Depressed dogs, cats with OCD -- what animal madness means for us humans | Laurel Braitman

翻译人员: Xiaoxi Zheng 校对人员: Joyy Lyu

Oliver was an extremely dashing,

奥利弗是个劲头十足，

handsome, charming and largely unstable male

帅气、迷人而且非常不稳定的男性

that I completely lost my heart to.

我完全倾心于他。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

He was a Bernese mountain dog,

他是伯尔尼兹山地犬，

and my ex-husband and I adopted him,

我的前夫和我收养了他，

and about six months in,

差不多六个月之后，

we realized that he was a mess.

我们发现他一团糟。

He had such paralyzing separation anxiety

他患有麻痹性分离焦躁症

that we couldn't leave him alone.

我们根本不能留他独处。

Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.

有一次，他直接从我们公寓的三楼跳出去。

He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.

他吃布料，也吃回收物。

He hunted flies that didn't exist.

他捕捉不存在的苍蝇。

He suffered from hallucinations.

他深受幻觉困扰。

He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder

他被诊断过为“犬类强迫性障碍”

and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.

而这些还只是冰山一角而已。

But like with humans,

但是跟人类一样，

sometimes it's six months in

有时候六个月之后

before you realize that

你才发现

你爱的那个人有一些毛病

the person that you love has some issues.

(Laughter)

（笑）

And most of us do not take the person we're dating

但大部分人不会把约会对象

back to the bar where we met them

丢回我们刚认识的那个酒吧

或者还给那位介绍我们认识的朋友

or give them back to the friend that introduced us,

or sign them back up on Match.com.

又或者把他们重新注册回相亲网上

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We love them anyway,

不管怎样我们都爱他，

and we stick to it,

而且坚持爱下去。

and that is what I did with my dog.

我也这样对我的狗狗。

And I was a — I'd studied biology.

我学过生物学。

I have a Ph.D. in history of science

我是MIT的科学史博士

from MIT,

and had you asked me 10 years ago

如果十年前你问我

if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,

如果我爱的狗狗，或者狗这个群体

had emotions, I would have said yes,

有没有情绪，我会告诉你“有”。

but I'm not sure that I would have told you

但我不确定是否会告诉你

that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,

他们也会患焦虑症、

a Prozac prescription and a therapist.

吃百忧解（一种治疗精神抑郁的药物）、看治疗师。

But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,

但我坠入了爱河，然后发现他们有种种问题，

and actually trying to help my own dog

而帮助我自己的狗狗

克服他的恐慌和焦虑，

overcome his panic and his anxiety,

it just changed my life.

也改变了我的生活，

It cracked open my world.

打开了我的世界。

And I spent the last seven years, actually,

我在过去的七年

looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.

探究了其他动物的精神疾病。

Can they be mentally ill like people,

他们会像人一样患精神疾病吗？

and if so, what does it mean about us?

如果会，这对我们意味着什么？

And what I discovered is that I do believe

然后我发现我相信

they can suffer from mental illness,

他们会受精神疾病折磨，

and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them

而且观看并试着辨认他们的精神疾病

often helps us be better friends to them

有助于我们成为更好的朋友

and also can help us better understand ourselves.

也能更好地了解自己。

让我们稍微聊聊诊断过程吧，

So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.

Many of us think that we can't know

很多人认为我们不可能知道

what another animal is thinking,

另一个动物在想什么，

的确如此，

and that is true,

but any of you in relationships —

但你们任何一个谈过恋爱的

at least this is my case —

至少就我而言

just because you ask someone that you're with

仅仅问了在一起的伴侣、父母和孩子，

or your parent or your child how they feel

他们感觉如何

doesn't mean that they can tell you.

不代表他们能告诉你。

They may not have words to explain

也许他们不会用语言解释自己的感觉。

what it is that they're feeling,

and they may not know.

亦或他们真的不清楚。

It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon

事实上这是最近的一个现象

that we feel that we have to talk to someone

我们以为，想了解对方的情绪困扰

to understand their emotional distress.

就必须跟他们聊聊。

Before the early 20th century,

在二十世纪早期之前，

physicians often diagnosed emotional distress

医师们经常仅仅靠观察

in their patients just by observation.

就诊断他们的病人。

It also turns out that thinking about

同时更没有费心思索过

mental illness in other animals

其他动物的精神疾病。

isn't actually that much of a stretch.

Most mental disorders in the United States

大多数美国人的精神障碍是

are fear and anxiety disorders,

恐惧和焦躁性障碍，

and when you think about it, fear and anxiety

但仔细想一想，

are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.

这两者实际上是极其有益的动物情绪。

Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous,

通常在危险的情况下 我们才会感到恐惧和焦躁，

and once we feel them,

we then are motivated to move away

一旦感受到它们，

我们就会受到刺激而远离危险。

from whatever is dangerous.

The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.

问题是，我们在不必要的时候 也会感受到恐惧和焦虑。

Mood disorders, too, may actually just be

“情绪障碍”实际上仅仅是

the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,

作为有感知动物的一种消极面

强制性障碍也是

and obsessive compulsive disorders also

一种健康动物行为的表现

are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing

which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.

它让你保持干净整洁。

这就进入了精神疾病领域

This tips into the territory of mental illness

when you do things like

compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,

当动物强迫地过度洗手或洗爪子，

or you develop a ritual that's so extreme

或发展出极端的仪式行为

that you can't sit down to a bowl of food

以至于心满意足之前

unless you engage in that ritual.

都不能坐下好好吃饭。

So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"

所以 对于人类我们有一本 《诊断与统计手册》

which is basically an atlas

这本册子主要收录了目前认可的精神障碍。

of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.

In other animals, we have YouTube.

而其它动物，我们有Youtube

(Laughter)

This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"

这只是搜索【强迫症狗】的结果

but I encourage all of you

但我鼓励你们所有人

to look at "OCD cat."

去搜一搜【强迫症猫】

You will be shocked by what you see.

你会被结果惊到的。

I'm going to show you just a couple examples.

在这我就分享一些例子

This is an example of shadow-chasing.

这是一直追影子的狗

I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.

我知道，这很好笑 在某个程度上还很可爱

The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this

问题是，狗狗有了这种强迫行为

that they then engage in all day.

就会一整天地重复下去。

So they won't go for a walk,

它们不去散步，

they won't hang out with their friends,

不跟朋友玩，

they won't eat.

也不吃饭。

They'll develop fixations

然后产生心理固着，

like chasing their tails compulsively.

比如强迫地追自己尾巴。

Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.

这里有只猫叫 【吉斯莫】，

He looks like he's on a stakeout

他看起来正在监视什么

but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.

但这一举动每天会持续若干小时

He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw

他就坐在那，用前爪一直，一直，一直摆弄百叶窗

at the screen.

This is another example of what's considered

这是另外一个重复行为

a stereotypic behavior.

This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.

这是一只在【奥克兰】动物园的 马来熊 名为 【听听】，

然而如果你刚好看到这个画面，

And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,

you might think that Ting Ting

is just playing with a stick,

你可能会觉得【听听】

只是在玩树枝，

but Ting Ting does this all day,

但【 听听】 一整天就这样，

and if you pay close attention

如果你们仔细看

and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip,

再等这半个小时的视频放完，

you'd see that he does the exact same thing

会注意到它每次都做着同一动作，

in the exact same order, and he spins the stick

以同一顺序和同一方式转那个树枝，

in the exact same way every time.

Other super common behaviors that you may see,

其他非常常见的行为，

particularly in captive animals,

尤其是笼子里的动物，

are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,

有固定的踱步行为

或摇摆行为

事实上我们人类也一样

and actually, humans do this too,

and in us, we'll sway,

我们会摆动，

we'll move from side to side.

从这边挪到那边。

Many of us do this, and sometimes

我们很多人这么做

其实是一种放松方式，

it's an effort to soothe ourselves,

and I think in other animals that is often the case too.

而且我相信其他动物也是如此。

But it's not just stereotypic behaviors

但他们不止重复行为

that other animals engage in.

This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives

她是【吉吉】。

住在波士顿【富兰克林】动物园的母猩猩。

at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,

她有一个来自哈弗的精神医师

and she's been treated for a mood disorder

帮她治疗她的情绪病和其他问题。

among other things.

Many animals develop mood disorders.

很多动物都会有情绪障碍，

很多动物，比如这只马

Lots of creatures —

this horse is just one example —

develop self-destructive behaviors.

有自残行为。

They'll gnaw on things

他们会乱咬东西

or do other things that may also soothe them,

虽然是在放松心情，

even if they're self-destructive,

但本质上在自我伤害

which could be considered similar

就像有些人割伤自己

to the ways that some humans cut themselves.

Plucking.

还有拔毛！

Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,

原来，只要你有皮毛，羽毛，或皮肤

you can pluck yourself compulsively,

你就可能强迫性地拔毛，

and some parrots actually have been studied

人们通过研究鹦鹉

to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,

试图找出人类【拔毛癖】 或强迫性拔毛的原因。

something that affects

一个正在困扰两千万美国人的问题。

20 million Americans right now.

实验室的老鼠也拔自己的毛。

Lab rats pluck themselves too.

In them, it's called barbering.

这在它们看来是“理发”。

Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan

从伊拉克和阿富汗冲突退役的犬类

are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD,

回来后被发现 患有【犬类创伤后症候群】，

and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life

当它们被调回来后

它们很难回到正常的生活。

when they come back from deployments.

They can be too scared to approach men with beards

它们会害怕接近留胡子的人

or to hop into cars.

或不敢跳进车内。

在这里我想谨慎地澄清，

I want to be careful and be clear, though.

I do not think that canine PTSD

我不认为犬类的【创伤后症候群】

is the same as human PTSD.

跟人类的是一回事。

But I also do not think that my PTSD

但我同样不认为

我的【创伤症候群】和你的一样，

is like your PTSD,

or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.

或我的焦虑和悲伤跟你的一样。

We are all different.

我们都是不同的。

We also all have very different susceptibilities.

会有非常不同的承易受性。

So two dogs, raised in the same household,

比如两只狗在一个家庭里长大，

exposed to the very same things,

接触相同的环境，

one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles,

一只可能对摩托车产生强烈畏惧，

或对微波炉的【叮】声感到恐惧，

or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,

and another one is going to be just fine.

而另一只可能就很正常。

So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:

有件事很多人经常问我：

Is this just an instance of humans

会不会是因为人类把动物逼疯了，

driving other animals crazy?

Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse?

或者，动物的精神问题 是被虐待的结果？

And it turns out we're actually

而事实其实比这更复杂

so much more complicated than that.

So one great thing that has happened to me

最近我遇到的一件好事

is recently I published a book on this,

自从出版了这方面的书之后

我每天打开电子邮箱

and every day now that I open my email

or when I go to a reading

或者去一些 读书会

or even when I go to a cocktail party,

又只是或者去一些酒会，

people tell me their stories

人们都爱告诉我

of the animals that they have met.

他们见过的动物的故事。

And recently, I did a reading in California,

最近，我在加州去了一个读书会，

and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said,

然后在结束时 一个女人举起手 告诉我

"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."

“布莱曼博士，我觉得我的猫患有【创伤后症候群】。”

And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."

然后我就说：“嗯，怎么说？多告诉我一点。”

So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,

她的猫叫【萍】。她是被救出来的，

and she used to live with an elderly man,

她之前跟一位老人家住在一起，

and one day the man was vacuuming

而一天那个人就在吸尘

and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.

然后他突然心脏病发，过世了。

A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment

一个星期后，人们在公寓里被发现【萍】

alongside the body of her owner,

在她主人的尸体旁，

and the vacuum had been running the entire time.

而吸尘器就这么一直开着。

For many months, up to I think two years after that incident,

很多个月之后，直到事发后整整两年，

每次家里有人在做卫生她都非常惊恐， 不能呆在家。

she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning.

She was quite literally a scaredy cat.

是一只名副其实的胆小猫

She would hide in the closet.

她会躲在衣橱里，

她不自信，全身发抖，

She was un-self-confident and shaky,

but with the loving support of her family,

但那家人付出了爱，时间和耐心

a lot of a time, and their patience,

now, three years later,

现在，三年后，

she's actually a happy, confident cat.

它变成一只自信又幸福的猫。

Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across

我遇到的另一个从创伤恢复的故事

was actually a few years ago.

是几年前。

I was in Thailand to do some research.

我在泰国做一些研究。

I met a monkey named Boonlua,

我碰到一只猴子名叫【布鲁纳】，

在布鲁纳很小的时候，

and when Boonlua was a baby,

he was attacked by a pack of dogs,

被一群狗攻击了，

and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,

它们扯掉了他的双腿和一条手臂，

然后布鲁纳把自己拖到了一个寺院，

and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,

where the monks took him in.

一个和尚把他带了进去。

They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds.

把他交给兽医治疗伤口。

Eventually, Boonlua wound up

最后布鲁纳去了一个大象收容所，

at an elephant facility,

and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing,

饲养员决定把他留下，

and they figured out what he liked,

还发现他喜欢【薄荷味曼妥思】、独角仙和蛋。

which, it turned out, was mint Mentos

and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.

But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely,

但他们很担心，因为他喜社交却也很孤独，

and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey,

他们不想把他跟其他猴子放在一起，

because they thought with just one arm,

因为他们觉得，

he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.

一只手臂的它根本无法自卫，甚至根本不能一起玩耍。

And so they gave him a rabbit,

然后，他们就给了它只兔子，

布鲁纳瞬间就变了。

and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.

He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.

它很喜欢跟这只兔子腻在一起。

They groomed each other, they become close friends,

它们帮彼此梳毛， 成为了很亲密的朋友，

and then the rabbit had bunnies,

然后这只兔子生了宝宝，

and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,

而布鲁纳比之前更快乐，

and it had in a way given him

这给了他早晨起床的动力，

a reason to wake up in the morning,

and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up

实际上动力太足他干脆不睡了。

that he decided not to sleep.

他对兔宝宝有极强的保护欲，

He became extremely protective of these bunnies,

and he stopped sleeping,

他不睡觉了

and he would sort of nod off

结果在照顾兔宝宝时坐着打瞌睡，

while trying to take care of them.

In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate

实际上他的保护欲太强，

with these babies that the sanctuary

收容所不得不把它们分开

eventually had to take them away from him

because he was so protective, he was worried

因为他保护欲过强，

that their mother might hurt them.

甚至担心兔妈妈会伤害它们。

So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff

所以当兔宝宝被拿走后，

worried that he would fall into a depression,

收容所的员工们担心它会沮丧，

and so to avoid that,

为了避免这样，

they gave him another rabbit friend.

又给了他另外一直兔子朋友。

(Laughter)

｛笑~~）

My official opinion is that he does not look depressed.

我的专业意见是 它看起来完全不消沉。

(Laughter)

（笑~~）

So one thing that I would really like people to feel

所以 有一件事我很想让很多人知道，

is that you really should feel empowered

你们其实被赋予了

to make some assumptions

准确猜测你所熟悉的动物的能力

about the creatures that you know well.

So when it comes to your dog

所以， 当你自己的狗狗

or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey

或猫，又或者你认识的独臂猴

that you happen to know,

if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,

如果你觉得它们有创伤或消沉的话，

you're probably right.

你八成是对的。

This is extremely anthropomorphic,

他们可以被极端拟人化

or the assignation of human characteristics

即是说，其他生物或事物被赋予人类的特点。

onto non-human animals or things.

I don't think, though, that that's a problem.

但我不觉得 这是问题，

I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.

我们别无他法，只能拟人化

It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head

因为你不可能把人脑从脑袋里取出来

and put it in a jar and then use it

再放到一个罐子里

用来思考其他动物的思维。

to think about another animal thinking.

We will always be one animal wondering

我们永远会是一个动物

about the emotional experience of another animal.

好奇另外一个动物的精神体会。

So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well?

所以我们的选择是， 把拟人做得贴切

Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?

还是做得糟糕？

And anthropomorphizing poorly

而糟糕的拟人实在太常见了。

is all too common.

（笑~）

(Laughter)

It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding,

装扮你的【威尔士矮脚狗】，让它们结婚，

or getting too close to exotic wildlife because

或跟野生动物靠的太近

you believe that you had a spiritual connection.

因为相信自己和它们灵魂相连什么的

There's all manner of things.

要拟人得贴切，

Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based

我认为是基于接受我们跟其他物种的相似之处

on accepting our animal similarities with other species

and using them to make assumptions

然后再用来做一些假设，

that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences,

使我们更了解其他动物的思维和经历，

and there's actually an entire industry

其实有一整个行业

that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,

基于贴切的拟人化，

and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.

那就是【精神药物】的行业。

One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,

有五分之一的美国人 正在服用精神药物，

from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications

从抗抑郁药 和抗焦虑的药物

to the antipsychotics.

到抗精神病药，

It turns out that we owe this

其实我们欠动物们

entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal

一整个精神药物行业。

to other animals.

These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,

这些药先在非人类动物身上测试，

and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.

而且并不止测毒性 还会观察对行为的影响。

The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine

一个非常常用的安定剂--【冬眠灵】

first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.

第一个“放松”的是老鼠，而不是人类。

【利眠宁】----- 抗焦虑的药物

The antianxiety medication Librium

was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s

在上世纪50年代喂给根据恶劣程度挑选出的猫

and made them into peaceable felines.

然后让它们变的听话又温顺。

And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.

还有一些抗抑郁药 首先在兔子身上测试。

今天，被喂药的动物不是测试对象

Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs

to other animals as test subjects,

but they're giving them these drugs as patients,

而是病人。

both in ethical and much less ethical ways.

出于道德和不道德的原因

SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications

美国【海洋世界】 在拿走【逆戟鲸】妈妈 的宝宝之后

喂给她抗焦虑药物。

when their calves are taken away.

Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics

很多动物园的大猩猩都会被喂精神病药

and antianxiety medications.

和抗焦虑药。

But dogs like my own Oliver

而狗狗，像我的【奥利弗】一样

are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications

吃抗抑郁药和 抗焦虑药

to keep them from jumping out of buildings

是为了防止它们从楼房里跳出去，

or jumping into traffic.

或 跳进车来车往的交通。

Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"

最近，一篇在【科学】杂志发表的一项研究

that showed that even crawdads

表明，连 喇蛄（一种淡水小龙虾）

responded to antianxiety medication.

也会对抗焦虑药有反应。

It made them braver, less skittish,

药物让它们更勇敢，不那么惊慌，

and more likely to explore their environment.

并且更容易让它们勘察它们的环境。

It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs,

很难知道有多少动物 在服用这些药物，

but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry

但我可以告诉你 动物制药业很强大

is immense and growing,

且还在发展。

from seven billion dollars in 2011

从2011年的70忆美金，

to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.

到2015年预估的92.5忆

有些动物会无限期服用这些药物，

Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.

Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee

还有些，比如【密尔沃基】动物园的黑猩猩

at the zoo there was on them

本来一直服用 【帕罗西汀（抗抑郁药】

until he started to save his Paxil prescription

直到他把药藏起来，并且分给其他黑猩猩

and then distribute it among the other bonobos.

(Laughter) (Applause)

就停用了

{笑~~｝

More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,

除了精神药物以外，

there are many, many, many other

市面是上还有很多 很多

therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.

为动物治疗的方案。

And here is a place where I think actually

而这里，我认为是人类药学可以向

that veterinary medicine can teach something

to human medicine,

兽类药学学习的地方。

which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,

就拿你的狗来说，

compulsively chasing his tail,

他可能不停地追自己的尾巴，

into the veterinary behaviorist,

见了【动物行为学家】，

their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad;

而他的第一反应 不是去拿处方药方；

it's to ask you about your dog's life.

而是问问你，你家狗狗的生活。

They want to know how often your dog gets outside.

他们想知道你的狗室外活动频率，

They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting.

有多少体育锻炼的时间，

They want to know how much social time

有多少和其他狗和人社交的时间。

with other dogs and other humans.

他们想了解

They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies,

你为你的狗狗试过多少行为治疗方案。

largely behavior therapies,

you've tried with that animal.

这些就是最能 帮助狗狗的方式，

Those are the things that often tend to help the most,

especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.

特别是跟 药物相结合。

The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,

而我相信最能帮助

particularly with social animals,

社交性动物的是

is time with other social animals.

花时间在其他社交性动物上。

In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal

很多时候，我都觉得我成了为自家狗狗服务的动物

to my own dog,

我见过鹦鹉为人类服务，

and I have seen parrots do it for people

and people do it for parrots

也见过人类为鹦鹉服务，

and dogs do it for elephants

狗狗为大象服务

and elephants do it for other elephants.

然后大象再为其他大象服务。

I don't know about you;

我不知道你，

I get a lot of Internet forwards

但我在网上受邀转发

很多动物之间不可思议的友谊

of unlikely animal friendships.

I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,

我还认为这组成了【脸书（FB）】 的很大一部分，

the monkey that adopts the cat

猴子收养了猫

or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,

或是【大丹犬】收养了失去双亲的鹿宝宝，

or the cow that makes friends with the pig,

又或是奶牛跟猪成了朋友，

and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these,

如果你八、九年前问我 这些故事的话，

I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental

我会告诉你这些太感情用事了，

and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way

或是用错误的方式过于拟人化

and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now

甚至是表演出来的

但现在我能告诉你，动物之间是真情实感。

is that there is actually something to this.

这是真的。事实上，有些有趣的研究表明，

This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies

have pointed to oxytocin levels,

【催产素】，一个社交产生的荷尔蒙

which are a kind of bonding hormone

that we release when we're having sex or nursing

会在我们性交，养育宝宝，

or around someone that we care for extremely,

或是在极其喜爱的人身边会产生，

oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs

【催产素】水平会在

彼此关心和愿意陪伴的人和狗身体里上升，

who care about each other

or who enjoy each other's company,

不止这些，其他研究还表明【催产素】

and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin

raised even in other pairs of animals,

在其他组合动物身体里也会上升。

so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other,

所以，山羊和狗狗成为朋友，一起玩耍后，

their levels spiked afterwards.

它们的【催产素】水平会达到一次高峰

我有个朋友向我展示了

I have a friend who really showed me that

mental health is in fact a two-way street.

精神疾病其实是双向的。

His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam.

他的名字叫【朗尼·何举】， 他是越南战争回来的老兵。

When he returned, he started working

他回来后，

开始跟【种族屠杀】幸存者

with survivors of genocide and a lot of people

和其他有战争创伤的人一起工作

who had gone through war trauma.

And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,

他有【战后创伤症候群】并且他还恐高，

because in Vietnam, he had been

因为在越南，

他经常从直升机上反向绕绳下降，

rappelling backwards out of helicopters

over the skids,

and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle,

然后他就有了只服务犬 叫【甘德】，一只【拉布拉多贵宾犬】

to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.

帮助他克服创伤后遗症和恐高。

This is them actually on the first day that they met,

这是它们第一次碰面，非常愉快，

which is amazing, and since then,

从那以后，

they've spent a lot of time together

他们会花很多时间

visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues.

拜访其他有相同问题的老兵。

But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship

但引起我兴趣的是 【朗尼】和【甘德】的关系

is about a few months in,

在认识几个月后，

Gander actually developed a fear of heights,

【甘德】开始恐高，

可能是因为他近距离观察了朗尼

probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely.

What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog,

这很了不起，它还是只很赞的服务犬，

because now, when they're both at a great height,

因为现在，如果他们同时站在高处

Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being

【朗尼】因为过于担心【甘德】的安全

that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.

甚至忘记了自己恐高。

Since I've spent so much time with these stories,

自从我花这么多时间在这些故事上，

digging into archives,

钻研归档，

I literally spent years doing this research,

我花了很多年来做这份研究，

and it's changed me.

这真的 改变了我。

I no longer look at animals at the species level.

我再也不会从物种层面来看动物，

I look at them as individuals,

我把它们看成独立的个体，

and I think about them as creatures

然后待它们为有独立内在系统的生物

with their own individual weather systems

guiding their behavior and informing

引领着它们的行为，告知它们如何回应这世界。

how they respond to the world.

And I really believe that this has made me

我相信这让我

变成了一个更好奇、更赋有同情心的人，

a more curious and a more empathetic person,

both to the animals that share my bed

不管是跟我睡一张床

and occasionally wind up on my plate,

偶尔还跟我抢饭的动物

but also to the people that I know

还是我认识的

who are suffering from anxiety

有焦躁症、恐惧症、或者其他病症的人们，

and from phobias and all manner of other things,

and I really do believe that

我真的相信

even though you can't know exactly

就算你不可能明确了解

what's going on in the mind of a pig

一只猪、哈巴狗或是你伴侣的

脑子里到底在想什么，

or your pug or your partner,

that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them.

这也不应该阻止你理解他们

我们给所爱对象最好的礼物

The best thing that we could do for our loved ones

is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.

也许就是【拟人化】他们。

Charles Darwin's father once told him

【查尔斯·达尔文】的父亲曾告诉他

that everybody could lose their mind at some point.

所有人都可能在某一刻失去理智，

Thankfully, we can often find them again,

值得感激的是，我们常常能找回理智，

but only with each other's help.

但需要彼此的帮助。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)