Depressed dogs, cats with OCD -- what animal madness means for us humans | Laurel Braitman

譯者: Aaron Shoo 審譯者: Susan P

Oliver was an extremely dashing,

奧利佛是超級瀟灑、

handsome, charming and largely unstable male

帥氣、有魅力，

卻又「不安於室」的男性，

that I completely lost my heart to.

讓我深深著迷。

(Laughter)

He was a Bernese mountain dog,

牠是隻「伯恩山犬」。

and my ex-husband and I adopted him,

我和我前夫收養牠。

and about six months in,

但在不到6個月的相處，

we realized that he was a mess.

我們就發現牠大有問題，

He had such paralyzing separation anxiety

牠有非常嚴重的「分離焦慮症」，

that we couldn't leave him alone.

我們不能讓牠獨處。

Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.

牠有一次從3樓的家直接往下跳。

He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.

牠會吃布料、

或是其他回收物，

牠會去撲不存在的蒼蠅，

He hunted flies that didn't exist.

He suffered from hallucinations.

深受幻覺困擾。

He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder

牠最後被診斷出「犬類強迫症」，

and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.

但這只是牠問題的冰山一角。

But like with humans,

當問題出現在人身上，

sometimes it's six months in

不用花6個月你就會發現，

before you realize that

the person that you love has some issues.

你愛著的這個人有問題。

(Laughter)

And most of us do not take the person we're dating

我們通常不會把那個人，

back to the bar where we met them

丟回當初認識的酒吧；

or give them back to the friend that introduced us,

或是叫介紹你們的朋友把他帶走，

or sign them back up on Match.com.

或幫他重新登相親網站。

(Laughter)

We love them anyway,

我們會愛他，而且繼續愛著他。

and we stick to it,

and that is what I did with my dog.

我也是這樣對我的狗。

And I was a — I'd studied biology.

我是念生物的，

I have a Ph.D. in history of science

我是MIT的科學史博士。

from MIT,

and had you asked me 10 years ago

若你10年前問我，

if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,

我愛的狗或者就一般狗而言，

had emotions, I would have said yes,

牠們會不會有情緒，我的答案是「會」。

but I'm not sure that I would have told you

但那時候的我可能不知道，

that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,

他們會變成焦慮症，

a Prozac prescription and a therapist.

還要靠吃藥和醫生幫忙。

But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,

但我墜入愛河，

而且知道原來會變這樣，

and actually trying to help my own dog

然後我想幫牠

overcome his panic and his anxiety,

克服牠的恐慌和焦慮。

it just changed my life.

我的人生因此改變，

It cracked open my world.

視野因此開闊。

And I spent the last seven years, actually,

在過去的七年，

looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.

我開始研究動物的精神疾病。

Can they be mentally ill like people,

那些病跟人類的一樣嗎？

and if so, what does it mean about us?

如果是，對我們又有什麼意義？

And what I discovered is that I do believe

我發現到的是我相信

they can suffer from mental illness,

動物也深受精神疾病所苦。

and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them

去試著理解牠們的這些病痛，

often helps us be better friends to them

讓人類成為牠們更稱職的朋友，

and also can help us better understand ourselves.

也幫助我們更加了解自己。

So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.

簡單講一下診斷過程。

Many of us think that we can't know

我們大多認為我們不知道

what another animal is thinking,

其他動物在想什麼。

and that is true,

是這樣沒錯，

but any of you in relationships —

但無論友情愛情親情，

at least this is my case —

至少我的體會是，

just because you ask someone that you're with

不會只因為你問另一半、

or your parent or your child how they feel

你爸媽或小孩他們的感覺，

doesn't mean that they can tell you.

他們就跟你說。

They may not have words to explain

他們可能自己也不知道

what it is that they're feeling,

怎麼表達自己的感覺， 或根本沒察覺到那些情緒。

and they may not know.

It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon

這其實是最近才開始，

that we feel that we have to talk to someone

覺得我們必須要溝通

to understand their emotional distress.

才會發覺情緒低落的傾向。

Before the early 20th century,

在20世紀早期以前，

physicians often diagnosed emotional distress

心理醫生診斷精神疾病，

in their patients just by observation.

都只靠觀察。

It also turns out that thinking about

而且另一方面有人認為，

mental illness in other animals

動物的精神問題

isn't actually that much of a stretch.

也不見得是壞事。

Most mental disorders in the United States

在美國大部分人罹患的精神病， 是恐慌或是焦慮症。

are fear and anxiety disorders,

and when you think about it, fear and anxiety

但「恐慌」和「焦慮」，

are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.

其實是非常重要的動物本能。

Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous,

通常我們在感到危險的時候， 才會有這種情緒反應。

and once we feel them,

而一旦有這種反應，

we then are motivated to move away

我們會想要遠離

from whatever is dangerous.

任何讓我們感到危險的東西。

The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.

問題是在沒有危險的時候， 我們也恐慌焦慮。

Mood disorders, too, may actually just be

「情緒障礙」也可能是

the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,

有感覺的動物很麻煩的一點。

and obsessive compulsive disorders also

強迫症換個角度想，

are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing

其實是一種健康的表徵，

which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.

因為想讓自己乾淨整潔。

This tips into the territory of mental illness

但從精神疾病的角度看，

when you do things like

只會看到你

compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,

一直重複洗手，

or you develop a ritual that's so extreme

或是重複某個儀式，

that you can't sit down to a bowl of food

直到你覺得心滿意足，

unless you engage in that ritual.

才有辦法好好坐下來吃飯。

So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"

所以我們有一本人類的 「診斷與統計手冊」，

which is basically an atlas

基本上是一本集合

of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.

現有精神疾病的手冊。

In other animals, we have YouTube.

那其他動物呢， 我們有「YouTube」。

(Laughter)

This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"

這是我輸入「強迫症 狗」的畫面，

but I encourage all of you

但我比較推薦，去看「強迫症 貓」。

to look at "OCD cat."

You will be shocked by what you see.

保證驚奇不斷。

I'm going to show you just a couple examples.

這邊分享幾個例子：

This is an example of shadow-chasing.

這隻狗在和影子「玩」。

I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.

雖然很有趣而且還蠻可愛的，

The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this

但狗狗若有強迫症，

that they then engage in all day.

就可能整天追著自己的影子。

So they won't go for a walk,

牠們會不想散步、不和朋友玩、

they won't hang out with their friends,

they won't eat.

不吃不喝，最後產生「固著」行為，

They'll develop fixations

like chasing their tails compulsively.

比如追著尾巴一直轉。

Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.

這是隻叫「吉斯莫」貓，

He looks like he's on a stakeout

看起來牠在監視鄰居，

but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.

但牠一天會花上幾個小時這樣。

He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw

牠就坐在那，

用前掌反覆地撥弄窗簾。

at the screen.

This is another example of what's considered

這個也是被視為理所當然的行為，

a stereotypic behavior.

This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.

這隻是在奧克蘭動物園， 叫做「丁丁」的馬來熊。

And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,

如果你剛好看到這個畫面，

you might think that Ting Ting

可能會覺得

is just playing with a stick,

丁丁只是在玩樹枝吧。

but Ting Ting does this all day,

但牠會玩一整天。

and if you pay close attention

如果你們願意，

and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip,

我可以播半個小時的錄影，

you'd see that he does the exact same thing

你會發現牠真的在做一樣的事，

in the exact same order, and he spins the stick

一樣的步驟，

in the exact same way every time.

和一樣的方式去轉那些樹枝。

Other super common behaviors that you may see,

另一個也很常見，

particularly in captive animals,

通常是受困動物，

are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,

用固定方式走或晃來晃去。

and actually, humans do this too,

其實人也會這樣，

and in us, we'll sway,

我們會動來動去、

we'll move from side to side.

從這邊晃到那邊。

Many of us do this, and sometimes

我們大多是為了

it's an effort to soothe ourselves,

放鬆一下。

and I think in other animals that is often the case too.

對大部分的動物也是如此。

But it's not just stereotypic behaviors

但牠們做的，

that other animals engage in.

不只是這些重複的行為。

This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives

這是「琪琪」，住在波士頓 富蘭克林動物公園的黑猩猩。

at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,

牠有一個哈佛大學的精神醫師，

and she's been treated for a mood disorder

幫牠治療情緒障礙

among other things.

和其他問題。

Many animals develop mood disorders.

很多動物都有情緒障礙。

Lots of creatures —

有很多生物...

this horse is just one example —

比如說這隻馬，

develop self-destructive behaviors.

就有自我毀滅的行為。

They'll gnaw on things

牠會去亂啃東西，

or do other things that may also soothe them,

或做一些能舒緩情緒的事，

even if they're self-destructive,

就算這些事是在自我毀滅。

which could be considered similar

就和有些人

to the ways that some humans cut themselves.

會想要割手臂、手腕的道理一樣。

Plucking.

還有拔毛！

Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,

如果你有皮毛、羽毛或皮膚，

you can pluck yourself compulsively,

你可能會一直去拔毛，

and some parrots actually have been studied

有些針對鸚鵡的研究，

to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,

試圖找出人類的「拔毛癖」 或拔毛強迫症的原因。

something that affects

因為現在有2千萬的美國人， 正在受這個病症折磨。

20 million Americans right now.

Lab rats pluck themselves too.

實驗室的老鼠也拔自己的毛，

In them, it's called barbering.

但那比較是在梳理。

Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan

從「以阿衝突」退役的軍犬，

are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD,

回來之後被發現 患有「創傷後症候群」。

and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life

對牠們從戰場融入普通生活，

when they come back from deployments.

是一大障礙。

They can be too scared to approach men with beards

牠們會害怕接近有鬍子的人，

or to hop into cars.

或不敢跳上車。

I want to be careful and be clear, though.

但在這邊我要強調，

I do not think that canine PTSD

我不認為狗的創傷後症候群，

is the same as human PTSD.

跟人的一樣；

But I also do not think that my PTSD

我也不覺得我的創傷後症候群，

is like your PTSD,

會跟你的一樣。

or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.

或說我的焦慮或低潮跟你的一樣。

We are all different.

我們是不同的。

We also all have very different susceptibilities.

我們對每件事的感受也不同。

So two dogs, raised in the same household,

所以就算兩隻養在一起的狗，

exposed to the very same things,

接觸到相同的刺激，

one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles,

有一隻可能會怕機車

or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,

或微波爐的嗶嗶聲，

and another one is going to be just fine.

但另一隻就不會。

So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:

所以我很常被問：

Is this just an instance of humans

會不會是因為主人

driving other animals crazy?

把他們的寵物逼瘋？

Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse?

或問動物的精神疾病是不是 只是主人虐待、飼養方式有問題？

And it turns out we're actually

其實我們的角色， 比這些問題還要複雜許多。

so much more complicated than that.

So one great thing that has happened to me

最近我出版了一本

is recently I published a book on this,

跟這些問題有關的書。

and every day now that I open my email

然後從那之後，

我每天打開信箱、去演講、

or when I go to a reading

or even when I go to a cocktail party,

甚至只是去一個酒會，

people tell me their stories

都會有人跟我分享，

of the animals that they have met.

他們知道的動物故事。

And recently, I did a reading in California,

上次我在加州演講的時候，

and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said,

有一個女生在會後舉手說：

"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."

「布雷特曼博士， 我覺得我的貓有創傷後症候群。」

And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."

所以我說， 「怎麼說？再多講一點。」

So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,

她的貓「萍」，是被救出來的。

and she used to live with an elderly man,

牠之前的主人是一位老先生。

and one day the man was vacuuming

有一天老先生在吸地板， 結果突然心臟病發過世了。

and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.

A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment

一個禮拜之後才有人發現，

alongside the body of her owner,

萍就在遺體旁邊，

and the vacuum had been running the entire time.

而且吸塵器一直開著。

For many months, up to I think two years after that incident,

好幾個月後，可能持續有2年之久，

she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning.

牠都還在怕，牠不能待在打掃中的房間。

She was quite literally a scaredy cat.

牠完全是一隻被嚇壞的貓。

She would hide in the closet.

牠會躲進衣櫃，

She was un-self-confident and shaky,

非常沒自信又一直顫抖。

but with the loving support of her family,

但還好家人的愛與支持，

a lot of a time, and their patience,

時間和大量的耐心，

now, three years later,

3年後的現在，

she's actually a happy, confident cat.

萍變成開心有自信的貓。

Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across

另一個我遇到的 創傷和復原的故事，

was actually a few years ago.

是幾年前，

I was in Thailand to do some research.

我在泰國做研究時，

I met a monkey named Boonlua,

遇到一隻叫「布魯瓦」的猴子。

and when Boonlua was a baby,

布魯瓦很小的時候，

he was attacked by a pack of dogs,

被一群狗攻擊。

and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,

牠的雙腳還有一隻手臂被扯斷，

and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,

但牠拖著自己到一間佛寺，

where the monks took him in.

結果和尚就收留牠。

They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds.

他們幫牠找來獸醫， 讓牠接受治療。

Eventually, Boonlua wound up

最後布魯瓦到了一間

at an elephant facility,

大象的收容所。

and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing,

所長決定要收留布魯瓦。

and they figured out what he liked,

然後他們還發現牠喜歡 薄荷曼陀珠、獨角仙還有蛋。

which, it turned out, was mint Mentos

and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.

But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely,

但他們很擔心牠，因為牠很寂寞。

and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey,

他們不想把牠跟其他猴子放在一起，

because they thought with just one arm,

因為他們擔心只有一隻手臂，

he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.

沒辦法保護自己或跟同伴玩。

And so they gave him a rabbit,

所以他們送牠一隻兔子朋友，

and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.

結果布魯瓦完全變了個樣。

He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.

牠好喜歡跟兔子膩在一起，

They groomed each other, they become close friends,

牠們會互相梳理、 變成很好的朋友。

and then the rabbit had bunnies,

之後兔子生了兔寶寶，

and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,

布魯瓦比之前更開心。

and it had in a way given him

這讓牠有理由

a reason to wake up in the morning,

每天很早起床，

and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up

甚至因為太想起床，

that he decided not to sleep.

結果牠根本沒睡。

He became extremely protective of these bunnies,

牠超級照顧這些兔寶寶，

and he stopped sleeping,

不眠不休，

and he would sort of nod off

還會在照顧寶寶的時候打瞌睡。

while trying to take care of them.

In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate

因為牠真的太保護寶寶、 太有父愛，

with these babies that the sanctuary

結果收容所不得不 讓小兔子和牠分開。

eventually had to take them away from him

because he was so protective, he was worried

因為牠過度保護到

that their mother might hurt them.

擔心兔媽媽會傷害小兔子。

So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff

把小兔子帶走以後，

worried that he would fall into a depression,

收容所擔心牠會難過， 為了不害牠傷心，

and so to avoid that,

they gave him another rabbit friend.

他們送牠新的兔子朋友。

(Laughter)

My official opinion is that he does not look depressed.

我的專業判斷， 牠現在是真的很難過。

(Laughter)

So one thing that I would really like people to feel

我很想讓大家了解到，

is that you really should feel empowered

其實你可以比想像中更精準地

to make some assumptions

對那些你很了解的生物做出假設。

about the creatures that you know well.

So when it comes to your dog

所以無論是你的狗、

or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey

你的貓、或是你剛好認識的獨臂猴，

that you happen to know,

if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,

當你覺得他們很受傷或很難過，

you're probably right.

通常你是對的。

This is extremely anthropomorphic,

這對非人的動物或東西而言

or the assignation of human characteristics

是很擬人、充滿人性的一種感覺。

onto non-human animals or things.

但我不覺得那會是問題。

I don't think, though, that that's a problem.

I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.

我不反對去擬人化。

It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head

因為那不是叫你把大腦

從頭殼拿出來放進罐子裡，

and put it in a jar and then use it

to think about another animal thinking.

然後用它想其他動物在想什麼。

We will always be one animal wondering

而是人類做為動物的一種，

about the emotional experience of another animal.

去思考其他動物的情緒體會。

So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well?

所以問題是： 你要怎麼好好去擬人？

Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?

或是你是不是不會擬人？

And anthropomorphizing poorly

不會擬人的例子...

is all too common.

比比皆是。

(Laughter)

It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding,

這包括你幫柯基穿衣服、辦婚禮，

or getting too close to exotic wildlife because

或是靠野生動物太近，

you believe that you had a spiritual connection.

因為你相信你們有「靈的連結」， 或是類似的東西。

There's all manner of things.

Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based

要適當的擬人我認為

要去接受我們跟其他物種的相似性，

on accepting our animal similarities with other species

and using them to make assumptions

用這種相似去做假設，

that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences,

依據動物的想法和經歷。

and there's actually an entire industry

其實有這麼一個產業，

that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,

就建構在良好的擬人上，

and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.

那就是「精神藥品製藥業」。

One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,

每5個美國人裡， 就有1個在吃精神藥物。

from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications

從抗憂鬱、抗焦慮，到治療精神疾病。

to the antipsychotics.

It turns out that we owe this

結果就是， 這個產業虧欠其他動物太多了。

entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal

to other animals.

These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,

這些藥都會先在其他動物身上試驗，

and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.

不只看有沒有毒， 還看會不會影響行為。

The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine

最有名的精神藥「冬眠靈」，

first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.

第一個緩解的是老鼠而不是人類。

The antianxiety medication Librium

抗焦慮的「利眠靈」，

was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s

50年代是先在那些異常 「刻薄」的貓咪身上試驗，

and made them into peaceable felines.

讓牠們變的乖巧溫順。

And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.

就連抗憂鬱的藥 都先在兔子身上做實驗。

Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs

現在我們給這些動物藥，

to other animals as test subjects,

不是因為要試驗，

but they're giving them these drugs as patients,

而是要治療牠們。

both in ethical and much less ethical ways.

不管是用在合乎道德與否的理由。

SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications

「美國海洋世界」 在帶走殺人鯨寶寶的時候，

when their calves are taken away.

會餵殺人鯨媽媽抗焦慮藥。

Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics

很多動物園的大猩猩，

and antianxiety medications.

都會吃精神藥或抗焦慮。

But dogs like my own Oliver

而像我的奧利佛，

are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications

吃這些抗憂鬱和抗焦慮是為了

to keep them from jumping out of buildings

防止牠又跳樓或衝進馬路撞車。

or jumping into traffic.

Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"

最近《科學》期刊上才有研究說

that showed that even crawdads

就連小龍蝦都對 抗焦慮藥有反應。

responded to antianxiety medication.

It made them braver, less skittish,

讓牠們更勇敢、不怯懦， 而且更勇於探索周遭環境。

and more likely to explore their environment.

It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs,

很難知道多少動物會上癮，

but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry

但我知道動物的製藥業

is immense and growing,

是很龐大而且在成長的。

from seven billion dollars in 2011

從2011年的70億美元，

to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.

預估會到2015年的92.5億美元。

Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.

現在已知有些動物出現藥癮。

Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee

也有些，比如說在密爾沃基動物園， 本來以為一隻侏儒黑猩猩上癮了，

at the zoo there was on them

until he started to save his Paxil prescription

結果發現牠會屯下「百可舒」， 然後當藥頭分給其他同伴。

and then distribute it among the other bonobos.

(Laughter) (Applause)

More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,

這已經有點超越精神藥的範圍了。

there are many, many, many other

但這之外還有很多很多，

therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.

幫助其他生物的治療方法。

And here is a place where I think actually

而我真的發現，

that veterinary medicine can teach something

人類診療可以和獸醫診療，

to human medicine,

借鏡的一個地方。

which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,

比如說當你帶你的狗，

compulsively chasing his tail,

假設牠強迫症追自己尾巴，

into the veterinary behaviorist,

去給動物行為治療師看。

their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad;

醫生不會馬上就拿紙開處方，

it's to ask you about your dog's life.

而是會問你狗狗的生活。

They want to know how often your dog gets outside.

他們會問你的狗常出去嗎？

They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting.

看你的狗運動量是多少。

They want to know how much social time

會想知道牠和其他狗

with other dogs and other humans.

或是人類互動時間多不多。

They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies,

也會想問你有沒有哪種治療，

largely behavior therapies,

特別是行為治療，

you've tried with that animal.

已經在牠身上試過。

Those are the things that often tend to help the most,

這些療法通常最有幫助，

especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.

尤其和精神藥物雙管齊下。

The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,

但我相信最有效的治療，

particularly with social animals,

特別是針對社會性動物，

is time with other social animals.

是多花時間和其他動物相處。

In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal

我常常覺得， 我好像在服侍、幫忙我的狗，

to my own dog,

and I have seen parrots do it for people

我也看過鸚鵡對人、

and people do it for parrots

人對鸚鵡、

and dogs do it for elephants

狗對大象、

and elephants do it for other elephants.

大象對大象等等。

I don't know about you;

我不知道你怎麼想， 但我在網路上找到很多，

I get a lot of Internet forwards

of unlikely animal friendships.

看起來不可思議的友情。

I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,

也有很多像在臉書上的例子：

the monkey that adopts the cat

「猴子收養了貓咪」、

or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,

或「大丹犬收養了小鹿斑比」、

or the cow that makes friends with the pig,

「牛和豬成為朋友了」。

and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these,

如果你8、9年前問我，

我可能會說這些人太神經，

I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental

and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way

或是把擬人用錯地方了， 甚至覺得這些照片是假的；

and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now

但我現在要跟你說真實的、

is that there is actually something to this.

沒有造假的有趣發現：

This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies

have pointed to oxytocin levels,

哺乳動物的催產素

which are a kind of bonding hormone

是一種「結合激素」。

that we release when we're having sex or nursing

當我們在性愛或是哺育的時候，

or around someone that we care for extremely,

或是當我們和重要的對象在一起時，

oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs

人類或狗的催產素都會上升。

who care about each other

無論是因為互相關懷， 或是沉醉在相互的陪伴。

or who enjoy each other's company,

and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin

而且研究還發現催產素，

raised even in other pairs of animals,

在不同種的動物配對上也有效果。

so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other,

比如說山羊和狗是好朋友一起玩， 催產素也會因此上升。

their levels spiked afterwards.

I have a friend who really showed me that

我有一個朋友向我證明了，

mental health is in fact a two-way street.

心理健康真的會相互影響。

His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam.

我朋友叫隆尼‧哈吉， 是一名越戰退役軍人。

When he returned, he started working

回來以後就跟大屠殺的倖存者， 和其他經歷戰爭創傷的人

with survivors of genocide and a lot of people

who had gone through war trauma.

一起工作。

And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,

他有創傷後症候群和懼高症。

because in Vietnam, he had been

因為在越南他曾經

rappelling backwards out of helicopters

失速從直升機向後垂降過。

over the skids,

and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle,

那時候他有被分到一隻 叫「甘德」的拉布拉多貴賓狗，

to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.

幫助他面對創傷後症候群和懼高症。

This is them actually on the first day that they met,

這張照片是他們第一天見面拍的。 我覺得拍得很好。

which is amazing, and since then,

在那之後，他們幾乎都一起

they've spent a lot of time together

visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues.

拜訪有類似問題的退休軍人。

But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship

但我覺得有趣的是，

is about a few months in,

在幾個月以後，

Gander actually developed a fear of heights,

甘德也開始懼高了。

probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely.

可能是因為牠一直跟著隆尼。

What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog,

但這個故事最感人的地方， 是甘德帶來一些改變。

because now, when they're both at a great height,

因為如果他們都在很高的地方，

Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being

隆尼會擔心甘德的狀況，

that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.

以至於他忘記自己也怕高。

Since I've spent so much time with these stories,

因為我花很多時間挖掘這些故事、

digging into archives,

去翻檔案，

I literally spent years doing this research,

我花好多年時間做研究，

and it's changed me.

然後我有很大的改變。

I no longer look at animals at the species level.

我不再用「物種」的角度去看動物，

I look at them as individuals,

我重視牠們身為每個「個體」，

and I think about them as creatures

有一套情緒系統， 會指引牠們的行為，

with their own individual weather systems

guiding their behavior and informing

讓牠們去回應這個世界。

how they respond to the world.

And I really believe that this has made me

而且我相信這讓我

a more curious and a more empathetic person,

變成一個更好奇、更具同理心的人。

both to the animals that share my bed

不只是對和我同床共枕的寵物， 還有每天吃的動物；

and occasionally wind up on my plate,

but also to the people that I know

還對那些我所知道，

who are suffering from anxiety

深受焦慮、恐懼 或其他病症所苦的人。

and from phobias and all manner of other things,

and I really do believe that

而且我相信，

even though you can't know exactly

就算你不能完全了解

what's going on in the mind of a pig

豬的腦袋裡在想什麼， 或是你的寵物、你的伴侶在想什麼，

or your pug or your partner,

that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them.

也不會停止你對他們發揮同理心。

The best thing that we could do for our loved ones

我能對摯愛做的最好的事，

is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.

應該就是去「擬人化」他們吧！

Charles Darwin's father once told him

達爾文的爸爸曾跟他說：

that everybody could lose their mind at some point.

「任何人都可能會喪失理智，

Thankfully, we can often find them again,

但好險，我們大多都能把它重新找回來，

but only with each other's help.

只要我們能夠互相幫忙。」

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)