Secrets of the mind and free will -- revealed by magic tricks | Alice Pailhès

Prevoditelj: Leona Grujić Recezent: Gordan Prakiš

Alright.

U redu.

I'd like to start with a small imagination exercise.

Željela bih započeti s malo vježbanja mašte.

Imagine you're sitting at this table, facing me right now.

Zamislite da sjedite za ovim stolom, nasuprot mene.

Now, I'm going to ask you to push one of these cards towards me.

Sada vas molim da gurnete jednu od ovih karata prema meni.

So please imagine yourself pushing one of these cards towards me.

Molim vas da zamislite da gurate jednu od ovih karata prema meni.

OK, so take the number matching the card you pushed

Ok, izaberite broj koji odgovara karti koju ste gurnuli

and remember it -- it's important for later.

i zapamtite ga - to će biti važno kasnije.

Now, I'm going to flip through this deck of cards

Sada ću proći kroz ovaj špil karata

and ask you to choose a card that you will see in the deck.

i molim vas da izaberete jednu kartu iz špila.

Are you ready?

Jeste li spremni?

Alright, now that you have your card in mind,

U redu, sada kad imate kartu na umu,

add the value of your card to your previous number.

dodajte vrijednost karte broju koji ste zapamtili.

For example, if you chose the six of clubs, add six,

Primjerice, ako izaberete pik šesticu, dodajte šest,

if it's an ace, add one,

ako izaberete as, dodajte jedan,

and take 11 for any picture cards.

a ako izaberete kartu sa slikom, dodajte jedanaest.

Have you got your final number in mind?

Imate li ukupni zbroj u glavi?

Perfect.

Savršeno.

So please take the item matching your final number.

Molim vas, izaberite predmet koji odgovara vašem ukupnom zbroju.

Now, here's what's funny.

Evo što je zanimljivo.

There are going to be a lot of people watching this video,

Mnogo će ljudi gledati ovaj video

and you all have different quirks with different preferences.

i svi imate svoje posebnosti i različite preferencije.

And yet,

Pa ipak,

the vast majority of you right now is thinking about a kiwi,

velika većina vas u ovom trenutku razmišlja o kiviju,

or, if you're left-handed, probably a corn on the cob.

ili, ako ste ljevak, vjerojatno o kukuruzu.

Yes, I just tricked you.

Da, prevarila sam vas.

And I used your psychological biases

I iskoristila sam vaše psihološke tendencije

to influence both of your decisions.

kako bih utjecala na obje vaše odluke.

I work in the MAGIC Lab

Radim za MAGIC Lab

at Goldsmiths University of London,

na Sveučilištu Goldsmith u Londonu.

which is not only a place where we make assistants vanish,

To nije samo mjesto na kojem činimo da asistenti nestanu,

but where we use magic tricks to study psychological processes,

već i na kojem koristimo mađioničarske trikove za proučavanje psiholoških procesa

such as attention, perception, deception and free will.

poput pozornosti, opažanja, zabluda i slobodne volje.

I am fascinated by the subtle factors that influence our choices,

Fascinira me kako suptilni čimbenici utječu na naše izbore

and how understanding our flaws can give us back some power.

i kako razumijevanje naših mana omogućuje da povratimo kontrolu.

Magic tricks provide a powerful tool to investigate this,

Mađioničarski trikovi su moćno oruđe za proučavanje toga,

and our experiments have shown that.

kao što pokazuju naši eksperimenti.

First, we humans tend to go for the easiest decisions.

Najprije, ljudi su skloni izabiranju najlakših odluka.

With the card trick I did,

Kad izvodim ovaj trik s kartama,

most people tend to choose the card that I want them to choose,

većina ljudi obično izabere kartu koju želim da izaberu,

because I'm presenting it a bit longer than the others.

jer je pokazujem malo dulje od ostalih.

And it becomes the easiest option for your brain.

Stoga se ona vašem mozgu čini kao najočitija opcija.

In our case,

U našem slučaju,

the majority of you probably chose the ten of hearts, right?

vjerojatno ste izabrali srce desetku, zar ne?

And a lot of other tricks are based on this principle

Mnogo se trikova temelji na ovom principu

of easy decision.

izabiranja najlakše opcije.

Because magicians are very aware

Zato što su mađioničari vrlo svjesni

that our brain, not to say "we," tends to be a bit lazy.

da naš mozak, da ne kažemo "mi", zna biti malo lijen.

The exercise we did with the four cards is also a good example of this.

Vježba koju smo izveli s četiri karte također je dobar primjer ovoga.

It's based on another trick I investigated,

Temelji se na drugom triku koji sam istraživala,

where I ask participants to physically push

u kojem bih ljude tražila da fizički gurnu

one of the four cards towards me.

jednu od karata prema meni.

We found that around 60 percent of people choose the third card from the left,

Otkrili smo da oko 60 % ljudi izabire treću kartu slijeva,

and if they were left-handed,

a ako su ljevaci,

they typically chose the second card from the left.

u pravilu izabiru drugu kartu slijeva.

This is based on the easy-option principle again,

Izbor se ponovno temelji na principu najlakše odluke

because the card that most people choose

jer je kartu koju većina ljudi izabere

is the most easy to reach by the dominant hand.

najlakše dohvatiti dominantnom rukom.

So, I knew that most of you

Dakle, znala sam da će većina vas

would end up with one of these two numbers,

na kraju završiti s jednim od dva broja,

and this allowed me to estimate

a to mi je omogućilo da procijenim

the two most probable things you would end up with.

dvije najvjerojatnije opcije s kojima ćete završiti.

But this is not just about magic.

Ali ovdje se ne radi samo o mađioničarskim trikovima.

It's also about how we are influenced in our day-to-day lives.

Ovdje se radi i o utjecajima u našem svakodnevnom životu.

You know, stories and politicians

Vidite, pripovjedači i političari

play with your mind as well, all the time,

također se neprestano poigravaju vašim umom

because they also know that we tend to choose and like

jer i oni znaju da često izabiremo, ili smo skloni,

what's easily grabbed or seen.

stvarima koje lako dohvaćamo ili vidimo.

For instance, when you are in a store,

Primjerice, kad ste u dućanu

choosing a bottle of wine or a bag of rice

i birate bocu vina ili vrećicu riže

among many lined up on vertical shelves,

iz širokog izbora na vertikalnim policama,

your first instinct is to look

vaš će prvi instinkt biti da pogledate

only at the ones that are on the shelves in front of your eyes, right?

samo one artikle koji su ravno pred vama, zar ne?

It's easier and requires less effort.

Tako je lakše i potrebno je manje napora.

Did you know that many brands actually negotiate

Znate li da mnogi brendovi traže

to be at eye-level on grocery store shelves

da njihovi proizvodi budu u ravnini očiju

because of that easy-option principle?

upravo zbog tog principa najočitije opcije?

And this is a tactic that many politicians use.

To je taktika koju koriste i mnogi političari.

When information is right in front of our eyes on social media,

Kad je informacija ravno pred vama na društvenim mrežama,

it's easily accessible,

lako je dostupna

and it absolutely affects our voting behaviors.

i apsolutno utječe na ponašanje glasača.

Political outcomes, such as the Brexit referendum

Na političke rezultate, poput referenduma za Brexit

or the American election in 2016,

ili američkih izbora 2016.,

were heavily influenced by targeted advertising,

uvelike je utjecalo ciljano reklamiranje,

making some information,

zbog kojeg su neke informacije,

which was not necessarily truthful,

koje nisu nužno bile i istinite,

disproportionately easily accessible and visible to specific audiences

bile previše lako dostupne i vidljive određenoj publici

to influence their votes.

kako bi se utjecalo na glasače.

But here is the good news.

Ali evo dobrih vijesti.

Some simple factors have an impact on how influencible we are.

Neki jednostavni čimbenici mogu utjecati na to koliko smo podložni utjecaju.

In an experiment using the trick with the four cards,

U eksperimentu s četiri karte,

we found that explicitly informing participants

otkrili smo da, ako izravno kažemo sudionicima

that they have a choice

da imaju izbor,

can actually lead them to make more deliberate decisions,

možemo navesti sudionike da donose promišljenije odluke,

as opposed to behaving in the way we are trying to make them behave.

umjesto da se ponašaju onako kako želimo da se ponašaju.

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

I either simply asked participants to push one of the cards,

ili bih zamolila sudionike da gurnu jednu od karata,

or I said,

ili bih im rekla

"Choose a card, and then push it."

"Izaberite kartu i onda je gurnite."

And when asked to choose a card,

Na izravni upit da izaberu kartu,

the percentage of people who impulsively chose the most reachable one

postotak ljudi koji bi bez razmišljanja posegnuli za najbližom kartom

dropped from 60 to 35 percent.

pao je sa 60 na 35 %.

So, it seems that when we are reminded that we have control over our choices,

Dakle, čini se da kad se podsjetimo da imamo kontrolu nad svojim postupcima

and know that our actions matter,

i kad znamo da su naši postupci važni,

as opposed to acting without thinking,

umjesto da reagiramo bez razmišljanja,

we can actually make more personal decisions

zapravo možemo svjesnije odlučivati

and are less easily influenced.

i manje smo podložni utjecajima.

Let me show you another trick,

Pokazat ću vam drugi trik

invented by a British mentalist Derren Brown,

koji je izmislio britanski mentalist Derren Brown,

to make my point.

kako bih potvrdila ovo što govorim.

This one uses what's called "priming" in psychology.

Ovaj trik koristi "priming", tako to zovemo u psihologiji.

Priming happens when exposure to something

Priming se događa kad izlaganje nečemu

influences your thoughts and behavior later on,

utječe na vaše kasnije razmišljanje i ponašanje,

without you being aware

a da vi niste svjesni

that the first thing is guiding you to a certain extent.

da stvar kojoj ste bili izloženi donekle upravlja vama.

The trick is usually done in a more intimate context,

Trik se obično izvodi u intimnijem okruženju,

where I would be directly facing you,

u kojem bih sjedila ravno pred vama,

but we'll give it a try together.

ali probajmo zajedno.

Just focus on me as best as you can,

Fokusirajte se na mene najviše što možete,

but do not let me influence your choice.

ali ne dajte da utječem na vaš izbor.

I'm going to try and mentally transmit the identity of a playing card

Pokušat ću vam mentalno prenijeti o kojoj karti

I'm thinking of.

upravo razmišljam.

Are you ready?

Jeste li spremni?

OK, so first make the color bright and vivid.

Ok, najprije jasno zamislite boju.

Imagine a screen in your mind,

Zamislite zaslon u svom umu

and on the screen, the little numbers, low down in the corners of the cards,

na kojem su sitni brojevi iz donjih kutova karata

and then in the top of the cards.

i iz gornjih kuteva karata.

And then the things in the middle,

Zatim zamislite sredinu,

in the center of the cards,

stvari u sredini karte,

the boom, boom, boom, the suits.

bum, bum, bum, simbole.

Did you get it?

Jeste li zamislili?

OK, so I'm going to bet that the majority of you

Ok, kladim se da je većina vas

thought about the three of diamonds,

zamislila karo trojku,

but chose another card, right?

ali je izabrala drugu kartu, zar ne?

As you might have noticed,

Kao što ste možda primijetili,

I heavily tried to influence your choice with my gestures

pokušala sam utjecati na vaš izbor gestama

while giving you the instructions.

dok sam vam davala upute.

By studying this trick,

Proučavanjem ovog trika,

we found that around 18 percent of people choose the three of diamonds,

otkrili smo da oko 18 % ljudi izabere karo trojku,

and nearly 40 percent choose the three of any suit,

dok gotovo 40 % izabere neku drugu trojku,

while being completely oblivious of the fact I was manipulating them.

a svi su potpuno nesvjesni da njima manipuliram.

So what happened here?

Dakle, što se ovdje dogodilo?

Because you were aware

Bili ste svjesni

that I was trying to influence your choice,

da sam pokušavala utjecati na vaš izbor,

you probably paid more attention to what I was doing.

pa ste vjerojatno pazili što sam radila.

And this led the majority of you to choose more consciously

To je većinu navelo da izabire svjesnije

than our participants who have no information

od sudionika koji nisu znali

about who I am, what I'm studying

tko sam, što proučavam

or what I'm trying to do with their minds.

ili što želim učiniti s njihovim umovima.

So the thing is,

Dakle, stvar je u tome

in all of our experiments,

da smo u svim eksperimentima

we managed to heavily influence people's card choices,

uspjeli snažno utjecati na to koje će karte ljudi izabrati,

while they report feeling completely free and in control of their choice.

unatoč tvrdnjama da su osjećali potpunu slobodu i kontrolu.

And this lack of self-awareness

Zbog ovog manjka svijesti o sebi

makes politicians, companies

političari, kompanije

and other people's influence all the more powerful,

i drugi ljudi mogu vršiti snažniji utjecaj

because we might think we are in control of our choice and beliefs

jer mislimo da mi upravljamo svojim postupcima i uvjerenjima

when we are not.

kad to ne radimo.

Politically or in our consumer behaviors,

Kad su u pitanju naše političke i potrošačke navike,

if we don't pay attention,

ako ne obratimo pažnju,

misleading content or showy ads can just trick our mind.

varljivi sadržaji i upadljive reklame mogu prevariti naš um.

What if, in our day-to-day lives,

Što bi bilo kad bismo u svakodnevici

we would stop more often and consciously choose

češće zastali i donijeli svjesnu odluku

before acting on this impulsive, reactive beast inside of us?

prije nego se povedemo za impulzivnom zvjerkom u nama?

We can actually act more consciously

Možemo se ponašati svjesnije

if we keep in mind

ako imamo na umu

that we have the capacity to be influenced.

da smo podložni utjecajima.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.