動。
04:08
So they know what to do.
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因此它們知道該做什麼,
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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細胞們經由遺傳而知道它們該做什麼,
04:12
and they start beating together.
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然後它們開始一起跳動。
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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今日,許多臨床試驗
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
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使用了不同種類的幹細胞
04:18
for heart disease.
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來治療心臟疾病。
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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因此這個成果事實上已經在病人身上使用了,
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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又或者,如果我們將使用更大型的結構
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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來替換更大的器官,
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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我們可以使用病人自身的細胞,
04:29
or some cell population,
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或是一部分細胞群、
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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生物材料和
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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支架構造等等一起使用。
04:35
So the concept here:
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所以這裡的概念是:
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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如果你有一個生病或是破損的器官,
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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我們從這器官上取下一個非常小片的組織,
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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比一張郵票的一半還小。
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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然後我們使這些細胞分離,
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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我們在體外培養這些細胞。
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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然後我們拿取一個支架,是生物材料製成的,
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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一樣,看起來就跟你們男裝或女裝襯衫的一小片一樣。
04:56
we then shape that material,
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然後我們使用這個材質來塑型,
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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然後使用這些細胞包覆這個物質,
05:01
one layer at a time --
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一次一層 --
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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就跟烘培千層糕一般,好比說。
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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然後我們將它放入一個類似烘箱的裝置中,
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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然後我們就能創造出這結構
05:10
and bring it out.
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並且取出它。
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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這是一個我們所製造的
05:14
that we've engineered,
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心臟辦膜。
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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你可以在這邊看到,我們有心臟辦膜的結構,
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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然後我們在其上種滿了細胞,
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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然後我們讓它做運動。
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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所以你可以看到這些葉瓣不斷的開合 --
05:26
of this heart valve
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那是這個心臟辦膜的葉瓣,
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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這個心臟瓣膜還在實驗性試用階段,
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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嘗試著用它來做更進一步的研究。
05:35
Another technology
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另一個我們已經
05:37
that we have used in patients
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在病人身上實際使用的科技
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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事實上與膀胱有關。
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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我們從病人身上取下一片非常小的膀胱組織 --
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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比一張郵票的一半還小。
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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然後我們在體外培養這些細胞,
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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拿取支架,以細胞包覆支架 --
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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這些細胞來自病人自身,屬於兩種不同的細胞類型。
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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然後我們將之放入這個類似烘箱的裝置,
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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這裝置內的環境條件,與人體內部一樣 --
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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攝氏 35 度,含氧量 95%。
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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數周後,你就得到了一個我們可以用來移植回病人身上
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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屬於病人的人工器官。
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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對這些特定的病人來說,我們事實上只是將這些材料給接合起來。
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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雖然我們使用了 3D 立體影像分析技術,
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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但事實上我們是手工製作這些生物材料。
06:18
But we now have better ways
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但是我們現在有了更好的方法
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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來利用細胞製造這些結構。
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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我們現在使用某種科技,
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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對於實心臟器,舉例來說,
06:28
like the liver,
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像是肝臟,
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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我們拿取被丟棄不要的肝臟。
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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如你所知,很多器關事實上是被丟棄的,沒有使用的。
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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所以我們能夠使用這些肝臟的結構,
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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反正也沒有人要用這些肝臟,
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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然後我們將其放入類似洗衣機的裝置,
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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在那,肝臟細胞將會被洗去。
06:46
Two weeks later,
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兩週後,
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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你就得到了一個看起來像是肝臟的東西,
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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你將它捧在手心,感覺就是個肝臟,
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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但是它不含任何細胞,它只是肝臟的骨架。
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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然後我們現在可以重新將細胞散佈在肝臟上,
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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保存血管的樹狀結構。
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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因此事實上我們先將血管的樹狀結構
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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浸置在病人自己的血管細胞中,
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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然後我們再將肝臟細胞滲透到薄壁組織中。
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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現在我們能夠展示
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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就這過去一個月
07:13
just this past month
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使用這種科技
07:15
using this technology.
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創造人類肝臟組織的成果。
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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我們所使用的另一項科技是 —
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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事實上是列印器官。
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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這就是一個桌上型噴墨印表機,
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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但是不同於使用墨水匣,
07:28
we're using cells.
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我們使用細胞。
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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在這邊,你可以看到其噴頭
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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正在運作並列印出這構造。
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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印出這整個構造大約需耗時四十分鐘,
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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這邊有一個立體升降台,
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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當每次噴頭經過的時候,
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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會一層一層的往下降。
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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最終,你將可以得到這整個結構。
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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你可以簡單的將這構造從印表機上取下並移植它。
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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這是一小塊骨頭,
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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在這張投影片中,我會展示給你們看,
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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這就是使用桌上型印表機所製造,
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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然後如你們在這邊所看到的一般,移植到這邊。
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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所有這些移植的新骨頭,
08:01
using these techniques.
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都是使用這些科技。
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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另一個我們現在正在評估地更先進的技術,
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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我們的新一代科技,
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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是更繁複的印表機。
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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這個我們目前正在設計的特別印表機,
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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將會直接在病人身體上列印。
08:18
So what you see here --
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因此你在這邊看到的 --
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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我知道聽起來很可笑,
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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但這就是它運作的方式。
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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因為在現實生活中,你會希望的是 --
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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你希望病人躺在床上,帶著病灶,
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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而你拿著掃描器,
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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基本上就像個平板掃描器。
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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就是你在這裡右手邊所看到的,
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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你看到了掃描器技術,
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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首先掃描病人的傷口,
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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然後變成噴頭回來,
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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直接就在病人身上
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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列印出你所需要的組織層。
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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這就是它運作的方式。
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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這是掃描器
08:53
scanning the wound.
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掃描傷口的過程。
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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一旦掃描完成,
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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它就將訊息轉換成正確的細胞層,
08:59
where they need to be.
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並將它們列印在應該在的地方。
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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在這邊你將會看到
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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一小段在一個代表性傷口上的
09:05
in a representative wound.
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真實的操作示範。
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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我們實際上是使用凝膠來做這個示範,因此你可以將膠狀材質剝下。
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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因此一旦這些細胞被列印在病人身上
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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它們將會待在它們應該在的位置。
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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而且事實上這是一項
09:17
still under development.
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仍在發展的新科技。
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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我們也正在研發更繁複的印表機。
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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因為在現實世界中,我們最大的難題是
09:25
are the solid organs.
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實心器官。
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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我不知道你們是否了解這點,
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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但是在器官移植等待者名單上約 90% 的病人
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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事實上是在等待腎臟。
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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每天都有病患撐不下去而過世,
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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因為我們沒有足夠的這些器官流通。
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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因此這是一個比
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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大型器官,血管更大的難題。
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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血管的供給充足,
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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有很多的血管細胞能夠被取得。
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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因此我們的策略是 --
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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這是一個電腦斷層掃描,一個 X 光照片 --
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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然後一層層堆疊起來,
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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使用電腦化形態影像分析
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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來重建 3D 立體影像,
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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來獲得病人自身腎臟的資訊。
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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我們便能夠真正地看到它們,
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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360 度旋轉
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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分析這個腎臟,
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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而不遺漏任何空間上的特性,
10:13
and we then are able
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然後我們就能
10:15
to actually take this information
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使用這些資訊,
10:17
and then scan this
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以電腦化的輸出格式
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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來掃描這個腎臟。
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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我們一層層的檢視這個器官,
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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仔細地分析每一層構造。
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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然後我們可以將這個資訊送到,如你這裡所見,
10:31
through the computer
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經過電腦
10:33
and actually design the organ
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然後為病人
10:35
for the patient.
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設計器官。
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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這裡是印表機的實體,
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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這是正在列印的實況。
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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事實上,我們將印表機帶到現場來了,
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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所以,當我們今天在演講的時候,
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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你事實上可以看到印表機
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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就在這裡的後台。
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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這就是我們帶來的印表機實機,
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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它正在列印出你們在這裡所看到的
10:59
that you see here.
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腎臟的構造,
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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列印出一個腎臟約費時七小時,
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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你們所看到的這個大概已經列印了三小時了。
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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Dr. Kang 現在正走上講台,
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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我們要給你們看一下一顆這種列印出來的腎臟,
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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這是我們今天稍早所列印出來的。
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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讓我戴上手套。
11:26
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:28
Go backwards.
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回到剛剛話題~
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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這些手套對我來說有點小,但終於戴好了~
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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你們可以看到這個腎臟,
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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就是這顆稍早所列印出來的腎臟。
11:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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有較高的一致性。
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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Dr. Kang 參與我們的這項研究計畫,
12:06
and part of our team.
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是我們研究團隊的一份子。
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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謝謝你。 Dr. Kang,我非常感激。
12:11
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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事實上這是新一代的機種,
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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這就是你們在講台上所看到的印表機,
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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這也是我們正在研究中的新科技。
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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事實上,我們從事這個研究計畫的歷史已經很久了。
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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我將要跟你們分享一段影片,
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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是關於我們已經應用在病人身上一陣子了的科技。
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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這是一個非常短的短片 --
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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大約只有卅秒 --
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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關於一個真正接受了這種器官的病人。
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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(影片)Luke Massella:我那時病得很重,幾乎無法下床,
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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無法去上學,生活很悲慘。
12:45
I couldn't go out
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不能出去玩,
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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體育課時只要打籃球
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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就會覺得我快要昏倒。
12:51
when I got back inside.
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就算回到教室,
12:53
I felt so sick.
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仍然覺得很難過。
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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我所面對的是幾乎篤定的終生血液透析治療,
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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我甚至不想去思考我的未來會是什麼樣子,
13:01
if I was on that.
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如果我一輩子都要依靠治療。
13:03
So after the surgery,
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因此當手術過後,
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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對我來說,生命變得美好多了,
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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我能夠做更多的事了,
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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上高中時,我甚至能去練習摔角。
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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還成為了摔角隊長,真棒!
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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我能像個正常小孩般跟朋友相處,
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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而且因為醫生們使用我自己的細胞來建造這個膀胱,
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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它將會永遠跟我在一起,
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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一輩子,所以一切都搞定了。
13:25
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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Juan Enriquez: 這些實驗有時候能夠成功,
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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而當它們真的成功的時候是非常酷的。
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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Luke,請到台上。
14:14
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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Luke,昨天晚上前,
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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你與 Tony 醫師的最後一次見面是多久前?
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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LM: 十年前,當我動手術的時候 --
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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能再見面真是很棒。
14:38
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:40
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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JE: 跟我們說說你現在在做什麼?
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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LM: 我現在是康乃狄克大學的學生,
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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現在大二,主修大眾傳播、電視與媒體。
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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基本上嘗試著像個正常的孩子般過日子,
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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那是我一直希望的長大方式。
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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但是非常難達成,當我有先天性的脊柱分裂症,
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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而且我的兩顆腎臟與膀胱皆無法作用。
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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我經歷了大約 16 場手術,
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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仍然看起來毫無希望,
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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才十歲就已經腎衰竭。
15:12
And this surgery came along
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直到我動了這個手術,
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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基本上是這個手術造就了今天的我,
15:16
and saved my life.
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拯救了我的生命。
15:18
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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JE: 而且 Tony 醫師完成了上百起這種術例?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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LM: 我所知道的是,他在他實驗室裡面工作非常努力,
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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常常有些瘋狂的發明。
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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我知道我是進行這類手術的前十位術例,
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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但當我才十歲的時候,我並不明白這有多了不起。
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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我只是個小孩子,那時我心裡的想法就好像:
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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「對,我要,我要動這個手術。」
15:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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只要是能改善健康的我都會去做,
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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但是我並不明白這件事情的重要性,直到我大了些,
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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然後了解了他所從事之工作的偉大之處。
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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JE: 當你接到這通意外的電話 --
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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Tony 很害羞,
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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我們花了很多時間才說服
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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讓一個像 Tony 這麼謙虛的人,
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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允許我們將 Luke 帶來這邊。
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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那麼 Luke ,當你去跟你的傳播老師 --
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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你主修傳播 --
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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你跟他們請假來參加 TED,
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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也許跟傳播有擦上一點點邊,
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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他們的反應是什麼?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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LM: 大多數我的老師們都全力支持,
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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他們說:「記得帶相片回來,
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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當影片上網的時候記得跟我分享」以及「我真為你感到高興」
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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有一些比較固執,
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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但我仍然必須與他們溝通,
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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終於讓他們答應。
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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JE: 能與你見面是我的榮幸。
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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非常謝謝你。(LM: 非常謝謝你)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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JE: 謝謝你,Tony。
16:45
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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