The strange politics of disgust | David Pizarro

114,377 views ใƒป 2012-10-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana
1
15827
4531
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17, ืืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ื•ืœื™ืื ื” ื˜ื•ืคืื ื”
00:20
had a very successful perfume business.
2
20358
2711
ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:23
For over 50 years she ran it.
3
23069
2257
ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื”.
00:25
It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
4
25326
2785
ื”ืขืกืง ืงืจืก ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช-ืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’--
00:28
for murdering 600 men. You see, it wasn't a very good perfume.
5
28111
5431
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ 600 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
00:33
In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless,
6
33542
3866
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ืจื™ื—, ื˜ืขื ื•ืฆื‘ืข,
00:37
but as a poison, it was the best money could buy,
7
37408
3324
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืขืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:40
so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands.
8
40732
3793
ืื– ื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
00:44
It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group,
9
44525
5260
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื™ืจืื”,
00:49
because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing.
10
49785
4169
ื›ื™ ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™.
00:53
The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector.
11
53954
3335
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืืฆืœื ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื™-ืจืขืœ.
00:57
You can see this as early as even in newborn infants.
12
57289
3264
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ื™ื•ืžื.
01:00
If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops
13
60553
2571
ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืจ ืื• ื—ืžื•ืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:03
of a bitter substance or a sour substance,
14
63124
2563
01:05
and you'll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose,
15
65687
3772
ื•ืžื™ื“ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืืช ื—ืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืฃ ื”ืžืชืงืžื˜,
01:09
as if they're trying to get rid of what's in their mouth.
16
69459
2872
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืคื”.
01:12
This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes
17
72331
2952
ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืขืœ ืžืœืื”,
01:15
sort of a full-blown disgust response, no longer just
18
75283
3520
ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
01:18
about whether or not we're about to be poisoned,
19
78803
2452
01:21
but whenever there's a threat of physical contamination
20
81255
2957
ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
01:24
from some source. But the face remains strikingly similar.
21
84212
4131
ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ,
01:28
It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away
22
88343
3953
ืืœื ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™,
01:32
from physical contaminants, and there's a growing
23
92296
2181
ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ
01:34
body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion
24
94477
3483
01:37
of disgust now influences our moral beliefs
25
97960
3042
ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
01:41
and even our deeply held political intuitions.
26
101002
3896
ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:44
Why this might be the case?
27
104898
3636
ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš?
01:48
We can understand this process by understanding
28
108534
2995
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”
01:51
a little bit about emotions in general. So the basic human emotions,
29
111529
3150
ืื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
01:54
those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings,
30
114679
3195
ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื ื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
01:57
exist because they motivate us to do good things
31
117874
2801
ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:00
and they keep us away from doing bad things.
32
120675
2311
ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
02:02
So by and large, they are good for our survival.
33
122986
3383
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ื•.
02:06
Take the emotion of fear, for instance. It keeps us away
34
126369
2809
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืคื—ื“.
ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
02:09
from doing things that are really, really risky.
35
129178
2504
02:11
This photo taken just before his death โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
36
131682
3840
ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•--
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:15
is actually a โ€” No, one reason this photo is interesting
37
135522
2846
ื”ื™ื -- ืœื, ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
02:18
is because most people would not do this, and if they did,
38
138368
3617
ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
02:21
they would not live to tell it, because fear would have
39
141985
2000
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:23
kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator.
40
143985
3675
ื›ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:27
Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems
41
147660
3607
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™ื™ื,
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:31
to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is
42
151267
2334
ืืœื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•
02:33
keeps us away from not things that might eat us,
43
153601
2595
02:36
or heights, but rather things that might poison us,
44
156196
2665
ืื• ืžื’ื‘ื”ื™ื,
ืืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
02:38
or give us disease and make us sick.
45
158861
2597
02:41
So one of the features of disgust that makes it such
46
161458
3257
ืื– ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื’ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš,
02:44
an interesting emotion is that it's very, very easy to elicit,
47
164715
4783
ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื•,
02:49
in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions,
48
169498
2883
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
02:52
and so I'm going to show you that with a couple of images
49
172381
2369
ืื– ืื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืืชื›ื --
02:54
I can probably make you feel disgust.
50
174750
1883
02:56
So turn away. I'll tell you when you can turn back.
51
176633
3195
ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉื™ืคื ื” ื”ืจืืฉ. ืื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืžืชื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:59
(Laughter)
52
179828
1133
03:00
I mean, you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter)
53
180961
4333
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืชื ื”ืจื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:05
(Audience: Ewww.)
54
185294
1213
ืงื”ืœ: ืื™ื›ืก!
03:06
Okay, turn back, if you didn't look.
55
186507
3009
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฆืคื”.
03:09
Those probably made a lot of you in the audience
56
189516
2535
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
03:12
feel very, very disgusted, but if you didn't look,
57
192051
3835
ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ ืžืื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฆืคื”,
03:15
I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown
58
195886
2530
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื•
03:18
sort of across the world to make people disgusted,
59
198416
2683
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:21
things like feces, urine, blood, rotten flesh.
60
201099
3604
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืื”, ืฉืชืŸ, ื“ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืงื•ื‘,
03:24
These are the sorts of things that it makes sense
61
204703
1834
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื,
03:26
for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us.
62
206537
3254
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
03:29
In fact, just having a diseased appearance
63
209791
2295
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื™ืช
03:32
or odd sexual acts, these things are also
64
212086
2400
ืื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
03:34
things that give us a lot of disgust.
65
214486
2991
ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ื’ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘.
03:37
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists
66
217477
2378
ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
03:39
to systematically investigate the human emotions,
67
219855
1943
ืฉื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
03:41
and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength
68
221798
3689
ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”
03:45
of the disgust response.
69
225487
1849
ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ.
03:47
This is an anecdote from his travels in South America.
70
227336
3271
ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:50
"In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger
71
230607
1736
"ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืืฉ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•
03:52
some cold preserved meat while I was eating ...
72
232343
2505
"ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืจ ืฉืื›ืœืชื™...
03:54
and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt
73
234848
3519
"ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืจื›ื•ืชื•,
03:58
utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
74
238367
2998
"ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืš ืฉืคืจื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื™ --
04:01
though his hands did not appear dirty."
75
241365
2157
"ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื ื ืจืื• ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช."
04:03
He later wrote, "It's okay, some of my best friends are naked savages." (Laughter)
76
243522
5398
ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘, "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืจืื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:08
Well it turns out it's not only old-timey British scientists
77
248920
2744
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
04:11
who are this squeamish. I recently got a chance
78
251664
2281
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™-ื ืคืฉ ื›ืืœื”. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—
04:13
to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary,
79
253945
2290
ืขื ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™,
04:16
and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. Here's my favorite.
80
256235
3867
ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™.
04:20
Richard Dawkins: "We've evolved around courtship and sex,
81
260102
2365
ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก: "ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื™-ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืŸ,
04:22
are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions
82
262467
3022
"ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช
04:25
that are hard to jettison overnight."
83
265489
4700
"ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืžืื“ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื”"
(ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ืงื•ืช)
04:30
David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that
84
270189
4037
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืคื™ื–ืืจื•: ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
04:34
Professor Dawkins actually gagged.
85
274226
2643
ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ืง.
04:36
He jumps back, and he gags, and we had to do it three times,
86
276869
3585
ื”ื•ื ื ืจืชืข ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชื ืง, ื•ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ 3 ืคืขืžื™ื,
04:40
and all three times he gagged. (Laughter)
87
280454
3556
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ 3 ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื ืง.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:44
And he was really gagging. I thought he might throw up on me, actually.
88
284010
3146
ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ืง. ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืœื™.
04:47
One of the features, though, of disgust,
89
287156
3216
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ
04:50
is not just its universality and its strength,
90
290372
2930
ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœื•,
04:53
but the way that it works through association.
91
293302
3039
ืืœื ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™:
04:56
So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing,
92
296341
3735
ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืงื™,
05:00
that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around.
93
300076
3354
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
05:03
This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to
94
303430
3207
ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืื“ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:06
convince somebody that an object or an individual
95
306637
1766
ืฉืขืฆื ืื• ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
05:08
or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided.
96
308403
3668
ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื.
05:12
The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out
97
312071
2541
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืจืชื” ื ื•ืกื‘ืื•ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช
05:14
in this quote: "Thus throughout history, certain disgust
98
314612
2084
ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•: "ื•ื›ืš, ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
05:16
properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness, decay, foulness --
99
316696
3241
"ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื - ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืจื™ื— ืจืข, ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช, ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฆื—ื ื” -
05:19
have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ...
100
319937
2300
"ืงื•ืฉืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื,
05:22
Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, lower-class people --
101
322237
3852
"ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื ืžื•ืš --
05:26
all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body."
102
326089
3514
"ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื• ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ."
05:29
Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful
103
329603
3132
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”
05:32
examples of how this has been used historically.
104
332735
2372
ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
05:35
This comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938:
105
335107
3590
ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืกืคืจ-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1938:
05:38
"Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards,
106
338697
2810
"ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื! ื”ื–ืงึธื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฆื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื™ื,
05:41
the filthy, protruding ears, those stained, fatty clothes...
107
341507
3310
"ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืชืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ...
05:44
Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor.
108
344817
2766
"ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื™ื— ืžืชืงืชืง ื“ื•ื—ื”.
05:47
If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews."
109
347583
2793
"ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉ-ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื."
05:50
A more modern example comes from people who try to
110
350376
2533
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื•
05:52
convince us that homosexuality is immoral.
111
352909
2461
ืฉื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
05:55
This is from an anti-gay website, where they said
112
355370
3685
ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืืชืจ ืื ื˜ื™-ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•,
05:59
gays are "worthy of death for their vile ... sex practices."
113
359055
3277
ืฉื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื "ื‘ื ื™-ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืขื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื."
06:02
They're like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces."
114
362332
3666
ื”ื ื›ืžื• "ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืงื™ืื ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืืชืŸ."
06:05
These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly
115
365998
2744
ื–ื”ื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืงึทืฉืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
06:08
linked to the social group that you should not like.
116
368742
3349
ืฉืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืœื•ื“ ืžื”ื.
06:12
When we were first investigating the role of disgust in
117
372091
2772
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžืžืœื ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ
06:14
moral judgment, one of the things we became interested in
118
374863
3869
ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
06:18
was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely
119
378732
4303
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื•
ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
06:23
to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted.
120
383035
3065
06:26
So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions,
121
386100
2129
ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืขืœ, ืœืฆื“ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
06:28
are universal phenomena, it just really is true
122
388229
2616
ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื
06:30
that some people are easier to disgust than others.
123
390845
2298
ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
06:33
You could probably see it in the audience members
124
393143
1686
ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
06:34
when I showed you those disgusting images.
125
394829
2057
ื›ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
06:36
The way that we measured this was by a scale that was
126
396886
2700
ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืคื™ ืกื•ืœื
06:39
constructed by some other psychologists
127
399586
2329
ืฉื ื•ืกื— ืข"ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:41
that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations
128
401915
2857
ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
06:44
how likely they are to feel disgust.
129
404772
2101
ืžื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืืœื” ื™ื’ืขื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
06:46
So here are a couple of examples.
130
406873
1793
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
06:48
"Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my
131
408666
2172
"ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืขื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืงืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืง ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™,
06:50
favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter."
132
410838
3808
"ืื™ืœื• ื ื‘ื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื˜-ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ืืš ืจื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘."
06:54
"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter)
133
414646
1565
"ื”ืื ืืช/ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื/ื” ืื• ืœื?"
06:56
"While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track,
134
416211
2280
"ื›ืฉืืช/ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ/ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืจื™ื—/ื” ืฉืชืŸ.
06:58
you smell urine. Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?"
135
418491
3664
"ื”ืื ืชื™ื’ืขืœ/ื™ ืื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื?"
ืื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
07:02
If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall
136
422155
2656
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืขืœ.
07:04
score of disgust sensitivity.
137
424811
2363
07:07
It turns out that this score is actually meaningful.
138
427174
2473
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:09
When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask
139
429647
3077
ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื
07:12
them if they're willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors
140
432724
3829
ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืš ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื
07:16
like eating chocolate that's been baked to look like dog poop,
141
436553
5022
ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
07:21
or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross,
142
441575
3965
ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™-ืงืžื—, ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืš ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช,
07:25
your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not
143
445540
2991
ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”.
07:28
you'll be willing to engage in those behaviors.
144
448531
2343
07:30
The first time that we set out to collect data on this
145
450874
2598
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
07:33
and associate it with political or moral beliefs,
146
453472
2010
ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ื–ืืช ืขื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
07:35
we found a general pattern --
147
455482
2877
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ืœืœื™ --
07:38
this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom --
148
458359
3302
ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืืœ ืขื ื‘ืจ ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื --
07:41
that in fact, across three studies we kept finding
149
461661
4020
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช
07:45
that people who reported that they were easily disgusted
150
465681
2521
ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
07:48
also reported that they were more politically conservative.
151
468202
3455
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
07:51
Another way to say this, though, is that people
152
471657
1884
ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
07:53
who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter)
153
473541
5407
ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:58
In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at
154
478948
4270
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™-ืžืขืงื‘ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
08:03
a much greater sample, a much larger sample. In this case,
155
483218
2681
ืžื“ื’ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:05
this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents,
156
485899
2592
ื”ืคืขื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-30,000 ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
08:08
and we find the same pattern. As you can see,
157
488491
2777
ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ืคื•ืก. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
08:11
people who are on the very conservative side
158
491268
1945
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
08:13
of answering the political orientation scale are
159
493213
2702
08:15
also much more likely to report that they're easily disgusted.
160
495915
2770
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
08:18
This data set also allowed us to statistically control
161
498685
2495
ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืจื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
08:21
for a number of things that we knew were both related
162
501180
2224
ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
08:23
to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity.
163
503404
2915
ืœืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืขืœ.
08:26
So we were able to control for gender, age, income,
164
506319
2605
ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืงืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ, ื’ื™ืœ, ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
08:28
education, even basic personality variables,
165
508924
3291
ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
08:32
and the result stays the same.
166
512215
2302
ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื”.
08:34
When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation,
167
514517
3426
ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช,
08:37
but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically
168
517943
2900
ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
08:40
across the nation. What we found was that in regions
169
520843
2946
ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื’ื•ืขืœ,
08:43
in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity,
170
523789
3897
08:47
McCain got more votes.
171
527686
1987
ืžืง'ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
08:49
So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation,
172
529673
3118
ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช,
08:52
but actual voting behavior. And also we were able,
173
532791
2372
ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื.
ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื–ื”, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:55
with this sample, to look across the world,
174
535163
2692
08:57
in 121 different countries we asked the same questions,
175
537855
3594
ื‘-121 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
09:01
and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed
176
541449
3927
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื - ืืœื• 121 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
09:05
into 10 different geographical regions.
177
545376
2370
ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœ-10 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
09:07
No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size
178
547746
2624
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงืฉืจ
09:10
of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation,
179
550370
3411
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
09:13
and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect.
180
553781
3639
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“.
09:17
Other labs have actually looked at this as well
181
557420
3437
ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื–ื”
09:20
using different measures of disgust sensitivity,
182
560857
2177
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืขืœ,
09:23
so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are,
183
563034
2552
ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื ื ื’ืขืœื™ื,
09:25
they hook people up to physiological measures,
184
565586
2340
ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
09:27
in this case skin conductance.
185
567926
1628
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” - ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืขื•ืจื™ืช.
09:29
And what they've demonstrated is that people who report
186
569554
2228
ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
09:31
being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused
187
571782
4126
ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
09:35
when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you.
188
575908
3574
ื›ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
09:39
Interestingly, what they also showed in a finding
189
579482
2169
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื•,
09:41
that we kept getting in our previous studies as well
190
581651
4025
ื‘ืžืžืฆื ืฉื’ื ืื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:45
was that one of the strongest influences here is that
191
585676
3747
ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ
ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืขืœ
09:49
individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are
192
589423
2210
09:51
more likely to report being politically conservative, but
193
591633
2086
ืœื ืจืง ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
09:53
they're also very much more opposed to gay marriage
194
593719
3009
ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช
09:56
and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of
195
596728
2149
09:58
the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain.
196
598877
3765
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
10:02
So physiological arousal predicted, in this study,
197
602642
3489
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื–ืชื”
10:06
attitudes toward gay marriage.
198
606131
1698
ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:07
But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity
199
607829
3219
ืืš ื’ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืฉืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
10:11
and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is
200
611048
3159
ื ื•ืชืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ?
10:14
what is the causal link here? Is it the case that
201
614207
3071
ื”ืื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช?
10:17
disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs?
202
617278
3274
10:20
We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this,
203
620552
2560
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš,
10:23
and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab
204
623112
2775
ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
10:25
and disgust them and compare them to a control group
205
625887
2423
ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช-ื‘ืงืจื”
10:28
that hasn't been disgusted. It turns out that over
206
628310
2408
ืฉืœื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืขืœ. ื•ืืžื ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
10:30
the past five years a number of researchers have done this,
207
630718
2728
ืฉื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
10:33
and by and large the results have all been the same,
208
633446
2826
ื•ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช,
10:36
that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes
209
636272
2429
ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืขืœ,
10:38
shift towards the right of the political spectrum,
210
638701
2103
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
10:40
toward more moral conservatism as well.
211
640804
2676
ื•ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
10:43
So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste,
212
643480
3680
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื— ืจืข, ื˜ืขื ื“ื•ื—ื”,
10:47
from film clips, from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust,
213
647160
5290
ืงื˜ืขื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉืืช-ื’ื•ืขืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
10:52
images like the ones I've shown you, even just
214
652450
2366
ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
10:54
reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should
215
654816
1963
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืง ื›ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื”
10:56
be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean,
216
656779
3639
ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฅ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ,
11:00
these all have similar effects on judgment.
217
660418
2780
ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜.
11:03
Let me just give you an example from a recent study
218
663198
2366
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
11:05
that we conducted. We asked participants
219
665564
2960
ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
11:08
to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups,
220
668524
4697
ืจืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
11:13
and we either made the room smell gross or not.
221
673221
4412
ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ื—ื“ืจื ื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ืจื™ื— ืจืข.
11:17
When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that
222
677633
3171
ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขืžื“ ืจื™ื— ืจืข,
ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
11:20
individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men.
223
680804
3671
11:24
Disgust didn't influence attitudes toward all the other
224
684475
2223
ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื”ื,
11:26
social groups that we asked, including African-Americans,
225
686698
2393
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
11:29
the elderly. It really came down to the attitudes they had
226
689091
3862
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืžืฆื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
11:32
toward gay men.
227
692953
1393
11:34
In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people --
228
694346
3561
ื‘ืกื˜ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื --
11:37
this was at a time when the swine flu was going around --
229
697907
1926
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื --
11:39
we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread
230
699833
2484
ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช
11:42
of the flu that they ought to wash their hands.
231
702317
3718
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
11:46
For some participants, we actually had them take questionnaires
232
706035
4415
ืœื›ืžื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœืžืœื ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื
11:50
next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands.
233
710450
2921
ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื˜ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
11:53
And what we found was that just taking a questionnaire
234
713371
2520
ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืขืฆื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื
11:55
next to this hand-sanitizing reminder made individuals
235
715891
3713
ืœื™ื“ ื”ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
11:59
report being more politically conservative.
236
719604
3163
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข
12:02
And when we asked them a variety of questions about
237
722767
2037
12:04
the rightness or wrongness of certain acts, what we also
238
724804
3423
ืœืฆื“ืง ืื• ืœืขื•ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
12:08
found was that simply being reminded that they ought
239
728227
2315
12:10
to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
240
730542
3309
ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
12:13
In particular, when we asked them questions about
241
733851
2297
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช
12:16
sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices,
242
736148
3774
ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื˜ืื‘ื• ืืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื-ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
12:19
just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands
243
739922
2626
ืขืฆื ื”ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
12:22
made them think that they were more morally wrong.
244
742548
2563
ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
12:25
Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless
245
745111
2400
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘"ื˜ืื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื-ืžื–ื™ืง",
12:27
but taboo sexual practice. We gave them scenarios.
246
747511
2765
ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื.
12:30
One of them said a man is house-sitting for his grandmother.
247
750276
3758
ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ืชื•.
12:34
When his grandmother's away, he has sex with his girlfriend
248
754034
2718
ื›ืฉืกื‘ืชื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื•
12:36
on his grandma's bed.
249
756752
1348
ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื•.
12:38
In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating
250
758100
2497
ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื ื ื•ืช
12:40
with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her. (Laughter)
251
760597
3894
ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื” ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœ ืœืฆื™ื“ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:44
People find these to be more morally abhorrent
252
764491
2632
ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
12:47
if they've been reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter)
253
767123
4316
ืื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:51
(Laughter)
254
771439
3192
12:54
Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment
255
774631
3529
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•
12:58
should come as no surprise. I mean,
256
778160
1883
ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื™ืฉ,
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
13:00
that's part of how emotions work.
257
780043
1401
13:01
They not only motivate you to behave in certain ways,
258
781444
1564
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
13:03
but they change the way you think.
259
783008
2084
ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
13:05
In the case of disgust, what is a little bit more surprising
260
785092
2790
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
13:07
is the scope of this influence. It makes perfect sense,
261
787882
3445
ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ - ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืฉ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• -
13:11
and it's a very good emotion for us to have, that disgust
262
791327
2879
ืฉื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉื™
13:14
would make me change the way that I perceive
263
794206
2656
13:16
the physical world whenever contamination is possible.
264
796862
3043
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
13:19
It makes less sense that an emotion that was built
265
799905
2932
ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืจื’ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืจืขืœ,
13:22
to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict
266
802837
2906
ื™ื ื‘ื ืื™ืš ืืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช.
13:25
who I'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election.
267
805743
3376
13:29
The question of whether disgust ought to influence
268
809119
2808
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
13:31
our moral and political judgments
269
811927
2352
13:34
certainly has to be complex, and might depend on exactly
270
814279
3136
ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜,
13:37
what judgments we're talking about, and as a scientist,
271
817415
2682
ื•ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
13:40
we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method
272
820097
2006
13:42
is just ill-equipped to answer these sorts of questions.
273
822103
3504
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื“ื” ืžืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
13:45
But one thing that I am fairly certain about is,
274
825607
2048
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
13:47
at the very least, what we can do with this research is
275
827655
2819
ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
ื”ื•ื ืœืงืœื•ืข ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
13:50
point to what questions we ought to ask in the first place.
276
830474
2852
13:53
Thank you. (Applause)
277
833326
4000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7