The strange politics of disgust | David Pizarro

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Anca Dimovska Lektor: Mile Živković

In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana

U 17. veku postojala je žena koja se zvala Đulijana Tofana

had a very successful perfume business.

koja je imala vrlo uspešan posao sa parfemima.

For over 50 years she ran it.

Vodila ga je preko 50 godina.

It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed — (Laughter) —

Završio se iznenada kada su nju pogubili - (Smeh)

for murdering 600 men. You see, it wasn't a very good perfume.

zbog ubistva 600 muškaraca. Vidite, nije to bio baš dobar parfem.

In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless,

U stvari je bio totalno bez mirisa, ukusa i bez boje,

but as a poison, it was the best money could buy,

ali je kao otrov, bio najbolje što može za novac da se kupi.

so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands.

pa su žene letele kod nje po parfem, da bi ubile muževe.

It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group,

Ispostavlja se da su trovači bili cenjena i zastrašujuća grupa ljudi

because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing.

jer je trovanje ljudskog bića jako teška stvar.

The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector.

Razlog tome je, da imamo neku vrstu ugrađenog detektora za otrov.

You can see this as early as even in newborn infants.

Možete ovo da vidite čak i kod novorođenih beba.

If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops

Ako hoćete to da isprobate, uzmite par kapljica

of a bitter substance or a sour substance,

gorke ili kisele supstance,

and you'll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose,

i videćete ovo lice, isplažen jezik, naboran nos,

as if they're trying to get rid of what's in their mouth.

kao da pokušavaju da se otarase onoga što im je u ustima.

This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes

Reakcija se širi na odraslo doba i postaje

sort of a full-blown disgust response, no longer just

neka vrsta gađenja u punoj snazi, ne više

about whether or not we're about to be poisoned,

u vezi sa tim da li ćemo biti otrovani,

but whenever there's a threat of physical contamination

već kad god postoji pretnja od fizičke kontaminacije

iz nekog izvora.

from some source. But the face remains strikingly similar.

Ali izraz lica ostaje upadljivo sličan.

It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away

Ovo se proširilo dalje od toga da nas štiti od samo

from physical contaminants, and there's a growing

fizičkih kontaminata,

body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion

i rastu dokazi koji ukazuju da u stvari, ova emocija

of disgust now influences our moral beliefs

gađenja utiče na naša moralna uverenja,

and even our deeply held political intuitions.

čak i našu najdublju političku intuiciju.

Why this might be the case?

Šta bi ovo moglo da znači?

We can understand this process by understanding

Možemo da razumemo ovaj proces shvatanjem

a little bit about emotions in general. So the basic human emotions,

nečega o ovim emocijama uopšteno. Tako osnovne ljudske emocije,

those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings,

one koje delimo sa ostalim ljudskim bićima,

exist because they motivate us to do good things

postoje zato da bi nas motivisale da radimo dobre stvari

and they keep us away from doing bad things.

i da nas čuvaju od činjenja loših stvari.

So by and large, they are good for our survival.

Tako da su generalno, dobre za naše preživljavanje.

Take the emotion of fear, for instance. It keeps us away

Uzmite emociju straha, na primer. Čuva nas

from doing things that are really, really risky.

od stvari koje su zaista, zaista rizične.

This photo taken just before his death — (Laughter) —

Ovo je uslikano pre nego što je umro - (Smeh)-

is actually a — No, one reason this photo is interesting

ovo je zapravo - ne, razlog zašto je ova fotografija zanimljiva

is because most people would not do this, and if they did,

je zato što mnogi ljudi ne bi radili ovo, i ako bi,

they would not live to tell it, because fear would have

ne bi doživeli da o tome pričaju, jer bi strah

kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator.

već delovao na rođenog grabljivca.

Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems

Kao što nam strah pruža zaštitu, gađenje izgleda

to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is

da radi istu stvar, osim što nas gađenje

keeps us away from not things that might eat us,

ne čuva od onoga što bi nas pojelo,

or heights, but rather things that might poison us,

ili od visine, već od stvari koje mogu da nas otruju,

or give us disease and make us sick.

ili nam daju bolest i razbole nas.

So one of the features of disgust that makes it such

I jedna od odlika gađenja koja je čini tako

an interesting emotion is that it's very, very easy to elicit,

zanimljivom emocijom je da ju je vrlo, vrlo lako izazvati,

in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions,

u suštini verovatno i lakše nego bilo koju drugu osnovnu emociju.

and so I'm going to show you that with a couple of images

I to ću da vam dokažem uz par slika.

I can probably make you feel disgust.

Verovatno mogu da vas zgadim.

So turn away. I'll tell you when you can turn back.

Zato se okrenite. Reći ću vam kad da se vratite.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I mean, you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter)

Mislim, ovo viđate svakog dana, hajde. (Smeh)

(Audience: Ewww.)

(Publika: Ouuuu)

Okay, turn back, if you didn't look.

Ok, okrenite se, ako niste gledali.

Those probably made a lot of you in the audience

Ovo je verovatno učinilo da su se mnogi od vas u publici

feel very, very disgusted, but if you didn't look,

mnogo, mnogo zgadili, ali ako niste pogledali,

I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown

reći ću vam o još nekim stvarima koje su prikazane

sort of across the world to make people disgusted,

po svetu da bi se ljudi zgadili,

things like feces, urine, blood, rotten flesh.

stvari kao što je izmet, urin, krv, trulo meso.

These are the sorts of things that it makes sense

Ovo su takve stvari da ima smisla

for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us.

što se držimo podalje od njih, jer one zapravo mogu da nas zaraze.

In fact, just having a diseased appearance

U stvari, sama pojava bolesti

or odd sexual acts, these things are also

ili čudnih seksualnih činova, je takođe

things that give us a lot of disgust.

stvar koja nas dosta zgadi.

Darwin was probably one of the first scientists

Darvin je bio verovatno jedan od prvih naučnika

to systematically investigate the human emotions,

koji je sistematski istraživao ljudske emocije,

and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength

i on je ukazao na univerzalnu prirodu i snagu

of the disgust response.

gađenja.

This is an anecdote from his travels in South America.

Ovo je anegdota sa njegovih putovanja po Južnoj Americi.

"In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger

"U Tiego del Fuegu domorodac je dotakao prstom

some cold preserved meat while I was eating ...

suvo meso dok sam jeo...

and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt

i otvoreno se zgadio koliko je meko, dok sam se ja

utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage — (Laughter) —

potpuno zgadio jer je moju hranu dotakao goli divljak - (Smeh) -

though his hands did not appear dirty."

iako njegove ruke nisu izgledale prljavo".

He later wrote, "It's okay, some of my best friends are naked savages." (Laughter)

Posle je napisao: "OK je, neki moji najbolji prijatelji su goli divljaci". (Smeh)

Well it turns out it's not only old-timey British scientists

Eto izgleda da nisu samo stari britanski naučnici

who are this squeamish. I recently got a chance

ovoliko gadljivi. Nedavno sam imao priliku

to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary,

da razgovaram sa Ričardom Dokinsom za dokumentarac,

and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. Here's my favorite.

i uspeo sam da ga zgadim gomilu puta. Evo mog omiljenog.

Richard Dawkins: "We've evolved around courtship and sex,

Ričard Dokins: "Razvijali smo se oko udvaranja i seksa,

are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions

i vezani smo za duboko usađene emocije i reakcije

that are hard to jettison overnight."

kojih je teško otarasiti se preko noći".

David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that

Dejvid Pizaro: I moj omiljeni deo je

Professor Dawkins actually gagged.

kad se profesoru Dokinsu zaista smučilo.

He jumps back, and he gags, and we had to do it three times,

Ustuknuo je, onda mu se smučilo, i morali smo ovo da snimamo tri puta

and all three times he gagged. (Laughter)

i sva tri puta mu se smučilo. (Smeh)

And he was really gagging. I thought he might throw up on me, actually.

Stvarno mu je bilo muka. Pomislio sam da će da se ispovraća po meni.

One of the features, though, of disgust,

Jedna od odlika gađenja,

is not just its universality and its strength,

nije samo njena univerzalnost i jačina,

but the way that it works through association.

već kako se dešava uz asocijaciju.

So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing,

Pa kada jedna odvratna stvar dotakne čistu stvar,

that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around.

čista stvar postaje odvratna, a ne obrnuto.

This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to

Ovo dođe jako korisna strategija ako želite

convince somebody that an object or an individual

da ubedite nekog da je neki predmet ili pojedinac

or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided.

ili čitava društvena grupa gadna i da je treba izbegavati.

The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out

Filozof Marta Nusbaum ovo ističe u citatu:

in this quote: "Thus throughout history, certain disgust

"Ipak u istoriji, određene osobine koje izazivaju gađenje

properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness --

- ljigavost, smrad, lepljivost, propadanje, poganost -

have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ...

stalno se i jednolično povezuju sa...

Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people --

Jevrejima, ženama, homoseksualcima, nedodirljivima, ljudima iz nižih klasa -

all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body."

za sve ove se misli da su obeleženi prljavošću tela."

Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful

Daću vam samo nekoliko moćnih primera

examples of how this has been used historically.

kako je ovo korišćeno kroz vreme.

This comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938:

Ovo je iz nacističke knjige za decu objavljene 1938:

"Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards,

"Pogledajte samo ove momke! Vašljive brade,

the filthy, protruding ears, those stained, fatty clothes...

prljave, klempave uši, flekava, masna odeća...

Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor.

Jevreji često imaju neprijatan sladunjav vonj.

If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews."

Ako imate dobar njuh, možete da osetite Jevreje".

A more modern example comes from people who try to

Moderniji primer dolazi od ljudi koji pokušavaju

convince us that homosexuality is immoral.

da nas ubede da je homoseksualnost nemoralna.

This is from an anti-gay website, where they said

Ovo je sa anti -gej vebsajta, gde kažu

gays are "worthy of death for their vile ... sex practices."

da gejevi "zaslužuju smrt zbog svojih odvratnih seksualnih navika."

They're like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces."

Oni su kao "psi koji jedu svoju povraćku i krmače koje se valjaju u svom izmetu".

These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly

Ovo su osobine gađenja koje pokušavaju direktno

linked to the social group that you should not like.

da se povežu sa društvenom grupom koja ne bi trebalo da vam se sviđa.

When we were first investigating the role of disgust in

Kad smo prvo ispitivali ulogu gađenja

moral judgment, one of the things we became interested in

u moralnoj osudi, jedno od pitanja koja su nas zanimala

was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely

jeste da li ili ne ova vrsta obraćanja više

to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted.

deluje na pojedince koje je lakše zgaditi.

So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions,

Dok gađenje, zajedno sa drugim prostim emocijama,

are universal phenomena, it just really is true

je opšti fenomen, zaista je tačno

that some people are easier to disgust than others.

da je neke ljude lakše zgaditi nego druge.

You could probably see it in the audience members

To možete videti među članovima publike

when I showed you those disgusting images.

kad sam prikazao one odvratne slike.

The way that we measured this was by a scale that was

Način na koji smo ovo merili bio je po skali koju su

constructed by some other psychologists

napravili neki drugi psiholozi

that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations

koji su prosto pitali ljude o različitim situacijama

how likely they are to feel disgust.

koliko je verovatno da bi osetili gadost.

So here are a couple of examples.

Evo nekoliko primera.

"Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my

"Čak i da sam gladna, ne bih pojela tanjir moje

favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter."

omiljene supe ako je promešana muvalicom koja je temeljno oprana.

"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter)

"Da li se slažete sa ovim ili ne?" (Smeh)

"While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track,

"Dok šetate tunelom koji je ispod pruge,

you smell urine. Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?"

namirišete urin. Da li biste se mnogo zgadili ili ne uopšte"?

If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall

Ako postavite dovoljno ovakvih pitanja, dobićete opšti ukupni

score of disgust sensitivity.

rezultat osetljivosti na gađenje.

It turns out that this score is actually meaningful.

Ispostavlja se da je, u stvari, ovaj rezultat značajan.

When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask

Ako pozovete ljude u laboratoriju i upitate ih

them if they're willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors

da li su voljni da se upuste u bezbedne ali odvratne radnje

like eating chocolate that's been baked to look like dog poop,

kao što je jedenje čokolade koja je ispečena da izgleda kao kaka,

or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross,

ili u ovom slučaju crva brašnara, koji su savršeno zdravi ali prilično odvratni,

your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not

vaš rezultat na toj skali u stvari predviđa da li ste

you'll be willing to engage in those behaviors.

voljni ili ne da se upustite u takvo ponašanje.

The first time that we set out to collect data on this

Prvi put kad smo se zaputili da sakupljamo podatke

and associate it with political or moral beliefs,

i da ih povezujemo sa političkim ili moralnim uverenjima,

we found a general pattern --

našli smo opštu šemu -

this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom --

zajedno sa psiholozima Joelom Inbarom i Polom Blumom -

that in fact, across three studies we kept finding

da smo u stvari, kroz tri studije nalazili

that people who reported that they were easily disgusted

da ljudi koji se lakše zgade

also reported that they were more politically conservative.

su takođe konzervativniji u politici.

Another way to say this, though, is that people

Drugi način da se ovo kaže jeste da je ljude

who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter)

koji su veoma liberalni jako teško zgaditi. (Smeh)

In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at

U novijoj studiji koja je usledila, imali smo uvid

a much greater sample, a much larger sample. In this case,

u mnogo bolji i veći uzorak. U ovom slučaju

this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents,

ovo je skoro 30 000 ispitanika iz SAD,

and we find the same pattern. As you can see,

i našli smo istu šemu. Kao što možete da vidite,

people who are on the very conservative side

ljude koji su na konzervativnoj strani

of answering the political orientation scale are

odgovora na skali političke orijentacije

also much more likely to report that they're easily disgusted.

je takođe mnogo lakše zgaditi.

This data set also allowed us to statistically control

Ovaj skup podataka nam je omogućio da statistčki kontrolišemo

for a number of things that we knew were both related

nekoliko stvari za koje smo znali da su povezane

to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity.

sa političkom orijentacijom i sa osetljivošću na gađenje.

So we were able to control for gender, age, income,

Tako da smo imali kontrolu za pol, godište, primanja,

education, even basic personality variables,

obrazovanje, čak i osnovne varijable ličnosti,

and the result stays the same.

i rezultat ostaje isti.

When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation,

Kad smo zapravo ispitivali ne samo ono što su lično rekli za političku orijentaciju,

but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically

već i rezultate glasanja, mogli smo pogledamo geografski

across the nation. What we found was that in regions

na naciju. Našli smo da u regijama

in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity,

gde ljudi imaju visok nivo gadljivosti,

McCain got more votes.

MekKejn je dobio više glasova.

So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation,

Tako da nije samo do predviđene političke orijentacije,

but actual voting behavior. And also we were able,

već stvarno glasačko ponašanje. I mogli smo

with this sample, to look across the world,

sa ovim uzorkom, da ispitamo ceo svet,

in 121 different countries we asked the same questions,

u 121 zemlji postavili smo ista pitanja,

and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed

i kao što možete da vidite, 121 zemlja je spala

into 10 different geographical regions.

na 10 geografskih regija.

No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size

Gde god da pogledate, ovo što na karti pokazuje je značaj

of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation,

veze između gađenja i političke orijentacije,

and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect.

i gde god smo istraživali, videli smo sličan ishod.

Other labs have actually looked at this as well

Druge laboratorije su takođe ovo ispitivale

using different measures of disgust sensitivity,

koristeći različita merenja za gadljivost,

so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are,

pa umesto da ispituju ljude koliko im se nešto gadi,

they hook people up to physiological measures,

vezali su se za fiziološka merenja ljudi,

in this case skin conductance.

u ovom slučaju na provodljivost kože.

And what they've demonstrated is that people who report

I oni su prikazali da ljudi koji su

being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused

politički konzervativniji se više fiziološki potresu

when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you.

kad im se pokažu odvratne slike kao one koje sam vam ja pokazao.

Interestingly, what they also showed in a finding

Zanimljivo je da su istraživanja pokazala,

that we kept getting in our previous studies as well

a to smo nalazili i u prethodnim studijama takođe

was that one of the strongest influences here is that

da je jedan od najjačih uticaja

individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are

da pojedinci koje je lako zgaditi nisu samo

more likely to report being politically conservative, but

politički konzervativni, već

they're also very much more opposed to gay marriage

se više protive gej brakovima

and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of

i homoseksualnosti i mnogim

the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain.

društveno-moralnim pitanjima iz sekualne oblasti.

So physiological arousal predicted, in this study,

Tako da je fiziološka reakcija, u ovoj studiji,

attitudes toward gay marriage.

predvidela stav prema gej braku.

But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity

Ali sa svim ovim podacima koji povezuju gadljivost

and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is

i političko opredeljenje, jedno od pitanja koja ostaju

what is the causal link here? Is it the case that

jeste šta je posledična veza? Da li je slučaj

disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs?

da gadljivost oblikuje politička i moralna opredeljenja?

We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this,

Moraju da se koriste ekperimentalne metode da se odgovori na ovo,

and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab

i ono što zapravo možemo da uradimo je da dovedemo ljude u laboratoriju

and disgust them and compare them to a control group

i da ih zgadimo i uporedimo sa kontrolnom grupom

that hasn't been disgusted. It turns out that over

koja nije bila zgađena. Ispada da je tokom

the past five years a number of researchers have done this,

poslednjih pet godina nekoliko istraživača ovo učinilo,

and by and large the results have all been the same,

i uopšte uzev, rezultati su bili isti,

that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes

a to je da ljudi koji se zgade, njihovo ponašanje

shift towards the right of the political spectrum,

ide ka desnoj strani političkog spektra,

toward more moral conservatism as well.

takođe ka moralnijem konzervativizmu.

So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste,

Ovo je u zavisnosti da li koristite smrad, loš ukus,

from film clips, from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust,

filmske isečke, posthipnotičke sugestije gađenja,

images like the ones I've shown you, even just

slika kao što su one koje sam vam pokazao, čak i

reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should

podsećanje ljudi da zaraze preovlađuju i da treba

be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean,

da budu oprezni i da se peru, da budu čisti,

these all have similar effects on judgment.

sve ovo ima isti uticaj na rasuđivanje.

Let me just give you an example from a recent study

Daću vam primer iz nedavne studije

that we conducted. We asked participants

koju smo sproveli. Upitali smo učesnike

to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups,

da nam jednostavno daju svoje mišljenje o raznim društvenim grupama,

and we either made the room smell gross or not.

a soba bi smrdela ili ne.

When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that

Kad je soba smrdela, ono što smo videli

individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men.

su pojedinci koju su zapravo imali negativniji stav prema gej muškarcima.

Disgust didn't influence attitudes toward all the other

Gađenje nije uticalo na stavove prema drugim

social groups that we asked, including African-Americans,

društvenim grupama, uključujući Afro-Amerikance,

the elderly. It really came down to the attitudes they had

stare ljude. U stvari se svelo na stav koji imaju

toward gay men.

prema gej muškarcima.

In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people --

U drugom skupu istraživanja samo smo podsetili ljude -

this was at a time when the swine flu was going around --

ovo je bilo u vreme svinjskog gripa -

we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread

podsetili smo ljude da za sprečavanje širenja

of the flu that they ought to wash their hands.

gripa treba da operu ruke.

For some participants, we actually had them take questionnaires

Neke učesnike smo naterali da rade upitnik

next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands.

do znaka koji ih je podsećao da operu ruke

And what we found was that just taking a questionnaire

I rezultat je bio da samo zato što su radili upitnik

next to this hand-sanitizing reminder made individuals

do podsetnika za pranje ruku je učinilo da pojedinci

report being more politically conservative.

izjave da su politički konzervativniji.

And when we asked them a variety of questions about

I kad smo ih pitali niz pitanja

the rightness or wrongness of certain acts, what we also

o ispravnosti i netačnosti nekih stvari, ono što smo takođe

found was that simply being reminded that they ought

našli je da ako se jednostavno podsete

to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.

da peru svoje ruke, da ih to čini moralno konzervativnijim.

In particular, when we asked them questions about

Posebno kad smo ih upitali

sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices,

neka tabu ali vrlo bezazlena pitanja o seksualnim navikama,

just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands

samo podsećanje na to da treba da operu ruke

made them think that they were more morally wrong.

učinilo je da misle da više moralno greše.

Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless

Daću vam primer na šta mislim kad kažem bezazlene

but taboo sexual practice. We gave them scenarios.

ali tabu seksualne navike. Dali smo im scenarije.

One of them said a man is house-sitting for his grandmother.

Jedan od njih je da čovek čuva svoju baku.

When his grandmother's away, he has sex with his girlfriend

Kada njegova baka nije kod kuće, on spava sa svojom devojkom

on his grandma's bed.

na bakinom krevetu.

In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating

U drugom smo napisali da žena uživa u masturbaciji

with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her. (Laughter)

sa omiljenim plišanim mecom zagrljenim pored nje. (Smeh)

People find these to be more morally abhorrent

Ljudima su ovakve stvari više moralno odvratne

if they've been reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter)

ako ih podsete da operu ruke. (Smeh)

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment

Ok. Činjenica da emocije utiču na naše rasuđivanje

should come as no surprise. I mean,

ne treba da iznenadi. Hoću reći,

that's part of how emotions work.

to je jedan od načina na koji emocije rade.

They not only motivate you to behave in certain ways,

One ne samo da motivišu da se ponašaš na određeni način,

but they change the way you think.

nego i promene način na koji razmišljaš.

In the case of disgust, what is a little bit more surprising

U slučaju gađenja, ono što je još iznenađujuće

is the scope of this influence. It makes perfect sense,

je obim njenog uticaja. Sve se lepo uklapa,

and it's a very good emotion for us to have, that disgust

i jako je dobra emocija,

would make me change the way that I perceive

jer će me gađenje naterati da promenim način na koji

the physical world whenever contamination is possible.

opažam fizički svet kad god ima mogućnosti zagađenja.

It makes less sense that an emotion that was built

Ima manje smisla da emocija, koja je izgrađena

to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict

da me spreči da uzmem otrov, predvidi

who I'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election.

za koga ću da glasam na predstojećim predsedničkim izborima.

The question of whether disgust ought to influence

Pitanje da li će ili ne gadljivost da utiče

our moral and political judgments

na moralna ili politička opredeljenja

certainly has to be complex, and might depend on exactly

sigurno treba da bude složeno, i može da zavisi tačno

what judgments we're talking about, and as a scientist,

o kojoj osudi se razgovara, i kao naučnici

we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method

nekad moramo da zaključimo da je naučni metod

is just ill-equipped to answer these sorts of questions.

još uvek loše opremljen da odgovori na ove vrste pitanja.

But one thing that I am fairly certain about is,

Ali ono što mislim da je sasvim sigurno u vezi sa naučnim metodama

at the very least, what we can do with this research is

je da bar, ono što možemo da uradimo sa ovim istraživanjem

point to what questions we ought to ask in the first place.

jeste da se ukaže na pitanja koja treba najpre da postavimo.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)