Printing a human kidney | Anthony Atala

551,532 views ใƒป 2011-03-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงืฉื”
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:24
of making us live longer,
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ื‘ื”ืืจื›ืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื›ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:31
and so currently
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ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ,
00:40
while in the same time,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช.
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘"ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื" -
00:55
biomaterials --
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ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื -
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืœืฆื” -
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื -
01:08
either your very own cells
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ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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ืื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:12
Or we can use both.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช.
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
01:16
and the cells together.
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ื•ืชืื™ื.
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1938.
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "The Culture of Organs."
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืœื›ืกื™ืก ืงืืจืœ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืชืคื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืชืœื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื•:
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’.
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื•
01:53
working with Alexis
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืืœื›ืกื™ืก
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื”?
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื:
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
02:10
that could go in your body
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ
02:12
and do well over time.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
02:14
And many advances now,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืื™ื.
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœื™ื•.
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘-2011,
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ.
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“, ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ืชืื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื -
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื, ืœืกืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื, ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืง.
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืชืจืกื™ืก ื ื›ื ืก.
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ.
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”.
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:11
that we can then use
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
03:20
This is actually a patient
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“.
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื•
03:29
to replace and repair
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ
03:32
that patient's structure.
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ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:34
What we did was we actually
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ืœืžืขืฉื”,
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืฉืจ,
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื”.
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืื—ืจ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื•.
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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ืืœื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืื™ ืœื‘.
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืช.
04:08
So they know what to do.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื,
04:12
and they start beating together.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
04:18
for heart disease.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ,
04:29
or some cell population,
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ืื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื›ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื.
04:35
So the concept here:
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”:
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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ืื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืชืคืงื“ ืื• ื ืคื’ืข -
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœื•,
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ,
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื•ื, ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืœืฆื”.
04:56
we then shape that material,
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
05:01
one layer at a time --
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” -
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ื’ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช.
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืจ.
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
05:10
and bring it out.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืกืชื•ื ืœื‘
05:14
that we've engineered,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื“ืกื ื•.
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืกืชื•ื ืœื‘.
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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ื–ืจืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืชืื™ื
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืกืชื•ื
05:26
of this heart valve
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ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ื.
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืจื’ืข
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
05:35
Another technology
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
05:37
that we have used in patients
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ.
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ --
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ.
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื, ืžืฆืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืื™ื
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ - ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื,
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืจ.
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ -
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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35 ืžืขืœื•ืช, 95 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™.
06:18
But we now have better ways
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื.
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื,
06:28
like the liver,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื, ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืืœื”,
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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ืฉืžืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
06:46
Two weeks later,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื“.
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื“
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื“.
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืœื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืชืื™ื
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฅ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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ืชืื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื ื›ื™ืžื” ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“.
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช
07:13
just this past month
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ื›ื‘ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:15
using this technology.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื”.
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื“ืคืกืช ื”ื–ืจืงืช ื“ื™ื•.
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•
07:28
we're using cells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื.
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”.
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›-40 ื“ืงื•ืช.
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืœื™ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”.
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”.
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžื“ืคืกืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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ืคื™ืกืช ืขืฆื
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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ื•ืฉืชืœื ื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื”
08:01
using these techniques.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
08:18
So what you see here --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ --
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฆื—ื™ืง
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืขื ื”ืคืฆืข ืฉืœื•,
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื•ืจืง
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื•ืจืง ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™.
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ:
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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ืกื•ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื“ืคืกื”
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ
08:53
scanning the wound.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืคืฆืข ื•ืกื•ืจืง ืื•ืชื•.
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืจื™ืงื”,
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ
08:59
where they need to be.
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื.
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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ื”ื“ื’ืžื”
09:05
in a representative wound.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆืข.
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’'ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื.
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
09:17
still under development.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
09:25
are the solid organs.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš,
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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ืื‘ืœ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื”.
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ --
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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ืื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื -
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื,
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชืื™ื.
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื --
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื CT, ืงืจื ื™ X --
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื”,
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจืคื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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ื•ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื”
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœื”.
10:13
and we then are able
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
10:15
to actually take this information
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
10:17
and then scan this
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ื•ืœืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ,
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
10:31
through the computer
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ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
10:33
and actually design the organ
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ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ
10:35
for the patient.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช.
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”.
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื“ืคืกืช ื›ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ.
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช.
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ื›ืจื’ืข
10:59
that you see here.
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื”.
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืœื™ื” ืื•ืจื›ืช ื›-7 ืฉืขื•ืช.
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื›-3 ืฉืขื•ืช.
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื“"ืจ ืงืื ื’ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืœื™ื”
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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ืฉื”ื“ืคืกื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืคืคื•ืช.
11:26
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:28
Go backwards.
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ืชื˜ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”.
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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ื”ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:43
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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ื–ื”ื• ื“"ืจ ืงืื ื’ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”
12:06
and part of our team.
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ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื“"ืจ ืงืื ื’.
12:11
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ืขืช.
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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ื›-30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ.
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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[ื•ื™ื“ืื•] ืœื•ืง ืžืกืœื”: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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ืœื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื.
12:45
I couldn't go out
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืฆืจ
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช.
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืขืœืฃ
12:51
when I got back inside.
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ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
12:53
I felt so sick.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืข.
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื
13:01
if I was on that.
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘.
13:03
So after the surgery,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืžืื•ื“.
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืื‘ืง.
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ,
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื™.
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
13:25
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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ื—ื•ืืŸ ืื ืจื™ืงื–: ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื,
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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ืœื•ืง, ืืชื” ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
14:14
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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ืœื•ืง, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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ืžืชื™ ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”?
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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ืœ.ืž.: ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— --
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•...
14:38
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:40
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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ื—.ื.: ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš.
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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ืœ.ืž.: ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื™ื”. ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“.
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืขื ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืชืคืงื“ื•.
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ 16 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 10.
15:12
And this surgery came along
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
15:16
and saved my life.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
15:18
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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ื—.ื.: ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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ืœ.ืž.: ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืž-10 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 10, ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™,
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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"ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”."
15:47
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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ื—.ื.: ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ืขืœื™ืš ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื --
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ,
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืจื‘
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืื“ื ืฆื ื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื ื™
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืœื•ืง ืœื›ืืŸ.
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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ืื– ืœื•ืง, ืืชื” ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช --
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœืš --
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-TED,
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช...
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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ืœืž: ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืชื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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ื•ืชืจืื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ," ื•"ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš."
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืงืฉื ื™ื,
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื.
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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ื—.ื.: ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืš.
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืœืž: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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ื—.ื.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื˜ื•ื ื™.
16:45
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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