Secrets of the mind and free will -- revealed by magic tricks | Alice Pailhès

Prevodilac: Sandra Zerjal Lektor: Ivana Korom

Alright.

Dobro.

I'd like to start with a small imagination exercise.

Volela bih da počnem malom vežbom imaginacije.

Imagine you're sitting at this table, facing me right now.

Zamislite da sedite za ovim stolom, prekoputa mene.

Now, I'm going to ask you to push one of these cards towards me.

Sada ću vas zamoliti da gurnete jednu od ovih karata ka meni.

So please imagine yourself pushing one of these cards towards me.

Zato molim vas zamislite da gurate jednu od ovih karata ka meni.

OK, so take the number matching the card you pushed

OK, uzmite broj koji odgovara karti koju ste gurnuli

and remember it -- it's important for later.

i zapamtite ga - to je važno je za kasnije.

Now, I'm going to flip through this deck of cards

Sada, prelistaću ovaj špil karata

and ask you to choose a card that you will see in the deck.

i zamoliti vas da izaberete kartu koju ćete videti u špilu.

Are you ready?

Jeste li spremni?

Alright, now that you have your card in mind,

Dobro, sada kada imate kartu u glavi,

add the value of your card to your previous number.

dodajte vrednost te karte vašem prethodnom broju.

For example, if you chose the six of clubs, add six,

Na primer, ako ste izabrali šesticu tref, dodajte šest,

if it's an ace, add one,

ako je As, dodajte jedan,

and take 11 for any picture cards.

i uzmite 11 za bilo koju kartu sa slikom.

Have you got your final number in mind?

Imate li vas konačan broj u glavi?

Perfect.

Savršeno.

So please take the item matching your final number.

Molim vas izaberite pojam koji odgovara vašem konačnom broju.

Now, here's what's funny.

Sada, evo šta je zabavno.

There are going to be a lot of people watching this video,

Biće puno ljudi koji gledaju ovaj video,

and you all have different quirks with different preferences.

i svi vi imate različite osobenosti i različite preferencije.

And yet,

A ipak,

the vast majority of you right now is thinking about a kiwi,

velika većina vas upravo razmišlja o kiviju,

or, if you're left-handed, probably a corn on the cob.

ili, ukoliko ste levoruki verovatno o klipu kukuruza.

Yes, I just tricked you.

Da, upravo sam vas zavarala.

And I used your psychological biases

I iskoristila sam vaše psihološke predrasude

to influence both of your decisions.

kako bih uticala na obe vaše odluke.

I work in the MAGIC Lab

Radim u MAGIC laboratoriji

at Goldsmiths University of London,

na londonskom Goldsmit Univerzitetu,

which is not only a place where we make assistants vanish,

koji nije samo mesto gde pravimo da nam asistenti nestaju,

but where we use magic tricks to study psychological processes,

nego koristimo mađioničarske trikove da bismo proučavali psihološke procese,

such as attention, perception, deception and free will.

kao što su pažnja, percepcija, obmana i slobodna volja.

I am fascinated by the subtle factors that influence our choices,

Fascinirana sam suptilnim faktorima koji utiču na nase izbore,

and how understanding our flaws can give us back some power.

i kako nam razumevanje naših mana može povratiti nešto moći.

Magic tricks provide a powerful tool to investigate this,

Mađioničarski trikovi pružaju moćan alat za istraživanje ovoga,

and our experiments have shown that.

i naši eksperimenti su to pokazali.

First, we humans tend to go for the easiest decisions.

Prvo, mi ljudi težimo da idemo za najlakšim odlukama.

With the card trick I did,

Trikom koji sam izvela sa kartama

most people tend to choose the card that I want them to choose,

većina ljudi je izabrala kartu koju sam ja želela da izaberu,

because I'm presenting it a bit longer than the others.

jer sam je prezentovala malo duže od ostalih.

And it becomes the easiest option for your brain.

I ona je postala najlakši izbor za vas mozak,

In our case,

U našem slučaju,

the majority of you probably chose the ten of hearts, right?

većina vas je verovatno izabrala desetku srce, je l' tačno?

And a lot of other tricks are based on this principle

I mnogo drugih trikova je zasnovano na ovom principu

of easy decision.

jednostavnih odluka.

Because magicians are very aware

Zato što su mađioničari veoma svesni

that our brain, not to say "we," tends to be a bit lazy.

da naš mozak, da ne kažemo "mi", teži da bude pomalo lenj.

The exercise we did with the four cards is also a good example of this.

Vežba koju smo uradili sa četiri karte je, takođe, dobar primer za ovo.

It's based on another trick I investigated,

Zasnovana je na drugom triku koji sam proučavala,

where I ask participants to physically push

gde sam učesnicima tražila da fizički gurnu

one of the four cards towards me.

jednu od četiri karte ka meni.

We found that around 60 percent of people choose the third card from the left,

Otkrili smo da oko 60 procenata ljudi izabere treću kartu sleva,

and if they were left-handed,

a ako su levoruki,

they typically chose the second card from the left.

uobičajeno izaberu drugu kartu zdesna.

This is based on the easy-option principle again,

Ovo je ponovo zasnovano na principu jednostavnih opcija,

because the card that most people choose

jer kartu koju većina ljudi izabere

is the most easy to reach by the dominant hand.

je najjednostavnije dohvatiti dominantnom rukom.

So, I knew that most of you

Dakle, znala sam da će većina vas

would end up with one of these two numbers,

završiti sa jednim od ova dva broja,

and this allowed me to estimate

i to mi je omogućilo da procenim

the two most probable things you would end up with.

dve najverovatnije stvari sa kojima ćete vi završiti.

But this is not just about magic.

Ali ovde se ne radi samo o magiji.

It's also about how we are influenced in our day-to-day lives.

Takođe se radi o tome kako se na nas utiče u svakodnevnom životu.

You know, stories and politicians

Znate, priče i političari

play with your mind as well, all the time,

igraju se vašim mozgom sve vreme,

because they also know that we tend to choose and like

jer i oni znaju da smo skloni da biramo i da nam se sviđa

what's easily grabbed or seen.

ono što je lako dostupno ili vidljivo.

For instance, when you are in a store,

Na primer, kada ste u prodavnici,

choosing a bottle of wine or a bag of rice

birate flašu vina ili pakovanje pirinča

among many lined up on vertical shelves,

između mnoštva poređanog na rafovima,

your first instinct is to look

vas prvi instikt je da gledate

only at the ones that are on the shelves in front of your eyes, right?

samo one koji su na policama ispred vaših očiju, zar ne?

It's easier and requires less effort.

Jednostavnije je i zahteva manje truda.

Did you know that many brands actually negotiate

Da li ste znali da mnoge robne marke zapravo pregovaraju

to be at eye-level on grocery store shelves

da budu u "zoni oka" na policama u prodavnicama

because of that easy-option principle?

zbog tog principa jednostavnih opcija?

And this is a tactic that many politicians use.

A to je i taktika koju koriste mnogi političari.

When information is right in front of our eyes on social media,

Kada je informacija tačno ispred naših očiju na društvenim mrežama,

it's easily accessible,

pristupačna je,

and it absolutely affects our voting behaviors.

i apsolutno utiče na naše glasačko ponašanje.

Political outcomes, such as the Brexit referendum

Politički ishodi, kao referendum o Bregzitu

or the American election in 2016,

ili američki izbori 2016,

were heavily influenced by targeted advertising,

bili su pod jakim uticajem ciljanog oglašavanja,

making some information,

čineći neke informacije,

which was not necessarily truthful,

koje nisu nužno bile istinite,

disproportionately easily accessible and visible to specific audiences

nesrazmerno lako dostupnim i vidljivim određenoj publici

to influence their votes.

kako bi uticali na njihove glasove.

But here is the good news.

Ali evo i dobre vesti.

Some simple factors have an impact on how influencible we are.

Neki jednostavni faktori imaju uticaj na to koliko smo podložni uticaju.

In an experiment using the trick with the four cards,

U eksperimentu sa trikom sa četiri karte,

we found that explicitly informing participants

otkrili smo da jasno informisanje učesnika

that they have a choice

da imaju izbor

can actually lead them to make more deliberate decisions,

zapravo može da ih navede da donesu promišljenije odluke,

as opposed to behaving in the way we are trying to make them behave.

za razliku od ponašanja na način na koji mi pokušavamo da se oni ponašaju.

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

I either simply asked participants to push one of the cards,

ja ili jednostavno tražim učesnicima da gurnu jednu od karata,

or I said,

ili kažem,

"Choose a card, and then push it."

"izaberite kartu, a onda je gurnite."

And when asked to choose a card,

Kada su zamoljeni da izaberu kartu,

the percentage of people who impulsively chose the most reachable one

procenat ljudi koji je impulsivno izabrao najdostupniju kartu

dropped from 60 to 35 percent.

opao je sa 60 na 35 procenata.

So, it seems that when we are reminded that we have control over our choices,

Dakle, izgleda da kada se podsetimo da imamo kontrolu nad svojim izborima

and know that our actions matter,

i znamo da su naše akcije bitne,

as opposed to acting without thinking,

nasuprot akcijama bez razmišljanja,

we can actually make more personal decisions

možemo zapravo doneti ličnije odluke

and are less easily influenced.

i manje smo podložni uticaju.

Let me show you another trick,

Dozvolite da vam pokažem još jedan trik,

invented by a British mentalist Derren Brown,

koji je osmislio britanski iluzionista Deren Braun,

to make my point.

da bih iznela poentu.

This one uses what's called "priming" in psychology.

Ovaj koristi takozvani "prajming" (pripremanje), u psihologiji.

Priming happens when exposure to something

Prajming se dešava kada izlaganje nečemu

influences your thoughts and behavior later on,

utiče na vaše misli i ponašanje kasnije,

without you being aware

a da niste svesni

that the first thing is guiding you to a certain extent.

da vas prva stvar vodi do određene mere.

The trick is usually done in a more intimate context,

Trik se obično izvodi u intimnijem okruženju,

where I would be directly facing you,

gde bih bila direktno okrenuta vama

but we'll give it a try together.

ali pokušaćemo zajedno.

Just focus on me as best as you can,

Samo se fokusirajte na mene najbolje što možete,

but do not let me influence your choice.

ali ne dozvolite da utičem na vaš izbor.

I'm going to try and mentally transmit the identity of a playing card

Pokušaću da prenesem mentalno identitet karte

I'm thinking of.

o kojoj mislim.

Are you ready?

Jeste li spremni?

OK, so first make the color bright and vivid.

OK, kao prvo napravite svetle i žive boje.

Imagine a screen in your mind,

Zamislite ekran u svojoj glavi,

and on the screen, the little numbers, low down in the corners of the cards,

i na ekranu, male brojeve, nisko u uglovima karata,

and then in the top of the cards.

a zatim u vrhu karata.

And then the things in the middle,

A zatim u sredini,

in the center of the cards,

u centru karata,

the boom, boom, boom, the suits.

bum, bum, bum, znak.

Did you get it?

Da li uspeli?

OK, so I'm going to bet that the majority of you

OK, kladiću se da je većina vas

thought about the three of diamonds,

mislila o trojki karo,

but chose another card, right?

ali izabrala drugu kartu, je l' tako?

As you might have noticed,

Kao što ste možda primetili,

I heavily tried to influence your choice with my gestures

jako sam se trudila da utičem na vaš izbor svojom gestikulacijom

while giving you the instructions.

dok sam vam davala instrukcije.

By studying this trick,

Izučavajuci ovaj trik,

we found that around 18 percent of people choose the three of diamonds,

ustanovili smo da oko 18 procenata ljudi izabere trojku karo,

and nearly 40 percent choose the three of any suit,

i oko 40 procenata izabere trojku u bilo kom znaku,

while being completely oblivious of the fact I was manipulating them.

potpuno nesvesni činjenice da sam njima manipulisala.

So what happened here?

Dakle, šta se ovde dogodilo?

Because you were aware

Pošto ste bili svesni

that I was trying to influence your choice,

da pokušavam da utičem na vaš izbor,

you probably paid more attention to what I was doing.

verovatno ste više pažnje obratili na to šta sam radila.

And this led the majority of you to choose more consciously

i to je većinu vas navelo da birate svesnije

than our participants who have no information

od naših učesnika koji nisu imali informaciju

about who I am, what I'm studying

o tome ko sam ja, šta proučavam

or what I'm trying to do with their minds.

ili šta pokušavam da uradim sa njihovim umovima.

So the thing is,

Dakle stvar je u tome,

in all of our experiments,

u svim našim eksperimentima,

we managed to heavily influence people's card choices,

uspevali smo da snažno utičemo na ljudski izbor karata

while they report feeling completely free and in control of their choice.

dok oni izveštavaju da se osećaju potpuno slobodno i kontrolišu svoje izbore.

And this lack of self-awareness

I taj nedostatak samosvesti

makes politicians, companies

čini političare, kompanije

and other people's influence all the more powerful,

i uticaj drugih ljudi moćnijim,

because we might think we are in control of our choice and beliefs

jer mi možemo misliti da imamo kontrolu nad našim izborima

when we are not.

kada je nemamo.

Politically or in our consumer behaviors,

U političkom ili u našem potrošačkom ponašanju,

if we don't pay attention,

ako ne obraćamo pažnu,

misleading content or showy ads can just trick our mind.

obmanjujući sadržaj i razmetljivi oglasi mogu samo da nas prevare.

What if, in our day-to-day lives,

Šta ako bismo, u našim svakodnevnim životima,

we would stop more often and consciously choose

češće zastali i svesno odabrali

before acting on this impulsive, reactive beast inside of us?

pre nego što se prepustimo ovoj impulsivnoj, reaktivnoj zveri u nama?

We can actually act more consciously

Mi zapravo možemo postupati svesnije

if we keep in mind

ako imamo na umu

that we have the capacity to be influenced.

da je na nas lako uticati.

Thank you.

Hvala.