The strange politics of disgust | David Pizarro

113,984 views ・ 2012-10-23

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Jessica Lin 審譯者: Jui-Hsin Chen
00:15
In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana
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17世紀,有個女人名叫Giulia Tofana
00:20
had a very successful perfume business.
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她有一個很成功的香水事業
00:23
For over 50 years she ran it.
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在她經營的50多年間。
00:25
It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed — (Laughter) —
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這事業結束的很突然,就在她被處死的時候--(笑聲)--
00:28
for murdering 600 men. You see, it wasn't a very good perfume.
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罪名是謀殺六百位男性。你可以知道, 這不是一個非常好的香水。
00:33
In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless,
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事實上,它是一個完全無氣味無味道也無顏色,
00:37
but as a poison, it was the best money could buy,
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但就一個毒藥來說,它是一個最划算的選擇。
00:40
so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands.
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所以女人們聚集到他那裡,為了要謀殺她們的丈夫
00:44
It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group,
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結果就是那些下毒者們是一個有價值且被畏懼的群體
00:49
because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing.
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因為要對一個人下毒是一件蠻困難的事情。
00:53
The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector.
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原因是,我們有的像是內建的辨毒偵測器,
00:57
You can see this as early as even in newborn infants.
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早在新生兒的時期你就會看見
01:00
If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops
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如果你願意做這個實驗,你可以嚐嚐幾滴
01:03
of a bitter substance or a sour substance,
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苦的或酸的物質
01:05
and you'll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose,
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你會看到那個臉部表情,舌頭吐出來,皺起鼻子
01:09
as if they're trying to get rid of what's in their mouth.
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好像他們正在嘗試要把那在嘴裡的東西吐出來。
01:12
This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes
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這個反應也延伸到成人階段,並且成為
01:15
sort of a full-blown disgust response, no longer just
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一個的激烈的厭惡反應,不再只是限於
01:18
about whether or not we're about to be poisoned,
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我們是否快要中毒時,
01:21
but whenever there's a threat of physical contamination
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而是只要從一有來自物理的污染威脅
01:24
from some source. But the face remains strikingly similar.
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就會有這個反應。這厭惡的臉孔十分相似。
01:28
It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away
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這個反應延伸得很廣,不只是使我們免於
01:32
from physical contaminants, and there's a growing
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身體上的污染。有越來越多證據說明
01:34
body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion
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事實上,
01:37
of disgust now influences our moral beliefs
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這個厭惡的情緒影響了我們的道德信念
01:41
and even our deeply held political intuitions.
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甚至我們深信的政治直覺
01:44
Why this might be the case?
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為什麼會這樣呢?
01:48
We can understand this process by understanding
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透過大略的瞭解一些關於情緒的知識,
01:51
a little bit about emotions in general. So the basic human emotions,
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我們就可以瞭解這個過程。人類基本的情緒,
01:54
those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings,
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這些我們和其他人都一起共有的情緒,
01:57
exist because they motivate us to do good things
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他們存在以至於可以推動我們去做好的事情,
02:00
and they keep us away from doing bad things.
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而且他們也會防止我們去做不好的事情。
02:02
So by and large, they are good for our survival.
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所以大致來說,這些情緒對於我們的生存來說是有益的。
02:06
Take the emotion of fear, for instance. It keeps us away
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就拿恐懼這個情緒來說,它防止我們
02:09
from doing things that are really, really risky.
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去做一些有極大風險的事。
02:11
This photo taken just before his death — (Laughter) —
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這張照片是在他死前拍下的--(笑聲)--
02:15
is actually a — No, one reason this photo is interesting
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這事實上是個--不,這張照片之所以有趣
02:18
is because most people would not do this, and if they did,
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是因為絕大多數的人不會做這件事,而且就算他們做了,
02:21
they would not live to tell it, because fear would have
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他們也不會在活著的時候 去告訴別人這件事,因為恐懼感早在
02:23
kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator.
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更早之前就對它的天敵發出訊號了。
02:27
Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems
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就像恐懼感,它提供我們保護的益處,
02:31
to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is
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厭惡感也會有相同的功能, 除了說厭惡感的存在
02:33
keeps us away from not things that might eat us,
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不是為了要使我們與 會把我們吃掉的東西,
02:36
or heights, but rather things that might poison us,
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或著是與高度保持距離; (厭惡感)的功能是要使我們與有毒物質保持距離,
02:38
or give us disease and make us sick.
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或著避免我們感染疾病。
02:41
So one of the features of disgust that makes it such
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所以說,讓厭惡感成為一個有趣情緒的
02:44
an interesting emotion is that it's very, very easy to elicit,
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其中一個特點就是他非常容易被激發
02:49
in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions,
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比起任何一個基本的情緒
02:52
and so I'm going to show you that with a couple of images
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我現在要給你們看一些照片
02:54
I can probably make you feel disgust.
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可能會讓你感到厭惡
02:56
So turn away. I'll tell you when you can turn back.
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所以你可以轉頭(不看), 我會告訴你甚麼時候可以回頭
02:59
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:00
I mean, you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter)
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你每天都看到這個,不是嗎?(笑聲)
03:05
(Audience: Ewww.)
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(觀眾:Ewww)
03:06
Okay, turn back, if you didn't look.
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好了,那些剛剛不敢看的人,妳們現在可以轉回來。
03:09
Those probably made a lot of you in the audience
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這些照片應該讓在座的很多人
03:12
feel very, very disgusted, but if you didn't look,
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感到非常非常噁心,但如果你們剛剛沒有看
03:15
I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown
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我可以告訴你的一些我剛剛展示的照片
03:18
sort of across the world to make people disgusted,
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它們其實散布在全世界各角落,讓人們感到噁心
03:21
things like feces, urine, blood, rotten flesh.
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像是糞,尿,血,腐爛的肉。
03:24
These are the sorts of things that it makes sense
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這些東西都是讓我們理所當然
03:26
for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us.
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要保持距離的,因為他們可能會真的污染我們
03:29
In fact, just having a diseased appearance
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事實上,只要有一個患病的外觀
03:32
or odd sexual acts, these things are also
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或著是奇怪的性行為,這些都讓我們
03:34
things that give us a lot of disgust.
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感到十分厭惡
03:37
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists
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達爾文可能是首批科學家之一
03:39
to systematically investigate the human emotions,
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去系統化的研究人類的各樣情感
03:41
and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength
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並且他也指出厭惡感的
03:45
of the disgust response.
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普遍性質和強度
03:47
This is an anecdote from his travels in South America.
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這是一個他在南美旅行的軼事。
03:50
"In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger
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在Tierro地島有個原住民在我吃飯的時候
03:52
some cold preserved meat while I was eating ...
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用他的手指觸摸一些冷藏的肉
03:54
and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt
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然後有些痛苦地露現出厭惡的神情,雖然我覺得
03:58
utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage — (Laughter) —
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我的食物被一個赤裸裸的野蠻人很噁心 --(笑聲)--
04:01
though his hands did not appear dirty."
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但他的手其實看起來不髒。
04:03
He later wrote, "It's okay, some of my best friends are naked savages." (Laughter)
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他之後寫道:“沒關係,我有一些好朋友也是赤裸的野蠻人。”
04:08
Well it turns out it's not only old-timey British scientists
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這個結果說明了其實不只是早期的英國科學家
04:11
who are this squeamish. I recently got a chance
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這麼容易感到厭惡,我最近有一個機會
04:13
to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary,
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去談談理查德·道金斯(Richard Dawkins)的紀錄片,
04:16
and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. Here's my favorite.
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然後我數度讓他感到很厭惡。這是我最喜歡的:
04:20
Richard Dawkins: "We've evolved around courtship and sex,
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理查德·道金斯說:“我們進化成長圍繞著求愛和性,
04:22
are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions
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他們連接到根深蒂固的情緒和反應
04:25
that are hard to jettison overnight."
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那是很難在一夕間被丟棄的。
04:30
David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that
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我最喜歡的片段是在
04:34
Professor Dawkins actually gagged.
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道金斯教授作嘔的時候。
04:36
He jumps back, and he gags, and we had to do it three times,
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他往後彈,然後作嘔,然後我們還必須做這這件事三遍
04:40
and all three times he gagged. (Laughter)
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然後每次他都作嘔。(笑聲)
04:44
And he was really gagging. I thought he might throw up on me, actually.
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他真的作嘔噢。我想他當時真的很想嘔吐在我身上。
04:47
One of the features, though, of disgust,
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厭惡噁心感的特點之一
04:50
is not just its universality and its strength,
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並不是它的普遍性或強度,
04:53
but the way that it works through association.
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而是它透過結合運作
04:56
So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing,
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當一個噁心的東西去接觸到一個乾淨的東西,
05:00
that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around.
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那的乾淨的東西就會變的噁心,而不是其他方式
05:03
This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to
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這就成了一個非常有用的策略,如果你想要
05:06
convince somebody that an object or an individual
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試著說服別人,有一個東西或著一個人
05:08
or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided.
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或著整個社會群體是很噁心的而且我們應該要避免。
05:12
The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out
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哲學家瑪莎·努斯鮑姆(Martha Nussbaum )指出了這一點
05:14
in this quote: "Thus throughout history, certain disgust
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”因此,在整個歷史,某些厭惡的
05:16
properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness --
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東西--黏滑的,難聞的氣味,粘性,腐敗,卑鄙--
05:19
have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ...
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曾多次且千篇一律的與
05:22
Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people --
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猶太人,女人,同性戀,賤民,低階級人士--
05:26
all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body."
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這些都被看作為身上的沾染的污穢
05:29
Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful
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讓我告訴你麼一些例子,
05:32
examples of how this has been used historically.
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讓你們看看這種策略是如何在歷史上被利用的。
05:35
This comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938:
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這來自於在1938年岀版的納粹的童書,
05:38
"Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards,
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“看看這些人,這有蝨出沒的鬍鬚,
05:41
the filthy, protruding ears, those stained, fatty clothes...
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骯髒的,突出的耳朵,那些有汙垢,油漬的衣服...
05:44
Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor.
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猶太人經常有不好的甜膩氣味
05:47
If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews."
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如果你的鼻子夠敏感,你就可以聞出猶太人。“
05:50
A more modern example comes from people who try to
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一個更接近當代的例子,來自於一群試著要
05:52
convince us that homosexuality is immoral.
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說服我們同性戀是不道德的人們。
05:55
This is from an anti-gay website, where they said
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這是一個反同性戀的網站,他們說
05:59
gays are "worthy of death for their vile ... sex practices."
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男同志們士"他們的卑鄙...性行為是該死的。"
06:02
They're like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces."
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他們就像”狗在吃自己的嘔吐物, 還有母豬沉溺在自己的糞便“
06:05
These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly
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這些都是令人厭惡的東西,企圖要將之直接與
06:08
linked to the social group that you should not like.
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這些社會群體連接,讓你覺得應該不要去喜歡他們。
06:12
When we were first investigating the role of disgust in
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當我們第一次研究厭惡感在道德判斷中
06:14
moral judgment, one of the things we became interested in
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所扮演的角色時,有件事讓我們非常感興趣的是
06:18
was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely
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這些吸引力會在一些
06:23
to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted.
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容易感到厭惡感情緒的人身上發揮作用。
06:26
So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions,
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所以,當厭惡感,還有其他基本的情緒
06:28
are universal phenomena, it just really is true
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都是很普遍的現象的同時,有些特定的人就是會
06:30
that some people are easier to disgust than others.
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比其他人更容易感到厭惡
06:33
You could probably see it in the audience members
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你或許已經在這個觀眾席中看到,
06:34
when I showed you those disgusting images.
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當我給你們看那些噁心的照片的時候。
06:36
The way that we measured this was by a scale that was
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我們衡量的方法,是用其他心理學家製作的
06:39
constructed by some other psychologists
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一個評分算法。
06:41
that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations
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就是簡單地問來自不同狀況的人們
06:44
how likely they are to feel disgust.
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他們多常感受到厭惡噁心的情緒。
06:46
So here are a couple of examples.
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這是一些例子:
06:48
"Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my
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”如果這碗湯是用一個已使用過但洗過的蒼蠅拍攪拌過,
06:50
favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter."
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就算我感到很餓,我也不會去喝那碗我最愛的湯,”
06:54
"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter)
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“你們同不同意?” (笑聲)
06:56
"While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track,
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“當你正在穿越一個在火車軌道下的一個隧道,
06:58
you smell urine. Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?"
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你聞到尿味,你會感覺非常噁心,或是覺得沒差?“
07:02
If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall
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如果你問足了這類型的問題,你就可以有一個
07:04
score of disgust sensitivity.
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大概的厭惡感敏銳度的評分。
07:07
It turns out that this score is actually meaningful.
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結果發現,這個算法是很有意義的。
07:09
When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask
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當你把一群人帶到實驗室,然後你問他們
07:12
them if they're willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors
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他們是否願意去做一些安全但噁心的行為,
07:16
like eating chocolate that's been baked to look like dog poop,
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像是吃一條長得像狗大便的巧克力,
07:21
or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross,
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或著,就這個例子來說, 吃一些完全健康但蠻噁心的麵包蟲,
07:25
your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not
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你的得分在那個評分中就會預測你是否
07:28
you'll be willing to engage in those behaviors.
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會願意去加入這些行為。
07:30
The first time that we set out to collect data on this
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我們的一次收集這些資料
07:33
and associate it with political or moral beliefs,
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然後將它跟政治或道德信念連結時,
07:35
we found a general pattern --
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我們發現一個大概的規律--
07:38
this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom --
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這是跟心理學家約埃爾·因巴爾(Yoel Inbar) 和保羅·布魯姆( Paul Bloom)發現的--
07:41
that in fact, across three studies we kept finding
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事實上,在這些研究中,我們不斷發現
07:45
that people who reported that they were easily disgusted
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那些說自己很容易感到厭惡或噁心的人
07:48
also reported that they were more politically conservative.
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也同時會說他們在政治上比較保守
07:51
Another way to say this, though, is that people
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換句話說,那些
07:53
who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter)
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非常開放的人很難感到厭惡。(笑聲)
07:58
In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at
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一個比較近期的研究,我們有辦法去看
08:03
a much greater sample, a much larger sample. In this case,
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一個比較大的,比較多的樣品。在這裡,
08:05
this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents,
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樣本是接近三萬美國受訪者,
08:08
and we find the same pattern. As you can see,
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我們發現一樣的規律性。你會看到
08:11
people who are on the very conservative side
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那些非常保守地去回答政治取向的人
08:13
of answering the political orientation scale are
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他們的評分
08:15
also much more likely to report that they're easily disgusted.
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也多半傾向於容易感到厭惡。
08:18
This data set also allowed us to statistically control
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這個數據同時也讓我們有辦法去有策略地控制
08:21
for a number of things that we knew were both related
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一些事情,特別是當我們知道
08:23
to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity.
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政治取向和厭惡敏銳度的關聯性。
08:26
So we were able to control for gender, age, income,
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我們就有辦法去控制性別,年紀,收入
08:28
education, even basic personality variables,
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教育,甚至基本特質的變因。
08:32
and the result stays the same.
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而且結果都是一樣的。
08:34
When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation,
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當我們不再只是看到自我評量的政治取向,
08:37
but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically
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而是投票行為,我們就有辦法看到所有橫跨國家
08:40
across the nation. What we found was that in regions
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的地區。我們發現的是,在那些
08:43
in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity,
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有高度厭惡感敏銳度的地區,
08:47
McCain got more votes.
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麥肯 (McCain,共和黨 )得到比較多票
08:49
So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation,
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所以說,這不只是預測了自我評量的政治取向,
08:52
but actual voting behavior. And also we were able,
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而是實際上的投票行為。我們也有機會
08:55
with this sample, to look across the world,
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用這個樣本,去看全世界
08:57
in 121 different countries we asked the same questions,
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在121個國家,我們問了相同的問題,
09:01
and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed
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你會看到,這121個國家分裂成
09:05
into 10 different geographical regions.
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10個不同的地理的區
09:07
No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size
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不管你從哪裡看,這個平面圖 是他們在厭惡感敏銳度和
09:10
of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation,
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政治取向的連結的大小。
09:13
and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect.
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我們看到無論身在何處, 我們看到了一個非常類似的效果。
09:17
Other labs have actually looked at this as well
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另一個實驗也觀察到這個,
09:20
using different measures of disgust sensitivity,
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運用不同的測量方式來測試豔舞感敏銳度,
09:23
so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are,
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他們不去問人們有多容易感到厭惡
09:25
they hook people up to physiological measures,
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他們將人們連結於生理衡量
09:27
in this case skin conductance.
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在這裡指的是皮膚電導。
09:29
And what they've demonstrated is that people who report
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他們表現出的是,那些說他們在政治觀
09:31
being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused
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比較保守的人,同時在生理上比較容易激動。
09:35
when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you.
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當你給他們看那些噁心的照片, 就像我剛剛給你們看的那些,
09:39
Interestingly, what they also showed in a finding
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很有趣地,他們同時也在這個研究中表現出,
09:41
that we kept getting in our previous studies as well
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就像我們之前的研究一樣,
09:45
was that one of the strongest influences here is that
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這裡最強的影響之一是,
09:49
individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are
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那些容易感到厭惡的人
09:51
more likely to report being politically conservative, but
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不只會傾向於於政治保守,同時
09:53
they're also very much more opposed to gay marriage
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他們也會更反對同性戀結婚,
09:56
and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of
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同性戀傾向,以及許多
09:58
the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain.
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在性領域的社會道德問題。
10:02
So physiological arousal predicted, in this study,
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因此,生理抗奮所預測的,在這項研究中
10:06
attitudes toward gay marriage.
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對同性婚姻的態度
10:07
But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity
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但是,即使所有這些數據連接厭惡敏感性
10:11
and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is
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和政治取向,有個問題仍然是
10:14
what is the causal link here? Is it the case that
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這裡的因果關係是什麼?
10:17
disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs?
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厭惡真的在塑造政治和道德​​信念嗎?
10:20
We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this,
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我們必須訴諸實驗方法來回答這個問題,
10:23
and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab
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我們可以做的其實是把人帶進實驗室來
10:25
and disgust them and compare them to a control group
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讓他們感到厭惡,然後將他們 和那些沒感受厭惡感的對照組
10:28
that hasn't been disgusted. It turns out that over
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進行比較。結果是
10:30
the past five years a number of researchers have done this,
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五年多來很多的研究員都做過這個實驗,
10:33
and by and large the results have all been the same,
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大部份的結果都是一樣的,
10:36
that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes
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當人們感到厭惡,他們的態度
10:38
shift towards the right of the political spectrum,
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轉向右翼的政治光譜,
10:40
toward more moral conservatism as well.
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也更傾向於道德保守主義。
10:43
So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste,
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因此,這是你是否使用難聞的氣味,不好的味道,
10:47
from film clips, from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust,
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從電影片段,從後催眠所暗示的厭惡,
10:52
images like the ones I've shown you, even just
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類似我剛剛展示的那些圖片,甚至只是
10:54
reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should
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提醒人們有個疾病非常普遍,他們應該
10:56
be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean,
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警惕地清洗,保持清潔
11:00
these all have similar effects on judgment.
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這些都有類似的效果判斷。
11:03
Let me just give you an example from a recent study
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讓我從最近的一項研究給你舉個例子,
11:05
that we conducted. We asked participants
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我們要求參與者
11:08
to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups,
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只是簡單地給我們的各種社會群體的意見,
11:13
and we either made the room smell gross or not.
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然後我們選擇要或不要讓房間有難聞的味道
11:17
When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that
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當室內有難聞氣味時,我們看到的是,
11:20
individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men.
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受訪者會對男同性戀有更負面的態度,
11:24
Disgust didn't influence attitudes toward all the other
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厭惡並沒有影響所有其他的態度。
11:26
social groups that we asked, including African-Americans,
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我們所提問的社會群體,包括非裔美國人,
11:29
the elderly. It really came down to the attitudes they had
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還有老年人。這真的只影響他們對男同性戀
11:32
toward gay men.
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的態度。
11:34
In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people --
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在另一組研究中,我們實際上只是提醒人們 -
11:37
this was at a time when the swine flu was going around --
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這是在豬流感盛行的時候
11:39
we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread
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我們提醒他們,為了防止豬流感的擴散
11:42
of the flu that they ought to wash their hands.
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他們必須要洗手。
11:46
For some participants, we actually had them take questionnaires
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我們也把有些受訪者帶到一個警示牌旁邊
11:50
next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands.
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要提醒他們要洗手
11:53
And what we found was that just taking a questionnaire
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我們發現,就只是因為我們在
11:55
next to this hand-sanitizing reminder made individuals
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要洗手的警示牌旁問問題,
11:59
report being more politically conservative.
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他們的報告就顯示比較政治保守。
12:02
And when we asked them a variety of questions about
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然後我們問他們不同的問題,關於
12:04
the rightness or wrongness of certain acts, what we also
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某些行為的正確與錯誤,我們也發現
12:08
found was that simply being reminded that they ought
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就只是因為簡單的提醒他們應該
12:10
to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
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要洗手,就使他們在道德觀上變得保守。
12:13
In particular, when we asked them questions about
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尤其當我們問到關於
12:16
sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices,
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各樣視為禁忌卻無害的性行為時,
12:19
just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands
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就只是提醒他們應該要洗手
12:22
made them think that they were more morally wrong.
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使得他們認為這些行為是在道德上是錯誤的
12:25
Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless
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讓我給你一個例子,說明“無害
12:27
but taboo sexual practice. We gave them scenarios.
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但被視為禁忌的性行為“是什麼意思。我給他們一個情境,
12:30
One of them said a man is house-sitting for his grandmother.
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其中一個是,有個男人在家裡照顧他的奶奶,
12:34
When his grandmother's away, he has sex with his girlfriend
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當她的奶奶不在時,他和他的女友在她奶奶的床上
12:36
on his grandma's bed.
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發生性行為。
12:38
In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating
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另一個例子,有一個女人喜歡自慰時
12:40
with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her. (Laughter)
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擁抱她最喜歡的玩具熊。(笑聲)
12:44
People find these to be more morally abhorrent
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人們覺得這些事情在道德上是很悖逆的
12:47
if they've been reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter)
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如果他們有被提醒要洗手的話 。(笑聲)
12:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:54
Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment
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好吧。情緒會影響我們的判斷的事實
12:58
should come as no surprise. I mean,
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應該不會太令人驚訝。我的意思是,
13:00
that's part of how emotions work.
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這就是情緒運作的一部分。
13:01
They not only motivate you to behave in certain ways,
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他們不僅激勵你在某些方面的行為,
13:03
but they change the way you think.
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它也改變你思考的方式
13:05
In the case of disgust, what is a little bit more surprising
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在厭惡感的例子中,有點令人驚訝的是在於
13:07
is the scope of this influence. It makes perfect sense,
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它所影響的範圍。這完全符合邏輯
13:11
and it's a very good emotion for us to have, that disgust
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而且這也是我們所擁有的一個很好的情緒,厭惡感
13:14
would make me change the way that I perceive
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使我們在物理世界受到污染時
13:16
the physical world whenever contamination is possible.
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改變我們對事物的的看法。
13:19
It makes less sense that an emotion that was built
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要說一個用來幫助我們免於中毒的情緒
13:22
to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict
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可以預測
13:25
who I'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election.
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我在接下來的總統大選要選誰,這有點不合邏輯。
13:29
The question of whether disgust ought to influence
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但問題是厭惡感是否應該影響
13:31
our moral and political judgments
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我們的道德和政治觀的判斷
13:34
certainly has to be complex, and might depend on exactly
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那絕對會複雜,而且可能會需要根據
13:37
what judgments we're talking about, and as a scientist,
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我們談論的不同議題而定。作為一個科學家,
13:40
we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method
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我們必須作一個總結,就是有時候科學方法
13:42
is just ill-equipped to answer these sorts of questions.
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並沒有裝備好要去回答這樣的問題
13:45
But one thing that I am fairly certain about is,
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但有一件事我們可以確定的事這個
13:47
at the very least, what we can do with this research is
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就是至少,我們可以從這個研究中所作的是
13:50
point to what questions we ought to ask in the first place.
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指出我們要問的第一個問題應該是什麼。
13:53
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。(鼓掌)
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