The strange politics of disgust | David Pizarro

113,902 views ใƒป 2012-10-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hong Min Yoon ๊ฒ€ํ† : Han Jungran
00:15
In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana
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17์„ธ๊ธฐ์—, ์ค„๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ํ† ํŒŒ๋‚˜(Giulia Tofana)๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€
00:20
had a very successful perfume business.
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์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
For over 50 years she ran it.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:25
It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜•๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‚ฌ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:28
for murdering 600 men. You see, it wasn't a very good perfume.
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์ฃ„๋ชฉ์€ ์‚ด์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ 600๋ช…์ด๋‚˜. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋˜ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ๊ทธ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ง›์— ๋ฌดํ–ฅ์— ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:37
but as a poison, it was the best money could buy,
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๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
00:40
so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ•ด๋…๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…์„ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:53
The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector.
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์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋… ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:57
You can see this as early as even in newborn infants.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ“ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง  ๊ฒƒ์„
01:03
of a bitter substance or a sour substance,
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๋ง›๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
01:05
and you'll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜€๋Š” ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ , ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์Šต.
01:09
as if they're trying to get rid of what's in their mouth.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž…์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜์ฃ .
01:12
This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š”
01:15
sort of a full-blown disgust response, no longer just
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:18
about whether or not we're about to be poisoned,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž…์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋“  ์—†๋“ ์ง€๊ฐ„์—
01:21
but whenever there's a threat of physical contamination
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
01:24
from some source. But the face remains strikingly similar.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:32
from physical contaminants, and there's a growing
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฐœ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
01:34
body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion
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์ด ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์‹ ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€
01:37
of disgust now influences our moral beliefs
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์ •์น˜์  ์ง๊ด€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
and even our deeply held political intuitions.
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Why this might be the case?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:48
We can understand this process by understanding
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
01:51
a little bit about emotions in general. So the basic human emotions,
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์€
01:54
those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:57
exist because they motivate us to do good things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:00
and they keep us away from doing bad things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ .
02:02
So by and large, they are good for our survival.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:06
Take the emotion of fear, for instance. It keeps us away
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "๋‘๋ ค์›€"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, "๋‘๋ ค์›€"์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:09
from doing things that are really, really risky.
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์ •๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
This photo taken just before his death โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „์— ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:15
is actually a โ€” No, one reason this photo is interesting
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ  - ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:18
is because most people would not do this, and if they did,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋žฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:21
they would not live to tell it, because fear would have
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์€
02:23
kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator.
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ์ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ผ์™”์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:27
Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems
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"๋‘๋ ค์›€"๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, "ํ˜์˜ค"๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ
02:31
to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is
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๋ณดํ˜ธ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, "ํ˜์˜ค"์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€
02:33
keeps us away from not things that might eat us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
02:36
or heights, but rather things that might poison us,
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๋†’์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…์‚ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:38
or give us disease and make us sick.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:41
So one of the features of disgust that makes it such
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"ํ˜์˜ค" ์ค‘ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
02:44
an interesting emotion is that it's very, very easy to elicit,
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"ํ˜์˜ค"๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:49
in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
and so I'm going to show you that with a couple of images
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
I can probably make you feel disgust.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ "ํ˜์˜ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:56
So turn away. I'll tell you when you can turn back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:00
I mean, you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter)
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ ๋งค์ผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ž–์•„์š”, ๊ทธ์ตธ?
03:05
(Audience: Ewww.)
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(๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค: ์šฐ์›ฉ!)
03:06
Okay, turn back, if you didn't look.
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๋„ค, ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Those probably made a lot of you in the audience
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
feel very, very disgusted, but if you didn't look,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด,
03:15
I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "ํ˜์˜ค"๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:18
sort of across the world to make people disgusted,
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
things like feces, urine, blood, rotten flesh.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ๋Œ€๋ณ€, ์†Œ๋ณ€, ํ”ผ, ์ฉ์€ ์‚ด์  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:24
These are the sorts of things that it makes sense
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:29
In fact, just having a diseased appearance
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ
03:32
or odd sexual acts, these things are also
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ์„ฑ์  ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
03:34
things that give us a lot of disgust.
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"ํ˜์˜ค"๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:37
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„
03:39
to systematically investigate the human emotions,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ "ํ˜์˜ค"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
03:45
of the disgust response.
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๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
This is an anecdote from his travels in South America.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์— ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
"In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger
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"๋ ์—๋กœ ๋ธ ํ‘ธ์—๊ณ (๋‚จ๋ฏธ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ๋“ค)์—์„œ ํ•œ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด
03:52
some cold preserved meat while I was eating ...
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ ธ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค -
03:54
and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด‰๊ฐ์— "ํ˜์˜ค"๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ—์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ์ด ๋น„์œ„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†์œผ๋กœ
04:01
though his hands did not appear dirty."
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๋‚ด ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” "ํ˜์˜ค"๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
04:03
He later wrote, "It's okay, some of my best friends are naked savages." (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค. ์–ด์งœํ”ผ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋„ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ—์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ." (์›ƒ์Œ)
04:08
Well it turns out it's not only old-timey British scientists
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์˜›๋‚  ์˜›์ ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:11
who are this squeamish. I recently got a chance
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ์ œ๊ฐ€
04:13
to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary,
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๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ๋„ํ‚จ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. Here's my favorite.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "ํ˜์˜ค"๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Richard Dawkins: "We've evolved around courtship and sex,
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๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ๋„ํ‚จ์Šค : "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์• ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:22
are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions
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ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์—
04:25
that are hard to jettison overnight."
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์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค."
04:30
David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:34
Professor Dawkins actually gagged.
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๋„ํ‚จ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋งค์Šค๊บผ์›Œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
He jumps back, and he gags, and we had to do it three times,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์„œ ๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›Œ ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์ •๋„ ํ—›๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:40
and all three times he gagged. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›Œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
04:44
And he was really gagging. I thought he might throw up on me, actually.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ํ† ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
One of the features, though, of disgust,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ "ํ˜์˜ค"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:50
is not just its universality and its strength,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํž˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:53
but the way that it works through association.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ฃ .
04:56
So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:00
that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around.
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๊ทธ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊นจ๋—ํ•ด ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
convince somebody that an object or an individual
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ์ „๋žต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ, ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:08
or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided.
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๋”๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:12
The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋„ˆ์Šค๋ฒ”(Martha Nussbaum)์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž˜ ์ง€์ ํ•ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:14
in this quote: "Thus throughout history, certain disgust
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"์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ "ํ˜์˜ค"์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ -
05:16
properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness --
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ๋งˆ๋ฆ„, ์•…์ทจ, ๋ˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ, ๋ถ€์‹, ๋ถˆ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
05:19
have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ...
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์—ฌํƒœ๊ป ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค, ์—ฌ์ž, ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž, ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ด‰ ์ฒœ๋ฏผ๋“ค
05:22
Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง€์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค.
05:26
all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body."
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋”๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
05:29
Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „๋žต์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ ธ ์™”๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ,
05:32
examples of how this has been used historically.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
This comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1938๋…„, ๋‚˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœํŒํ•œ ํ•œ ์•„๋™๋„์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
"Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards,
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"์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ข€ ๋ด! ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“์‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—ผ์—
05:41
the filthy, protruding ears, those stained, fatty clothes...
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๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ท€์—, ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฒ™๋ฒ™ํ•œ ์˜ท...
05:44
Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor.
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์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‹ฌํฐํ•œ ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€.
05:47
If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews."
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ํ›„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ ํƒœ์ธ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€๋‹ค. "
05:50
A more modern example comes from people who try to
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™์„ฑ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
05:52
convince us that homosexuality is immoral.
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์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:55
This is from an anti-gay website, where they said
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์ด๊ฑด ๋™์„ฑ์•  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
gays are "worthy of death for their vile ... sex practices."
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"๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ฑ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™€๋„ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
06:02
They're like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ† ๋‚˜ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฐœ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋’น๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•”ํ‡˜์ง€๋ž‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋‹ค."
06:05
These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
06:08
linked to the social group that you should not like.
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ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์†์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ '์„ค๋“'ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
When we were first investigating the role of disgust in
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ "์‹ซ์Œ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•„ ๋•Œ,
06:14
moral judgment, one of the things we became interested in
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
06:18
was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋“ค์ด
06:23
to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted.
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๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions,
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"ํ˜์˜ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:28
are universal phenomena, it just really is true
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ •๋ง ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:30
that some people are easier to disgust than others.
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ํƒ€์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ•˜์ฃ . ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
You could probably see it in the audience members
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๊ทธ ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
06:34
when I showed you those disgusting images.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฒญ์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋” ์—ญ๊ฒจ์›Œํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
The way that we measured this was by a scale that was
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
06:39
constructed by some other psychologists
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋†“์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:44
how likely they are to feel disgust.
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์–ผ๋งŒํผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
So here are a couple of examples.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:48
"Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my
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"์ „ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒŒ๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๊ฐ€
06:50
favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter."
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ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์ฑ„๋กœ ํœ˜์ €์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ์ผ๋˜ ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋—์ด ์”ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„์š”."
06:54
"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter)
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" (์›ƒ์Œ)
06:56
"While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track,
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฐ‘์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ,
06:58
you smell urine. Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?"
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์–ด๋””์„ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฆฐ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์—ญ๊ฒจ์›Œํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—ญ๊ฒจ์›€์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
07:02
If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฌป๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
07:04
score of disgust sensitivity.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
It turns out that this score is actually meaningful.
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์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
07:12
them if they're willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors
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์•ˆ์ „์€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๋˜ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:16
like eating chocolate that's been baked to look like dog poop,
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ชธ์—๋Š” ์ข‹์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜ ์ง•๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:21
or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross,
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๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:25
your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„
07:28
you'll be willing to engage in those behaviors.
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํ•  ์ง€ ์•ˆ ํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
The first time that we set out to collect data on this
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ 
07:33
and associate it with political or moral beliefs,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋…์— ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
07:35
we found a general pattern --
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom --
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Yeol Inbar๊ณผ Paul Bloom์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ธธ,
07:41
that in fact, across three studies we kept finding
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:45
that people who reported that they were easily disgusted
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ญ๊ฒจ์›€์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:48
also reported that they were more politically conservative.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Another way to say this, though, is that people
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์ฆ‰, ์•„์ฃผ ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
07:53
who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter)
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๋น„์œ„๋ฅผ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
07:58
In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
08:03
a much greater sample, a much larger sample. In this case,
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๋” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ณ  ํฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
08:05
this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ผ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
08:08
and we find the same pattern. As you can see,
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๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ . ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
08:11
people who are on the very conservative side
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์ •์น˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
08:13
of answering the political orientation scale are
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๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š”
08:15
also much more likely to report that they're easily disgusted.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
This data set also allowed us to statistically control
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๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ˜์˜ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์—
08:21
for a number of things that we knew were both related
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์—ฐ๊ด€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
08:23
to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity.
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ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
So we were able to control for gender, age, income,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋‚˜์ด, ์ˆ˜์ž…,
08:28
education, even basic personality variables,
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ํ•™๋ ฅ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:32
and the result stays the same.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ .
08:34
When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„
08:37
but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically
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ํˆฌํ‘œํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
across the nation. What we found was that in regions
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ํ˜์˜ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
08:43
in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity,
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์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งฅ์ผ€์ธ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฑธ
08:47
McCain got more votes.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:49
So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžŒ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:52
but actual voting behavior. And also we were able,
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์‹ค์ œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ํ–‰๋™๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:55
with this sample, to look across the world,
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์ด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
in 121 different countries we asked the same questions,
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121๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ 121๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:05
into 10 different geographical regions.
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10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„์—, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด
09:10
of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation,
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ํ˜์˜ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:17
Other labs have actually looked at this as well
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜ํŒ€๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ˜์˜ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋„๋กœ
09:20
using different measures of disgust sensitivity,
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์ธก์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
09:25
they hook people up to physiological measures,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
in this case skin conductance.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:29
And what they've demonstrated is that people who report
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธธ, ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:31
being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ž
09:35
when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you.
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์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Interestingly, what they also showed in a finding
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„
09:41
that we kept getting in our previous studies as well
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์ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
09:45
was that one of the strongest influences here is that
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:49
individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are
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ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:51
more likely to report being politically conservative, but
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์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋จ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:53
they're also very much more opposed to gay marriage
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด๋‚˜
09:56
and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of
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๋™์„ฑ์• ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:58
the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain.
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์‚ฌํšŒ-๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:02
So physiological arousal predicted, in this study,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€
10:06
attitudes toward gay marriage.
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๋™์„ฑ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:07
But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํ˜์˜ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€์‹œํ‚จ ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
10:11
and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
10:14
what is the causal link here? Is it the case that
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€? ์ •๋ง๋กœ "ํ˜์˜ค"๊ฐ€
10:17
disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs?
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์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋…์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
10:20
We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ
10:25
and disgust them and compare them to a control group
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ์„
10:28
that hasn't been disgusted. It turns out that over
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๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด๋Š”
10:30
the past five years a number of researchers have done this,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
and by and large the results have all been the same,
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๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
10:36
that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š”
10:38
shift towards the right of the political spectrum,
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์ •์น˜์  ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:40
toward more moral conservatism as well.
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๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
10:43
So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํ˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•…์ทจ, ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋ง›,
10:47
from film clips, from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust,
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์˜ํ™”์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด, ์ตœ๋ฉดํ›„์•”์‹œ ํ˜น์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€
10:52
images like the ones I've shown you, even just
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์จ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
10:54
reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should
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์—ญ๋ณ‘์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:56
be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean,
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๋‹น์žฅ ์”ป์–ด์„œ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
11:00
these all have similar effects on judgment.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:03
Let me just give you an example from a recent study
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜
11:05
that we conducted. We asked participants
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:08
to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธธ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
and we either made the room smell gross or not.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:17
When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that
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๋ฐฉ์ด ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐผ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์—
11:20
individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Disgust didn't influence attitudes toward all the other
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์ด ๋ฐ–์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์ด
11:26
social groups that we asked, including African-Americans,
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ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
11:29
the elderly. It really came down to the attitudes they had
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ๋Š”
11:32
toward gay men.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์˜€์ฃ .
11:34
In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:37
this was at a time when the swine flu was going around --
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ํ•œ ๋•Œ ๋ผ์ง€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:39
we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread
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์ „์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์†์„ ๊นจ๋—์ด ์”ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
11:42
of the flu that they ought to wash their hands.
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์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
For some participants, we actually had them take questionnaires
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์ €ํฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“คํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์† ์”ป๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
11:50
next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands.
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์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ ์˜†์— ์•‰์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
And what we found was that just taking a questionnaire
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฐ ์† ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ ์˜†์—์„œ
11:55
next to this hand-sanitizing reminder made individuals
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์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:59
report being more politically conservative.
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์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
And when we asked them a variety of questions about
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌป๋Š”
12:04
the rightness or wrongness of certain acts, what we also
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
12:08
found was that simply being reminded that they ought
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์†์„ ์”ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
12:10
to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
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๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
In particular, when we asked them questions about
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„ฑํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
12:16
sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices,
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
12:19
just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands
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์†์„ ์”ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ๋„
12:22
made them think that they were more morally wrong.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์ด ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
12:27
but taboo sexual practice. We gave them scenarios.
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๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ . ์ €ํฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
One of them said a man is house-sitting for his grandmother.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
When his grandmother's away, he has sex with his girlfriend
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž ๊น ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
on his grandma's bed.
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ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ์š”.
12:38
In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐ์ธํ˜•์„ ์˜†์— ๊ปด์•ˆ์€ ์ฑ„
12:40
with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her. (Laughter)
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์ž์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
12:44
People find these to be more morally abhorrent
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:47
if they've been reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter)
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์†์„ ์”ป๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์—์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
12:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:54
Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
12:58
should come as no surprise. I mean,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
13:00
that's part of how emotions work.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
13:01
They not only motivate you to behave in certain ways,
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๊ฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:03
but they change the way you think.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
In the case of disgust, what is a little bit more surprising
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ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ข€ ๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฑด
13:07
is the scope of this influence. It makes perfect sense,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ถŒ์ด์ฃ . ์ •๋ง ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
and it's a very good emotion for us to have, that disgust
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ํ˜์˜ค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
13:14
would make me change the way that I perceive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
13:16
the physical world whenever contamination is possible.
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๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:19
It makes less sense that an emotion that was built
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋…์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์ด
13:22
to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ
13:25
who I'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election.
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๋ˆ„๊ตด ๋ฝ‘์„ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ข€ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜์ฃ .
13:29
The question of whether disgust ought to influence
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ํ˜์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์—
13:31
our moral and political judgments
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด
13:34
certainly has to be complex, and might depend on exactly
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
13:37
what judgments we're talking about, and as a scientist,
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ. ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ,
13:40
we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method
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์ €ํฐ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
13:42
is just ill-equipped to answer these sorts of questions.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
But one thing that I am fairly certain about is,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด,
13:47
at the very least, what we can do with this research is
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€
13:50
point to what questions we ought to ask in the first place.
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์• ์ดˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์งš์–ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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