Depressed dogs, cats with OCD -- what animal madness means for us humans | Laurel Braitman

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Oliver was an extremely dashing,

Oliver je bio izuzetno zanosan,

handsome, charming and largely unstable male

zgodan, šarmantan i veoma nestabilan mužjak

that I completely lost my heart to.

koji mi je potpuno ukrao srce.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

He was a Bernese mountain dog,

On je bio burmanski planinski pas,

and my ex-husband and I adopted him,

koga smo moj bivši muž i ja usvojili

and about six months in,

i nekih šest meseci kasnije

we realized that he was a mess.

shvatili smo da je problematičan.

He had such paralyzing separation anxiety

Imao je takav parališući strah od odvajanja

that we couldn't leave him alone.

da nije smeo ostajati sam.

Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.

Jednom je iskočio kroz prozor stana na trećem spratu.

He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.

Jeo je tkaninu. Jeo je stvari, one za reciklažu.

He hunted flies that didn't exist.

Lovio je nepostojeće muve.

He suffered from hallucinations.

Patio je od halucinacija.

He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder

Dijagnostikovan mu je pseći kompulsivni poremećaj,

and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.

a to je zaista samo vrh ledenog brega.

But like with humans,

Ali kao i sa ljudima,

sometimes it's six months in

ponekad je potrebno da prođe šest meseci

before you realize that

pre nego što shvatite

the person that you love has some issues.

da osoba koju volite ima neke probleme.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And most of us do not take the person we're dating

I većina nas ne vrati osobu s kojom se zabavlja

back to the bar where we met them

nazad u bar gde smo je i upoznali,

or give them back to the friend that introduced us,

niti je vratimo prijatelju koji nas je upoznao,

or sign them back up on Match.com.

niti ih pretplatimo ponovo na sajt za upoznavanje.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We love them anyway,

Volimo ih uprkos svemu

and we stick to it,

i držimo se svog izbora,

and that is what I did with my dog.

i baš to sam ja uradila s mojim psom.

And I was a — I'd studied biology.

Studirala sam biologiju.

I have a Ph.D. in history of science

Imam doktorat iz istorije nauke

from MIT,

sa MIT-a,

and had you asked me 10 years ago

i da ste me pre deset godina pitali

if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,

da li pas kojeg volim, ili da li uopšteno psi

had emotions, I would have said yes,

imaju osećanja, rekla bih da imaju,

but I'm not sure that I would have told you

no nisam sigurna da bih vam rekla

that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,

da mogu da završe s anksioznim poremećajem,

a Prozac prescription and a therapist.

receptom za prozak i terapeutom.

But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,

No onda sam se zaljubila i shvatila da mogu

and actually trying to help my own dog

i, zapravo, pokušavajući da pomognem svom psu

overcome his panic and his anxiety,

da savlada paniku i anksioznost,

it just changed my life.

to mi je prosto promenilo život.

It cracked open my world.

Proširilo je moj svet.

And I spent the last seven years, actually,

I provela sam poslednjih sedam godina

looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.

istražujući oblast mentalnih bolesti drugih životinja.

Can they be mentally ill like people,

Mogu li da budu bolesne kao ljudi

and if so, what does it mean about us?

i, ako da, šta to govori o nama?

And what I discovered is that I do believe

Otkrila sam da verujem

they can suffer from mental illness,

da mogu da boluju od mentalnih bolesti

and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them

i zapravo, traganje i nastojanje da identifikujemo njihove mentalne bolesti

often helps us be better friends to them

često nam pomaže da budemo bolji prema njima

and also can help us better understand ourselves.

i takođe nam može pomoći da bolje razumemo nas same.

So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.

Zato, hajde na kratko da govorimo o dijagnozi.

Many of us think that we can't know

Mnogi od nas misle da ne mogu da znaju

what another animal is thinking,

o čemu razmišljaju druge životinje

and that is true,

i to je istina,

but any of you in relationships —

ali svi vi koji ste u vezi -

at least this is my case —

bar je tako u mom slučaju -

just because you ask someone that you're with

samo zato što ste pitali nekoga s kim ste

or your parent or your child how they feel

svog roditelja ili svoje dete, kako se osećaju,

doesn't mean that they can tell you.

ne znači da mogu da vam odgovore.

They may not have words to explain

Možda ne mogu rečima da objasne

what it is that they're feeling,

šta tačno osećaju,

and they may not know.

a možda čak ni ne znaju.

It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon

To je zapravo skorašnji fenomen,

that we feel that we have to talk to someone

osećaj da moramo da razgovaramo s nekim

to understand their emotional distress.

kako bismo razumeli njihove emotivne muke.

Before the early 20th century,

Pre ranog XX veka,

physicians often diagnosed emotional distress

doktori su često dijagnostikovali emotivne poremećaje

in their patients just by observation.

kod svojih pacijenata, pukim posmatranjem.

It also turns out that thinking about

I ispostavilo se da razmišljanje o

mental illness in other animals

poremećajima kod drugih životinja

isn't actually that much of a stretch.

i nije naročit poduhvat.

Most mental disorders in the United States

Većina mentalnih poremećaja u SAD-u

are fear and anxiety disorders,

su poremećaji vezani za strah i anksioznost,

and when you think about it, fear and anxiety

i kada razmišljate o tome, strah i anksioznost

are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.

su zapravo izuzetno korisne emocije kod životinja.

Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous,

Obično osećamo strah i anksioznost u opasnim situacijama

and once we feel them,

i čim ih osetimo,

we then are motivated to move away

motivisani smo da se sklonimo

from whatever is dangerous.

od bilo čega što je opasno.

The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.

Problem je kada počnemo da osećamo strah i anksioznost i kada nema potrebe za tim.

Mood disorders, too, may actually just be

Poremećaji raspoloženja, takođe mogu da budu

the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,

nesrećna posledica toga što smo životinje sa osećanjima

and obsessive compulsive disorders also

i opsesivno kompulsivni poremećaji takođe

are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing

su često ispoljavanja uistinu zdrave životinjske navike,

which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.

a to je održavanje higijene i timarenje.

This tips into the territory of mental illness

Ovo prelazi u prostor mentalnih bolesti

when you do things like

kada radite stvari,

compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,

poput pretranog kompulsivnog pranja ruku ili šapa,

or you develop a ritual that's so extreme

ili razvijete ritual do te krajnosti

that you can't sit down to a bowl of food

da ne možete sesti ispred činije s hranom

unless you engage in that ritual.

sve dok ne završite s ritualom.

So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"

Dakle, za ljude imamo "Dijagnostički i statistički priručnik",

which is basically an atlas

to je u suštini atlas

of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.

trenutno priznatih mentalnih poremećaja.

In other animals, we have YouTube.

Za druge životinje imamo Jutjub.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"

Ovo je samo jedna pretraga za psa sa OKP-om,

but I encourage all of you

ali sve vas ohrabrujem

to look at "OCD cat."

da potražite mačke sa OKP-om.

You will be shocked by what you see.

Bićete zapanjeni onim što pronađete.

I'm going to show you just a couple examples.

Pokazaću vam samo nekoliko primera.

This is an example of shadow-chasing.

Ovo je primer jurenja svoje senke.

I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.

Znam, smešno je i na neki način je slatko.

The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this

Problem je što psi mogu da razviju slična prinudna ponašanja

that they then engage in all day.

kojima su zauzeti po celi dan.

So they won't go for a walk,

Stoga ne idu u šetnju,

they won't hang out with their friends,

ne druže se s prijateljima,

they won't eat.

ne žele da jedu.

They'll develop fixations

Razvijaju opsesije,

like chasing their tails compulsively.

poput kompulsivnog jurenja sopstvenog repa.

Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.

Ovde imamo primer mačka, koji se zove Gizmo.

He looks like he's on a stakeout

Izgleda kao da je u zasedi,

but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.

no on to radi mnogo, mnogo, mnogo sati dnevno.

He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw

Samo sedi tu i grebe i grebe i grebe

at the screen.

ispred ekrana.

This is another example of what's considered

Ovo je još jedan primer nečega što se smatra

a stereotypic behavior.

stereotipskim ponašanjem.

This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.

Ovo je sunčani medved Ting Ting, u zoo vrtu u Oklandu.

And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,

Ukoliko zateknete ovaj prizor

you might think that Ting Ting

možete da pomislite

is just playing with a stick,

da se Ting Ting igra sa štapom,

but Ting Ting does this all day,

ali Ting Ting ovo radi po celi dan

and if you pay close attention

i, ako budete pažljivo pratili,

and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip,

kad bih vam pokazala čitav polučasovni klip,

you'd see that he does the exact same thing

videli biste da on radi istu stvar,

in the exact same order, and he spins the stick

istim redosledom, okreće štap

in the exact same way every time.

na isti način, svaki put.

Other super common behaviors that you may see,

Neka od zajedničkih ponašanja koja možete da vidite,

particularly in captive animals,

naročito kod životinja u zatočeništvu,

are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,

su stereotipni hod ili stereotipno njihanje

and actually, humans do this too,

i zapravo i ljudi to rade,

and in us, we'll sway,

čak se i mi njišemo.

we'll move from side to side.

Pokrećemo se levo-desno.

Many of us do this, and sometimes

Mnogi od nas to rade, a ponekad

it's an effort to soothe ourselves,

to je pokušaj da ugodimo sebi,

and I think in other animals that is often the case too.

i mislim da je tako i kod drugih životinja.

But it's not just stereotypic behaviors

Ali nisu samo stereotipna ponašanja

that other animals engage in.

ona kojima se životinje prepuštaju.

This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives

Ovo je Điđi. Ona je gorila

koja živi u zoo vrtu Frenklin park, u Bostonu.

at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,

Dodeljen joj je psihijatar sa Harvarda

and she's been treated for a mood disorder

da je leči od poremećaja rasploženja,

among other things.

između ostalog.

Many animals develop mood disorders.

Kod mnogih životinja se razviju poremećaji raspoloženja.

Lots of creatures —

Mnoga stvorenja -

this horse is just one example —

ovaj konj je samo jedan primer -

develop self-destructive behaviors.

razviju autodestruktivna ponašanja.

They'll gnaw on things

Glodaće stvari

or do other things that may also soothe them,

ili će da rade nešto drugo da ugode sebi

even if they're self-destructive,

čak i ako je to štetno po njih,

which could be considered similar

što se može uporediti

to the ways that some humans cut themselves.

s ljudima koji režu sami sebe.

Plucking.

Čerupanje.

Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,

Izgleda da, ako imate krzno ili perje ili kožu,

you can pluck yourself compulsively,

možete da se kompulsivno čupkate,

and some parrots actually have been studied

i neki papagaji su zapravo izučavani

to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,

da bi se bolje razumela trihotilomanija, kompulsivno čerupanje kod ljudi,

something that affects

nešto što pogađa

20 million Americans right now.

20 miliona Amerikanaca u ovom trenutku.

Lab rats pluck themselves too.

Laboratorijski miševi se takođe čerupaju.

In them, it's called barbering.

Kod njih se to zove berberinstvo.

Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan

Psi veterani iz iračkih i avganistanskih sukoba

are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD,

se vraćaju sa onim što se smatra psećim Posttraumatskim stresom

and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life

i teško im je da se vrate civilnom životu,

when they come back from deployments.

kada se vrate s razvrstavanja.

They can be too scared to approach men with beards

Mogu da budu preplašeni od muškaraca s bradama

or to hop into cars.

ili od uskakanja u automobile.

I want to be careful and be clear, though.

Ipak, želim da budem oprezna i jasna.

I do not think that canine PTSD

Ne mislim da je pseći PTSP

is the same as human PTSD.

isto što i ljudski PTSP.

But I also do not think that my PTSD

Ali takođe ne mislim da je moj PTSP,

is like your PTSD,

poput vašeg PTSP-a

or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.

ili da je moja anksioznost ili da je moja tuga poput vaše.

We are all different.

Svi smo mi različiti.

We also all have very different susceptibilities.

Svi smo mi osetljivi na različite stvari.

So two dogs, raised in the same household,

Dva psa, odgajana u istom domaćinstvu,

exposed to the very same things,

izložena istim stvarima,

one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles,

jedan može da razvije, recimo, parališući strah od motora

or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,

ili fobiju od zvuka mikrotalasne,

and another one is going to be just fine.

a drugi može da bude u redu.

So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:

Nešto što me ljudi često pitaju je:

Is this just an instance of humans

da li ovde imamo slučaj da ljudi

driving other animals crazy?

izluđuju druge životinje?

Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse?

Ili su životinjske mentalne bolesti samo rezultat loše nege ili zlostavljanja?

And it turns out we're actually

I izgleda da smo zapravo

so much more complicated than that.

mnogo složenji od toga.

So one great thing that has happened to me

Nešto izuzetno mi se desilo,

is recently I published a book on this,

nedavno sam objavila knjigu o ovome,

and every day now that I open my email

i sada, svaki dan kada otvorim moj imejl

or when I go to a reading

ili kad predstavljam knjigu,

or even when I go to a cocktail party,

pa čak i kad odem na koktel,

people tell me their stories

ljudi mi pričaju svoje priče

of the animals that they have met.

o životinjama koje su upoznali.

And recently, I did a reading in California,

Nedavno sam predstavljala knjigu u Kaliforniji

and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said,

i žena je podigla ruku, nakon govora, i rekla:

"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."

"Dr Brejtman, mislim da moja mačka ima PTSP."

And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."

A ja sam rekla: "Zašto? Ispričajte mi malo više o tome."

So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,

Ping je njena mačka. Uzeta je iz azila,

and she used to live with an elderly man,

a nekada je živela sa starijim čovekom.

and one day the man was vacuuming

Jednoga dana čovek je usisavao

and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.

kada je doživeo infarkt i umro.

A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment

Nedelju dana kasnije, Ping je pronađena u stanu

alongside the body of her owner,

pored tela svog vlasnika,

and the vacuum had been running the entire time.

a usisivač je radio sve vreme.

For many months, up to I think two years after that incident,

Mnogo meseci, čini mi se skoro dve godine nakon incidenta,

bila je toliko uplašena da nije mogla biti u kući kad neko čisti.

she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning.

She was quite literally a scaredy cat.

Bukvalno je bila plašljivica cica.

She would hide in the closet.

Sakrila bi se u orman,

She was un-self-confident and shaky,

izgubila bi samopouzdanje i drhtala,

but with the loving support of her family,

ali uz ljubav i podršku njene porodice,

a lot of a time, and their patience,

uz mnogo vremena i njihovog strpljenja,

now, three years later,

sada, tri godine kasnije,

she's actually a happy, confident cat.

ona je zapravo srećna, samopouzdana mačka.

Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across

Još jedna priča o traumi i izlečenju, na koju sam naletela,

was actually a few years ago.

desila se pre nekoliko godina.

I was in Thailand to do some research.

Bila sam na Tajlandu, radila neko istraživanje.

I met a monkey named Boonlua,

Upoznala sam majmuna, pod imenom Bunlua,

and when Boonlua was a baby,

a kada je Bunlua bio mladunče,

he was attacked by a pack of dogs,

napao ga je čopor pasa,

and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,

koji su mu istrgli obe noge i ruku.

and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,

Bunlua se odvukao do manastira,

where the monks took him in.

gde su ga sveštenici prihvatili.

They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds.

Pozvali su veterinara, koji mu je tretirao rane.

Eventually, Boonlua wound up

Na kraju je Bunlua završio

at an elephant facility,

u skloništu za slonove,

and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing,

a čuvari su odlučili da ga uzmu pod svoje okrilje.

and they figured out what he liked,

Otkrili su šta voli,

which, it turned out, was mint Mentos

ispostavilo se da su to bombone od mentola,

and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.

nosorog bube i jaja.

But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely,

Ali su se brinuli, jer je bio druželjubiv, da je usamljen,

and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey,

a nisu ga želeli smestiti s majmunom

because they thought with just one arm,

jer s jednom rukom

he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.

ne bi mogao da se brani, niti igra.

And so they gave him a rabbit,

Zato su mu dali zeca

and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.

i Bunlua je istog časa postao drugi majmun.

He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.

Bio je izuzetno srećan sa svojim zecom.

They groomed each other, they become close friends,

Timarili su jedno drugo, postali bliski prijatelji,

and then the rabbit had bunnies,

a onda je zec dobio zečiće.

and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,

Bunlua je bio čak i srećniji nego ranije,

and it had in a way given him

to mu je, na neki način, dalo

a reason to wake up in the morning,

razlog da se budi ujutru,

and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up

i zapravo, toliko mu je to značilo

that he decided not to sleep.

da je odlučio da ne spava.

He became extremely protective of these bunnies,

Toliko je postao zaštitnički nastrojen prema zečićima

and he stopped sleeping,

da je prestao da spava,

and he would sort of nod off

samo bi otkunjao,

while trying to take care of them.

pokušavajući da se brine o njima.

In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate

Zapravo, toliko je štitio i voleo

with these babies that the sanctuary

ovu mladunčad, da su iz skloništa

eventually had to take them away from him

na kraju morali da mu ih oduzmu.

because he was so protective, he was worried

Bio je toliko zaštitnički nastrojen da je brinuo

that their mother might hurt them.

da bi ih majka mogla povrediti.

So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff

Kada su mu ih oduzeli, ljudi u sklonštu

worried that he would fall into a depression,

su brinuli da ne upadne u depresiju

and so to avoid that,

i, kako bi to izbegli,

they gave him another rabbit friend.

dali su mu novog zeca za prijatelja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

My official opinion is that he does not look depressed.

Moj zvanični stav je da ne izgleda depresivno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So one thing that I would really like people to feel

Nešto što bih želela da ljudi osete

is that you really should feel empowered

jeste da biste trebali da se osetite ohrabrenim

to make some assumptions

da donosite pretpostavke

about the creatures that you know well.

o bićima koja poznajete dobro.

So when it comes to your dog

Zato, kada je u pitanju vaš pas

or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey

ili mačka ili možda vaš jednoruki majmun

that you happen to know,

koga poznajete,

if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,

ako mislite da su istraumirani ili depresivni,

you're probably right.

verovatno ste u pravu.

This is extremely anthropomorphic,

Ovo je krajnja personifikacija,

or the assignation of human characteristics

iliti pripisivanje ljudskih osobina

onto non-human animals or things.

neljudskim bićima ili stvarima.

I don't think, though, that that's a problem.

Smatram da to nije problem.

I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.

Mislim da mi ne možemo da ne personifikujemo.

It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head

Ne možete da izvadite svoj ljudski mozak iz glave,

and put it in a jar and then use it

da ga stavite u teglu i da ga onda koristite

to think about another animal thinking.

da razmišljate kako razmišljaju druge životinje.

We will always be one animal wondering

Uvek ćemo da budemo životinja koju interesuju

about the emotional experience of another animal.

emotivna iskustva drugih životinja.

So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well?

Onda se izbor svodi na to kako da dobro personifikujete?

Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?

Ili da li vi loše personifikujete?

And anthropomorphizing poorly

A loša personifikacija

is all too common.

je prečesta.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding,

To može da bude svečano oblačenje vašeg korgija za svadbu

or getting too close to exotic wildlife because

ili prevelika bliskost sa egzotičnom divljinom

you believe that you had a spiritual connection.

zbog ubeđenja da ste duhovno povezani.

There's all manner of things.

Ima tu dosta toga.

Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based

Dobra personifikacija, verujem da se zasniva

on accepting our animal similarities with other species

na prihvatanju naših životinjskih sličnosti s drugim vrstama

and using them to make assumptions

i njihovo korišćenje za pravljenje pretpostavki

that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences,

koje nas informišu o umovima i iskustvima drugih životinja,

and there's actually an entire industry

i zapravo, postoji čitava industrija

that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,

koja je na neki način, zasnovana na dobroj personifikaciji,

and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.

a to je industrija psihofarmaceutika.

One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,

Jedan od pet Amerikanaca trenutno uzima psihofarmaceutski lek,

from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications

od antidepresiva, preko lekova za anksioznost

to the antipsychotics.

do antipsihotika.

It turns out that we owe this

Izgleda da dugujemo

entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal

čitav ovaj arsenal psihofarmaceutika

to other animals.

drugim životinjama.

These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,

Ovi lekovi su prvo testirani na neljudskim životinjama,

and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.

ne samo zbog otrovnosti, već i zbog uticaja na ponašanje.

The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine

Veoma popularni antipsihotik, torazin,

first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.

prvo je opuštao miševe, pre nego što je opuštao ljude.

The antianxiety medication Librium

Lek protiv anksioznosti, librijum,

was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s

dat je 1950. mačkama, izabranim zbog svoje zlobe

and made them into peaceable felines.

i napravio je od njih miroljubive mace.

And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.

Čak su i antidepresivi prvo testirani na zečevima.

Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs

Danas, pak, ne dajemo ove lekove

to other animals as test subjects,

drugim životinjama kao zamorcima,

but they're giving them these drugs as patients,

već im dajemo ove lekove kao pacijentima,

both in ethical and much less ethical ways.

kako iz etičkih, tako i iz manje etičkih razloga.

SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications

Sivorld daje majkama orkama lekove za anksioznost

when their calves are taken away.

kada ih odvoje od mladih.

Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics

Mnoge gorile iz zoo vrtova dobijaju antipsihotike

and antianxiety medications.

i lekove protiv anksioznosti.

But dogs like my own Oliver

Ali psi, poput mog Olivera,

are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications

dobijaju antidepresive i neke lekove za anksioznost

to keep them from jumping out of buildings

kako ne bi skakali sa zgrada

or jumping into traffic.

ili pod automobile.

Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"

Nedavno je u "Sajensu" objavljeno istraživanje

that showed that even crawdads

koje pokazuje da čak i slatkovodni rakovi

responded to antianxiety medication.

reaguju na lekove protiv anksioznosti.

It made them braver, less skittish,

Od njih su postajali hrabriji, manje plašljivi

and more likely to explore their environment.

i raspoloženiji za istraživanje okoline.

It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs,

Teško je znati koliko je životinja na ovim lekovima,

but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry

ali mogu da vam kažem da je industrija farmaceutika za životinje

is immense and growing,

ogromna i da je u porastu,

from seven billion dollars in 2011

od sedam milijardi dolara u 2011.

to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.

do projektovanih 9.25 milijardi do 2015. godine.

Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.

Neke životinje su na ovim lekovima do daljnjeg.

Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee

Druge, poput jednog bonoboa koji živi u Milvokiju,

at the zoo there was on them

u zoo vrtu, bio je na njima

until he started to save his Paxil prescription

dok nije počeo da štedi svoj propisani paksil

and then distribute it among the other bonobos.

kako bi ga kasnije delio drugim bonoboima.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,

Korisnije od farmaceutika

there are many, many, many other

su mnoge, mnoge, mnoge druge

therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.

terapeutske intervencije, koje mogu pomoći drugim bićima.

And here is a place where I think actually

A tu, mislim da zapravo

that veterinary medicine can teach something

veterinarska medicina može podučiti nečemu

to human medicine,

ljudsku medicinu.

which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,

A to je, ako povedete psa koji, recimo,

compulsively chasing his tail,

kompulsivno juri svoj rep,

into the veterinary behaviorist,

kod biheviorističkog veterinara,

their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad;

njegova prva reakcija neće biti posezanje za blokom za recepte,

it's to ask you about your dog's life.

već će vas pitati za život vašeg psa.

They want to know how often your dog gets outside.

Želeće da zna koliko često vaš pas izlazi napolje.

They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting.

Želeće da zna koliko je vaš pas fizički aktivan.

They want to know how much social time

Želeće da zna koliko se druži

with other dogs and other humans.

s drugim psima i drugim ljudima.

They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies,

Želeće da razgovara sa vama o tipovima terapija,

largely behavior therapies,

uglavnom biheviorističkih terapija,

you've tried with that animal.

koje ste isprobali s tom životinjom.

Those are the things that often tend to help the most,

Ove stvari često najviše pomažu,

especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.

naročito kada se kombinuju sa psihofarmaceuticima.

The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,

Ono što, pak, mislim da najviše pomaže,

particularly with social animals,

naročito kod društvenih životinja,

is time with other social animals.

je druženje sa drugim društvenim životinjama.

In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal

Na razne načine, osećam da sam postala uslužna životinja

to my own dog,

svom psu,

and I have seen parrots do it for people

a videla sam da to papagaji rade za ljude

and people do it for parrots

i ljudi za papagaje,

and dogs do it for elephants

psi to rade za slonove,

and elephants do it for other elephants.

slonovi za druge slonove.

I don't know about you;

Ne znam za vas,

I get a lot of Internet forwards

meni na internetu prosleđuju mnogo primera

of unlikely animal friendships.

neverovatnih životinjskih prijateljstava.

I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,

Mislim da to sačinjava veliki deo Fejsbuka,

the monkey that adopts the cat

majmun koji je usvojio mačku

or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,

ili danska doga koja je usvojila siroče lane

or the cow that makes friends with the pig,

ili krava koja se sprijateljila s prasetom,

and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these,

i da ste me o ovome pitali pre osam, devet godina,

I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental

rekla bih vam da je sve to beznadežna sentimentalnost,

and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way

a možda i suviše naopaka personifikacija,

and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now

možda je to sve čak i izrežirano, danas vam mogu reći

is that there is actually something to this.

da tu ima istine.

This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies

Ovo je stvarno. Zapravo, neka zanimljiva istraživanja

have pointed to oxytocin levels,

su ukazala na nivo oksitocina,

which are a kind of bonding hormone

što je neka vrsta hormona za zbližavanje,

that we release when we're having sex or nursing

koji se oslobađa prilikom seksa ili dojenja

or around someone that we care for extremely,

ili kada smo pored nekoga do koga nam je izuzetno stalo,

oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs

nivo oksitocina je u porastu, i kod ljudi i kod pasa

who care about each other

koji brinu jedni za druge

or who enjoy each other's company,

ili koji uživaju kad su zajedno,

and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin

a i druga istraživanja pokazuju da je oksitocin

raised even in other pairs of animals,

u porastu i kod drugih parova životinja,

so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other,

recimo, kod koza i pasa, koji su se družili i igrali zajedno,

their levels spiked afterwards.

nivo oksitocina je posle naglo skakao.

I have a friend who really showed me that

Imam prijatelja koji mi je pokazao

mental health is in fact a two-way street.

da je mentalno zdravlje zapravo dvosmerna ulica.

His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam.

Njegovo ime je Loni Hodž i on je veteran iz Vijetnama.

When he returned, he started working

Kada se vratio, počeo je da radi

with survivors of genocide and a lot of people

sa ljudima koji su preživeli genocid i mnogim drugim

who had gone through war trauma.

koji su preživeli ratne traume.

And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,

On je imao PTSP, kao i strah od visine

because in Vietnam, he had been

jer je u Vijetnamu

rappelling backwards out of helicopters

iskakao unatraške iz helikoptera

over the skids,

klizeći niz užad.

and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle,

Dodeljen mu je uslužni pas, po imenu Gander, labradudla,

to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.

kako bi mu pomogao sa PTSP-om i strahom od visine.

This is them actually on the first day that they met,

Ovo su oni prvog dana kada su se upoznali,

which is amazing, and since then,

neverovatno je, i od tad

they've spent a lot of time together

su proveli mnogo vremena zajedno,

visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues.

posećujući druge veterane koji pate od sličnih problema.

But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship

Ali ono što je meni zanimljivo u Lonijevom i Genderovom odnosu

is about a few months in,

je da se pre nekih par meseci,

Gander actually developed a fear of heights,

kod Gendera razvio strah od visine,

probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely.

verovatno zato što je tako pomno pazio Lonija.

What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog,

Ono što je divno u svemu tome je da je on i dalje odličan uslužni pas,

because now, when they're both at a great height,

jer sad, kada se obojica nalaze na velikoj visini,

Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being

Loni je toliko zabrinut za Gendera

that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.

da zaboravlja da se i sam plaši visine.

Since I've spent so much time with these stories,

Kako sam provela mnogo vremena s ovim pričama,

digging into archives,

kopajući po arhivima,

I literally spent years doing this research,

bukvalno sam provela godine radeći na ovom istraživanju,

and it's changed me.

i ono me je promenilo.

I no longer look at animals at the species level.

Više ne gledam na životinje iz ugla vrste kojoj pripadaju.

I look at them as individuals,

Posmatram ih kao pojedince,

and I think about them as creatures

i mislim o njima kao bićima

with their own individual weather systems

sa sopstvenim ličnim meteorološkim sistemima

guiding their behavior and informing

koji upravljaju njihovim ponašanjem

how they respond to the world.

i informišu ih kako da reaguju na svet.

And I really believe that this has made me

Zaista verujem da sam zahvaljujući tome postala

a more curious and a more empathetic person,

znatiželjnija i saosećajnija osoba,

both to the animals that share my bed

kako prema životinjama s kojim delim postelju

and occasionally wind up on my plate,

i onima koje ponekad završe u mom tanjiru,

but also to the people that I know

tako i prema ljudima koje poznajem,

who are suffering from anxiety

a koji boluju od anksioznosti

and from phobias and all manner of other things,

i od fobija i raznih drugih stvari.

and I really do believe that

I zaista verujem da,

even though you can't know exactly

iako ne možete sa sigurnošću da znate

what's going on in the mind of a pig

šta se dešava u umu svinje

or your pug or your partner,

ili vašeg štenca ili vašeg partnera,

that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them.

da vas to ne bi trebalo da spreči da saosećate s njima.

The best thing that we could do for our loved ones

Najbolje što možemo da učinimo za one koje volimo

is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.

je, možda, da ih personifikujemo.

Charles Darwin's father once told him

Čarlsu Darvinu je otac jednom rekao

that everybody could lose their mind at some point.

da svako u jednom momentu može da izgubi razum.

Thankfully, we can often find them again,

Na sreću, često možemo ponovo da ga pronađemo,

but only with each other's help.

ali samo uz međusobnu pomoć.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)