Depressed dogs, cats with OCD -- what animal madness means for us humans | Laurel Braitman

Prevoditelj: Anja Kolobarić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Oliver was an extremely dashing,

Oliver je bio poletan,

handsome, charming and largely unstable male

zgodan, šarmantan i prilično nestabilan mužjak

that I completely lost my heart to.

koji mi je ukrao srce.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

He was a Bernese mountain dog,

Bio je on bernski planinski pas,

and my ex-husband and I adopted him,

a moj bivši muž i ja posvojili smo ga.

and about six months in,

Nakon otprilike šest mjeseci

we realized that he was a mess.

shvatili smo da ima problema.

He had such paralyzing separation anxiety

Imao je takvu paralizirajuću separacijsku anksioznost

that we couldn't leave him alone.

da ga nismo smjeli ostaviti samog.

Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.

Jednom je skočio s našeg stana na trećem katu.

He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.

Jeo je tkaninu, stvari, smeće.

He hunted flies that didn't exist.

Lovio je nepostojeće muhe.

He suffered from hallucinations.

Imao je halucinacije.

He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder

Dijagnosticiran mu je pseći opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaj,

and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.

a sve je to tek vrh ledene sante.

But like with humans,

Ali baš kao i s ljudima,

sometimes it's six months in

nekada tek nakon šest mjeseci

before you realize that

shvatite da

the person that you love has some issues.

osoba koju volite nije baš sva svoja.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And most of us do not take the person we're dating

I većina nas neće osobu s kojom hodamo

back to the bar where we met them

vratiti u bar u kojem smo je upoznali,

or give them back to the friend that introduced us,

ili ih vratiti prijateljima koji su nas upoznali,

or sign them back up on Match.com.

ili im reaktivirati korisnički račun na Iskrici.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We love them anyway,

Svejedno ih volimo

and we stick to it,

i trpimo.

and that is what I did with my dog.

To sam i ja učinila sa svojim psom.

And I was a — I'd studied biology.

I bila sam — studirala sam biologiju.

I have a Ph.D. in history of science

Imam doktorat znanosti

from MIT,

s MIT-a i da ste me

and had you asked me 10 years ago

prije deset godina pitali

if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,

ima li pas kojeg ja volim, ili bilo koji pas,

had emotions, I would have said yes,

osjećaje, rekla bih da ima,

but I'm not sure that I would have told you

ali nisam sigurna bih vam li rekla

that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,

da i oni mogu oboljeti od anksioznog poremećaja,

a Prozac prescription and a therapist.

završiti na Prozacu i s terapeutom.

But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,

Ali onda sam se zaljubila i shvatila da je to moguće,

and actually trying to help my own dog

a moji pokušaji da mu pomognem

overcome his panic and his anxiety,

prebroditi paniku i anksioznost

it just changed my life.

promijenili su mi život.

It cracked open my world.

Prodrmali su cijeli moj svijet.

And I spent the last seven years, actually,

I tako sam zadnjih 7 godina provela proučavajući

looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.

problem mentalnih bolesti i u drugih životinja.

Can they be mentally ill like people,

Mogu li i one mentalno

and if so, what does it mean about us?

oboljeti i ako je tako, što to znači za nas?

And what I discovered is that I do believe

Otkrila sam da uistinu vjerujem da i one

they can suffer from mental illness,

mogu oboljeti,

and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them

a promatranje i pokušavanje prepoznavanja njihovih mentalnih bolesti može

often helps us be better friends to them

nam pomoći da im budemo bolji prijatelji

and also can help us better understand ourselves.

i da bolje razumijemo sami sebe.

So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.

Pozabavimo se nakratko dijagnozom.

Many of us think that we can't know

Mnogi od nas misle da ne možemo znati

what another animal is thinking,

o čemu druga životinja razmišlja.

and that is true,

To je istina,

but any of you in relationships —

ali svi vi koji ste u vezama —

at least this is my case —

barem je kod mene tako —

just because you ask someone that you're with

samo zato što pitate svoju bolju

or your parent or your child how they feel

polovicu ili roditelja ili dijete kako su,

doesn't mean that they can tell you.

ne znači da vam oni to mogu reći.

They may not have words to explain

Možda ne mogu riječima opisati

what it is that they're feeling,

što točno osjećaju,

and they may not know.

a možda i ne znaju.

It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon

Ovo je zapravo prilično nov fenomen,

that we feel that we have to talk to someone

taj osjećaj koji imamo da moramo

to understand their emotional distress.

razgovarati s nekim da bismo saznali što ih muči.

Before the early 20th century,

Prije prve polovice 20. stoljeća

physicians often diagnosed emotional distress

liječnici su često dijagnosticirali duševne boli

in their patients just by observation.

u pacijenata jednostavnim promatranjem.

It also turns out that thinking about

Također, čini se da rasprave o

mental illness in other animals

duševnim bolestima u drugih

isn't actually that much of a stretch.

životinja i nije tako nategnuto.

Most mental disorders in the United States

Najčešće duševne bolesti u SAD-u

are fear and anxiety disorders,

su strah i anksiozni poremećaji,

and when you think about it, fear and anxiety

a kad malo razmislite o tome, strah i anksioznost

are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.

zapravo su iznimno korisne životinjske emocije.

Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous,

Obično osjećamo strah i anksioznost u opasnim situacijama

and once we feel them,

i kad ih jednom osjetimo,

we then are motivated to move away

imamo nagon udaljiti se od

from whatever is dangerous.

te opasnosti.

The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.

Problem se stvara kad osjećamo strah u situacijama u kojima on nije potreban

Mood disorders, too, may actually just be

Poremećaji ponašanja također mogu biti samo

the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,

loša strana osjećajnosti,

and obsessive compulsive disorders also

a opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaji su također

are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing

često manifestacija zdrave životinjske potrebe

which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.

za održavanjem čistoće i uglađenosti.

This tips into the territory of mental illness

O duševnoj bolesti možemo govoriti onda

when you do things like

kada, primjerice

compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,

kompulzivno pretjerujemo u pranju ruku ili šapa

or you develop a ritual that's so extreme

ili kad razvijete toliko ekstreman ritual

that you can't sit down to a bowl of food

da ne možete sjesti i jesti

unless you engage in that ritual.

ukoliko prije toga ne odradite taj svoj ritual.

So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"

Mi ljudi imamo Dijagnostički i statistički priručnik za mentalne poremećaje

which is basically an atlas

koji je zapravo atlas

of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.

mentalnih poremećaja o kojima trenutno postoji suglasnost.

In other animals, we have YouTube.

Za životinje imamo YouTube.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"

Ovo je tek jedan rezultat pretraživanja za "OKP pas",

but I encourage all of you

ali svima vam predlažem

to look at "OCD cat."

da potražite OKP-mačku.

You will be shocked by what you see.

Šokirat ćete se onim što vidite.

I'm going to show you just a couple examples.

Pokazat ću vam tek nekoliko primjera.

This is an example of shadow-chasing.

Ovo je primjer hvatanja sjene.

I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.

Znam, smiješno je i nekako i slatko.

The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this

Problem je u tome što psi mogu razviti kompulzivnosti poput ove

that they then engage in all day.

kojima se onda bave po cijele dane.

So they won't go for a walk,

Pa ne idu u šetnje,

they won't hang out with their friends,

ne druže se s prijateljima,

they won't eat.

ne jedu.

They'll develop fixations

Razviju fiksacije

like chasing their tails compulsively.

poput kompulzivnog hvatanja vlastitog repa.

Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.

Ovo je primjer mačke imena Gizmo.

He looks like he's on a stakeout

Izgleda kao da je u zasjedi,

but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.

ali to čini puno, puno, puno sati u danu.

He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw

Samo tu sjedi i šapama dira

at the screen.

ekran.

This is another example of what's considered

Ovo je još jedan primjer

a stereotypic behavior.

stereotipnog ponašanja.

This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.

Ovo je Ting Ting, sunčani medvjed u ZOO-u u Oaklandu.

And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,

Ukoliko naletite na ovakvu scenu,

you might think that Ting Ting

pomislili biste da se Ting Ting

is just playing with a stick,

samo igra štapom,

but Ting Ting does this all day,

ali on to radi cijeli dan,

and if you pay close attention

a ukoliko obratite pozornost

and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip,

i ukoliko vam ja pokažem cijeli taj polusatni video,

you'd see that he does the exact same thing

vidjeli biste da stalno radi jednu te istu stvar

in the exact same order, and he spins the stick

istim redoslijedom i štap vrti

in the exact same way every time.

na jednak način svaki put.

Other super common behaviors that you may see,

Još jedno uobičajeno ponašanje koje možete uočiti

particularly in captive animals,

osobito kod životinja u zatočeništvu

are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,

jest stereotipno hodanje amo-tamo i njihanje,

and actually, humans do this too,

a to rade i ljudi.

and in us, we'll sway,

Mi se njišemo,

we'll move from side to side.

ljuljamo.

Many of us do this, and sometimes

Mnogi od nas to čine i ponekad to

it's an effort to soothe ourselves,

činimo u želji da se umirimo,

and I think in other animals that is often the case too.

i mislim da i druge životinje to rade upravo iz tog razloga.

But it's not just stereotypic behaviors

Ali životinje se ne upuštaju samo

that other animals engage in.

u stereotipna ponašanja.

This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives

Ovo je Gigi, ženka gorile koja živi

at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

u Bostonu u ZOO Franklin Park.

She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,

Ona čak ima harvardskog psihijatra i

and she's been treated for a mood disorder

između ostaloga, tretirana je protiv

among other things.

poremećaja ponašanja.

Many animals develop mood disorders.

Mnoge životinje razvijaju poremećaje raspoloženja.

Lots of creatures —

Mnoga stvorenja —

this horse is just one example —

ovaj je konj tek jedan primjer —

develop self-destructive behaviors.

razvijaju autodestruktivna ponašanja.

They'll gnaw on things

Grizu stvari

or do other things that may also soothe them,

ili se bave drugim umirujućim aktivnostima,

even if they're self-destructive,

pa čak i ako su autodestruktivne,

which could be considered similar

koje su slične načinima

to the ways that some humans cut themselves.

na koje se ljudi režu.

Plucking.

Čupanje.

Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,

Ispada da ukoliko imate krzno ili perje ili pak kožu,

you can pluck yourself compulsively,

možete se kompulzivno čupati.

and some parrots actually have been studied

Neke su papige istraživane radi

to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,

boljeg razumijevanja trihotilomanije iliti kompulzivnog čupanja kod ljudi,

something that affects

nečega što trenutno muči

20 million Americans right now.

20 milijuna Amerikanaca.

Lab rats pluck themselves too.

I laboratorijski štakori se čupkaju.

In them, it's called barbering.

Kod njih se to zove "brijanje".

Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan

Pseći veterani konflikata u Iraku i Afganistanu

are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD,

vraćaju se s tzv. psećim PTSP-om

and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life

i suočavaju se s teškoćama reintegracije u civilni život kad

when they come back from deployments.

se vrate s ratišta.

They can be too scared to approach men with beards

Pretjerano se boje prilaženja bradatog čovjeka

or to hop into cars.

ili uskakanja u automobile.

I want to be careful and be clear, though.

Želim da nešto bude jasno.

I do not think that canine PTSD

Ne mislim da je pseći PTSP

is the same as human PTSD.

isto što i ljudski PTSP.

But I also do not think that my PTSD

Ali isto tako, ne mislim da je moj PTSP

is like your PTSD,

poput vašeg.

or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.

Ili da je moja anksioznost ili tuga poput vaše.

We are all different.

Svi smo različiti.

We also all have very different susceptibilities.

Također, nismo jednako osjetljivi.

So two dogs, raised in the same household,

Tako da kod dva psa odgojena u istom domaćinstvu,

exposed to the very same things,

izložena istim stvarima,

one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles,

jedan može razviti, primjerice snažan strah prema motorima

or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,

ili fobiju od zvona mikrovalne pećnice,

and another one is going to be just fine.

a drugi može biti sasvim zdrav.

So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:

Ljudi me često pitaju:

Is this just an instance of humans

jesu li ljudi ti koji

driving other animals crazy?

izluđuju životinje?

Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse?

Ili je životinjska duševna bolest tek rezultat lošeg tretmana i zlostavljanja?

And it turns out we're actually

I ispada da smo mi zapravo

so much more complicated than that.

puno kompliciraniji.

So one great thing that has happened to me

Dogodila mi se jedna sjajna stvar.

is recently I published a book on this,

Nedavno sam objavila knjigu o ovome

and every day now that I open my email

i sada svaki dan kad provjeravam e-mail,

or when I go to a reading

ili idem na čitanje

or even when I go to a cocktail party,

ili čak i na tulum,

people tell me their stories

ljudi mi pričaju svoje priče

of the animals that they have met.

o životinjama koje su upoznali.

And recently, I did a reading in California,

Nedavno sam imala čitanje u Kaliforniji.

and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said,

i kada sam završila, j edna je žena podigla ruku i rekla:

"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."

"Dr. Braitman, mislim da moja mačka ima PTSP."

And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."

Rekoh: "Zašto? Recite mi malo o tome."

So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,

Ping je udomljena mačka

and she used to live with an elderly man,

koja je nekoć živjela sa starijim čovjekom

and one day the man was vacuuming

i jednog dana on je usisavao,

and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.

doživio srčani udar i umro.

A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment

Tjedan dana kasnije, Ping su pronašli u stanu

alongside the body of her owner,

pored tijela njenog vlasnika,

and the vacuum had been running the entire time.

a usisavač je radio cijelo vrijeme.

For many months, up to I think two years after that incident,

Mjesecima, a i otprilike dvije godine nakon tog incidenta,

she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning.

toliko se bojala da nije mogla biti u kući kad se u njoj čistilo.

She was quite literally a scaredy cat.

To je doslovno bila plašljiva maca.

She would hide in the closet.

Skrivala se u ormar.

She was un-self-confident and shaky,

Bila je nesamouvjerena i tresla se,

but with the loving support of her family,

ali uz brižnu potporu obitelji,

a lot of a time, and their patience,

puno vremena i strpljenja,

now, three years later,

sada, tri godine kasnije

she's actually a happy, confident cat.

ona je sretna, samouvjerena maca.

Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across

Još jedna priča o traumi i oporavku na koju sam naletjela

was actually a few years ago.

prije nekoliko godina.

I was in Thailand to do some research.

Istraživala sam na Tajlandu.

I met a monkey named Boonlua,

Upoznala sam majmuna Boonlua.

and when Boonlua was a baby,

Kad je Boonlua bio tek beba,

he was attacked by a pack of dogs,

napao ga je čopor pasa

and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,

i otkinuli su mu obje noge i jednu ruku.

and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,

Boonlua se odvukao do samostana

where the monks took him in.

gdje su ga primili redovnici.

They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds.

Pozvali su veterinara koji mu je zaliječio rane.

Eventually, Boonlua wound up

Na kraju je Boonlua završio u

at an elephant facility,

centru za slonove

and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing,

i čuvari su odlučili uzeti ga pod svoje okrilje,

and they figured out what he liked,

shvatili su što voli,

which, it turned out, was mint Mentos

a to su bili Mentos bomboni,

and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.

jelenak i jaja.

But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely,

No brinuli su se jer je bio društven, da bi mogao biti usamljen,

and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey,

a nisu ga htjeli staviti s drugim majmunom

because they thought with just one arm,

jer su mislili da se s jednom rukom

he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.

ne bi mogao ni braniti ni igrati.

And so they gave him a rabbit,

Stoga su mu dali zeca

and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.

i Boonlua je odmah postao sasvim drugi majmunčić.

He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.

Jako se volio družiti s ovim zecom.

They groomed each other, they become close friends,

Međusobno su se timarili i postali dobri prijatelji,

and then the rabbit had bunnies,

i onda je zec dobio zečiće

and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,

i Boonlua je postao još sretniji,

and it had in a way given him

i to mu je dalo

a reason to wake up in the morning,

razlog da se ujutro budi

and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up

i zapravo mu je to dalo toliko razloga da se

that he decided not to sleep.

budi da je odlučio ne spavati.

He became extremely protective of these bunnies,

Postao je krajnje zaštitnički nastrojen prema zečićima,

and he stopped sleeping,

prestao je spavati,

and he would sort of nod off

i znao je zadrijemati dok se

while trying to take care of them.

pokušavao brinuti za njih.

In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate

Bio je toliko zaštitnički nastrojen i nježan

with these babies that the sanctuary

da mu je sklonište na kraju moralo

eventually had to take them away from him

oduzeti zečiće jer je bio

because he was so protective, he was worried

toliko zaštitnički nastrojen da se

that their mother might hurt them.

bojao da će im njihova majka nauditi.

So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff

Nakon što su ih oduzeli, osoblje

worried that he would fall into a depression,

se brinulo da će pasti u depresiju

and so to avoid that,

i kako bi to izbjegli,

they gave him another rabbit friend.

dali su mu drugog zeca.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

My official opinion is that he does not look depressed.

Moje službeno mišljenje glasi: ne izgleda depresivno.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So one thing that I would really like people to feel

Želim da se ljudi

is that you really should feel empowered

uistinu osjećaju

to make some assumptions

sposobno praviti pretpostavke

about the creatures that you know well.

o stvorenjima koje dobro poznaju.

So when it comes to your dog

Bilo da se radi o vašem psu,

or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey

mački ili jednorukom majmunu

that you happen to know,

kojeg poznajete,

if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,

ukoliko mislite da su traumatizirani ili depresivni,

you're probably right.

vjerojatno ste u pravu.

This is extremely anthropomorphic,

Ovo je krajnje antropomorfno,

or the assignation of human characteristics

odnosno pridaju se ljudske osobine

onto non-human animals or things.

nečovjekolikim životinjama ili stvarima.

I don't think, though, that that's a problem.

Ja mislim da to nije problem.

I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.

Mislim da ne možemo ne antropomorfizirati.

It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head

Nije da možemo uzeti svoj ljudski mozak iz glave

and put it in a jar and then use it

i pohraniti ga u staklenku i koristiti ga

to think about another animal thinking.

da razmišljamo o razmišljanju druge životinje.

We will always be one animal wondering

Uvijek ćemo biti jedna životinja koja se pita

about the emotional experience of another animal.

o emocionalnim iskustvima druge životinje.

So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well?

Kako dobro antropomorfizirati?

Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?

Ili loše?

And anthropomorphizing poorly

A loše antropomorfiziranje jako

is all too common.

je često.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding,

Može uključivati kostimiranje korgija za vjenčanje

or getting too close to exotic wildlife because

ili pretjerano približavanje divljim životinjama s kojima

you believe that you had a spiritual connection.

mislite da ste duhovno povezani.

There's all manner of things.

Ima svakakvih stvari.

Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based

Vjerujem da se dobro antropomorfiziranje temelji na

on accepting our animal similarities with other species

prihvaćanju naših životinjskih sličnosti s drugim vrstama

and using them to make assumptions

i njihova upotreba u stvaranju informiranih pretpostavki o

that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences,

umovima drugih životinja i njihovim iskustvima.

and there's actually an entire industry

Postoji cijela industrija

that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,

utemeljena na dobrom antropomorfiziranju,

and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.

a to je psihofarmaceutska industrija.

One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,

Svaki peti Amerikanac trenutno koristi neki psihoaktivni lijek,

from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications

od antidepresiva, lijekova protiv anksioznosti

to the antipsychotics.

pa sve do antipsihotika.

It turns out that we owe this

Ispada da za cijeli ovaj

entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal

arsenal psihoaktivnih lijekova možemo

to other animals.

zahvaliti drugim životinjama.

These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,

Ovi su lijekovi najprije testirani na nečovjekolikim životinjama,

and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.

i to ne samo na toksičnost već i na posljedice u ponašanju.

The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine

Popularan antipsihotik Thorazine

first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.

opuštao je štakore prije no što su ljudi došli na red.

The antianxiety medication Librium

Librium, lijek protiv anksioznosti,

was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s

u 50-ima je davan mačkama izabranima po kriteriju "zloće"

and made them into peaceable felines.

kako bi ih pretvorio u miroljubive mace.

And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.

Čak su i antidepresivi najprije testirani na zečevima.

Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs

Kako bilo, u današnje vrijeme ove lijekove ne dajemo

to other animals as test subjects,

drugim životinjama samo radi testiranja

but they're giving them these drugs as patients,

već i radi njihova liječenja,

both in ethical and much less ethical ways.

i na etičke i na neetičke načine.

SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications

SeaWorld daje majkama orkama lijekove protiv anksioznosti

when their calves are taken away.

kada im odvode mlade.

Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics

Mnogim se gorilama u ZOO-u daju antipsihotici

and antianxiety medications.

i lijekovi protiv anksioznosti.

But dogs like my own Oliver

Ali psima poput mog Olivera

are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications

daju se antidepresivi i neki lijekovi protiv anksioznosti

to keep them from jumping out of buildings

kako ne bi skakali sa zgrada ili

or jumping into traffic.

u promet.

Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"

Nedavno je u časopisu "Science" izašla studija koja je pokazala

that showed that even crawdads

da lijekovi protiv anksioznosti

responded to antianxiety medication.

djeluju čak i na slatkovodne rakove.

It made them braver, less skittish,

Od njih su bili hrabriji, manje ćudljivi i

and more likely to explore their environment.

skloniji istraživanju okoliša.

It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs,

Teško je znati koliko je životinja na ovim lijekovima,

but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry

ali mogu vam reći da je životinjska farmaceutska industrija

is immense and growing,

ogromna i u porastu,

from seven billion dollars in 2011

od 7 milijardi dolara u 2011. g.

to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.

do projiciranih 9.25 milijardi do kraja 2015. godine.

Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.

Neke su životinje na ovim lijekovima na neodređeno.

Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee

Druge, poput jedne patuljaste čimpanze iz ZOO-a u Milwaukeeu

at the zoo there was on them

bio je na njima sve dok

until he started to save his Paxil prescription

nije počeo čuvati svoje tabletice Paxila

and then distribute it among the other bonobos.

i dijeliti ih drugim patuljastim čimpanzama.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,

Osim psihofarmaceutika

there are many, many, many other

postoje i mnoge, mnoge, mnoge druge

therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.

terapeutske intervencije koje pomažu drugim životinjama.

And here is a place where I think actually

Mislim da je baš to ono

that veterinary medicine can teach something

čemu veterinarska medicina

to human medicine,

može poučiti onu ljudsku,

which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,

ukoliko odvedemo psa koji

compulsively chasing his tail,

kompulzivno hvata vlastiti rep

into the veterinary behaviorist,

kod veterinarskog biheviorista,

their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad;

oni se neće odmah uhvatiti pisanja recepta,

it's to ask you about your dog's life.

nego će pitati o životu vašeg psa.

They want to know how often your dog gets outside.

Zanimat će ih koliko često izlazi van.

They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting.

Ili koliko vježba.

They want to know how much social time

Ili koliko se druži

with other dogs and other humans.

s drugim psima i ljudima.

They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies,

Zanimat će ih kakve ste vrste terapija,

largely behavior therapies,

uglavnom bihevioralnih terapija,

you've tried with that animal.

isprobali na njemu.

Those are the things that often tend to help the most,

To su stvari koje su od najveće pomoći,

especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.

pogotovo kada se kombiniraju sa psihofarmaceuticima.

The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,

Ono što ja mislim da najviše pomaže

particularly with social animals,

pogotovo društvenim životinjama,

is time with other social animals.

jest druženje s drugim društvenim životinjama.

In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal

Osjećam se kao da sam postala uslužna životinja

to my own dog,

vlastitom psu.

and I have seen parrots do it for people

Vidjela sam papige koje to rade za ljude

and people do it for parrots

i ljude koji to rade za papige.

and dogs do it for elephants

Psi za slonove

and elephants do it for other elephants.

i slonovi za druge slonove.

I don't know about you;

Ne znam za vas, ali meni

I get a lot of Internet forwards

često prosljeđuju internetske stranice

of unlikely animal friendships.

neobičnih životinjskih prijateljstava.

I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,

Mislim da je za to uvelike zaslužan Facebook,

the monkey that adopts the cat

majmun koji usvaja mačku,

or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,

doga koja usvaja siroto lane,

or the cow that makes friends with the pig,

krava koja se sprijateljila sa svinjom.

and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these,

Da ste me pitali prije osam-devet godina što mislim o tome,

I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental

rekla bih vam da su to pretjerano sentimentalni

and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way

i možda čak i na loš način preantropomorfizirani primjeri,

and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now

a možda čak i iscenirani, a ono što vam sada mogu reći

is that there is actually something to this.

jest da ima nešto u ovome.

This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies

Ovo je stvarno. Štoviše, neke zanimljive studije

have pointed to oxytocin levels,

ističu razine oksitocina.

which are a kind of bonding hormone

To je vrsta "vezivnog hormona" koji

that we release when we're having sex or nursing

otpuštamo za vrijeme spolne aktivnosti ili dojenja

or around someone that we care for extremely,

ili u blizini nekoga do koga nam je iznimno stalo.

oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs

Razine oksitocina povećavaju se i kod ljudi i kod

who care about each other

pasa koji brinu jedno o drugom

or who enjoy each other's company,

ili uživaju u njihovu društvu.

and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin

Druge studije pokazuju da se razine oksitocina

raised even in other pairs of animals,

povećavaju i u drugih životinjskih parova.

so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other,

Primjerice, kod koza i pasa koji su bili prijatelji i koji su se zajedno igrali,

their levels spiked afterwards.

nakon toga razine su im naglo porasle.

I have a friend who really showed me that

Imam prijatelja koji mi je uistinu pokazao

mental health is in fact a two-way street.

da je mentalno zdravlje uistinu dvosmjerna ulica.

His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam.

Ime mu je Lonnie Hodge i on je vijetnamski veteran.

When he returned, he started working

Kad se vratio, počeo je raditi

with survivors of genocide and a lot of people

s osobama koje su preživjele genocid i s onima

who had gone through war trauma.

koji su doživjeli ratne traume.

And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,

Imao je PTSP i strah od visina jer se

because in Vietnam, he had been

u Vijetnamu unatraške spuštao

rappelling backwards out of helicopters

iz helikoptera,

over the skids,

preko skija za slijetanje.

and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle,

Dobio je Gandera, psa pomagača, križanca pudlice i labradora,

to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.

da mu pomogne nositi se s PTSP-om i strahom od visina.

This is them actually on the first day that they met,

Ovo je s dana njihovog prvog susreta,

which is amazing, and since then,

što je divno, i od tada su

they've spent a lot of time together

proveli puno vremena skupa

visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues.

posjećujući druge veterane koji pate od sličnih problema.

But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship

Ono što je meni posebno zanimljivo kod njihovog odnosa

is about a few months in,

jest to što je nakon nekoliko mjeseci

Gander actually developed a fear of heights,

Gander razvio strah od visina,

probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely.

vjerojatno zato što je tako pomno promatrao Lonnija.

What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog,

Odlično je to što je on još uvijek sjajan pas pomagač

because now, when they're both at a great height,

jer sada kada se oboje nađu na velikim visinama,

Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being

Lonnie je toliko zabrinut za Gandera da

that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.

zaboravi na vlastiti strah.

Since I've spent so much time with these stories,

Budući da sam toliko vremena provela među ovim pričama,

digging into archives,

kopajući po arhivima,

I literally spent years doing this research,

doslovno sam provela godine na ovom istraživanju,

and it's changed me.

to me je promijenilo.

I no longer look at animals at the species level.

Na životinje više ne gledam kao na vrstu.

I look at them as individuals,

Na njih gledam kao na pojedince,

and I think about them as creatures

a o njima razmišljam kao o bićima

with their own individual weather systems

s njihovim vlastitim vremenskim sustavima koji upravlja

guiding their behavior and informing

njihovim ponašanjem i informira

how they respond to the world.

o tome kako odgovaraju na svijet.

And I really believe that this has made me

Uistinu vjerujem da me je to učinilo

a more curious and a more empathetic person,

znatiželjnijom i empatičnijom osobom,

both to the animals that share my bed

i prema životinjama koje spavaju u mom krevetu

and occasionally wind up on my plate,

i povremeno mi skaču u tanjur,

but also to the people that I know

i prema ljudima za koje znam da

who are suffering from anxiety

pate od anksioznosti

and from phobias and all manner of other things,

i fobija i drugih stvari.

and I really do believe that

Uistinu vjerujem da

even though you can't know exactly

iako ne možemo znati što se točno

what's going on in the mind of a pig

mota glavom svinje ili

or your pug or your partner,

mopsa ili vašeg partnera,

that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them.

to vas ne bi trebalo omesti u suosjećanju s njima.

The best thing that we could do for our loved ones

Najbolja stvar koju možemo napraviti za svoje

is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.

voljene možda je da ih antropomorfiziramo.

Charles Darwin's father once told him

Darwinov otac jednom mu je rekao

that everybody could lose their mind at some point.

da svatko može izgubiti razum u određenom trenutku.

Thankfully, we can often find them again,

Srećom, često ga možemo ponovno pronaći,

but only with each other's help.

ali samo uz tuđu pomoć.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)