A roadmap to end aging | Aubrey de Grey

Translator: Enkel Doci Reviewer: Fitim Veliu

18 minutes is an absolutely brutal time limit,

18 minuta eshte nje kohe plotesisht e pamjaftueshme

so I'm going to dive straight in, right at the point

keshtu qe do te jem i drejt per drejt

where I get this thing to work.

si funksionon kjo gje.

Here we go. I'm going to talk about five different things.

Une do te flas per 5 gjera te ndryshme

I'm going to talk about why defeating aging is desirable.

Une do te flas perse te mposhtesh plakjen eshte e deshirueshme.

I'm going to talk about why we have to get our shit together,

Une do te flas perse duhet te jemi te organizuar,

and actually talk about this a bit more than we do.

dhe ne fakt do te flas rreth kesaj me shume.

I'm going to talk about feasibility as well, of course.

Une do te flas per realizushmerine, natyrisht.

I'm going to talk about why we are so fatalistic

Une do te flas perse jemi pesimist

about doing anything about aging.

rreth gjithckaje qe ka te bej me plakjen.

And then I'm going spend perhaps the second half of the talk

dhe ndoshta pastaj pjesen e dyte te fjalimit do ta shpenzoj

talking about, you know, how we might actually be able to prove that fatalism is wrong,

se si mund ta vertetojm se pesimismi eshte gabim,

namely, by actually doing something about it.

duke bere dicka rreth saj.

I'm going to do that in two steps.

Une do ta bej kete ne dy hapa.

The first one I'm going to talk about is

Gjeja e pare per te cilen do flas eshte

how to get from a relatively modest amount of life extension --

si mund te arrijm te zgjasim jetes me modesti

which I'm going to define as 30 years, applied to people

te cilen do ta percaktoja 30 vjec,

who are already in middle-age when you start --

te cilet jane ne moshe te mesme kur

to a point which can genuinely be called defeating aging.

arrin nje pike ku i dorezoheni plakjes.

Namely, essentially an elimination of the relationship between

Esencialisht nje eleminim i lidhjes midis

how old you are and how likely you are to die in the next year --

sa vjec je, dhe sa eshte mundesi te vdesesh vitin tjeter

or indeed, to get sick in the first place.

ose te semuresh.

And of course, the last thing I'm going to talk about

Dhe natyrisht, gjeja e fundit per te cilen do te flas

is how to reach that intermediate step,

eshte se si mund te arrijm fazen e ndermjetme.

that point of maybe 30 years life extension.

pika ku te rrisim kohezgjatjen me 30 vjet.

So I'm going to start with why we should.

Atehere, do te filloj me pyetjen perse duhet.

Now, I want to ask a question.

Tani dua te bej nje pyetje.

Hands up: anyone in the audience who is in favor of malaria?

Ngrini duart; te gjithe ata qe jane pro malarias?

That was easy. OK.

Kjo ishte e thjesht. OK.

OK. Hands up: anyone in the audience

OK. Ngini duarte, ata ne audience

who's not sure whether malaria is a good thing or a bad thing?

te cilet nuk jane te sigurt nese malaria eshte dicka e mire apo e keqe?

OK. So we all think malaria is a bad thing.

OK. Keshtu qe te gjithe mendojm se malaria eshte dicka e keqe.

That's very good news, because I thought that was what the answer would be.

Ky eshte lajm i mire, pasi kjo eshte pergjigja qe kisha menduar.

Now the thing is, I would like to put it to you

Gjeja qe une dua qe ju te kuptoni eshte se

that the main reason why we think that malaria is a bad thing

arsye kryesore perse ne mendojm se malaria eshte gje e keqe

is because of a characteristic of malaria that it shares with aging.

eshte per shkak te karakteristikes qe malaria ka me plakjen.

And here is that characteristic.

Dhe ja ku eshte kjo karakteristike.

The only real difference is that aging kills considerably more people than malaria does.

Diferenca e vetme eshte se plakja vret konsiderueshem me shum njerez se malaria.

Now, I like in an audience, in Britain especially,

Tani, dua qe ne audience, sidomos ne Britani,

to talk about the comparison with foxhunting,

te krahasojm gjahun e dhelprave,

which is something that was banned after a long struggle,

e cila eshte dicka qe u ndalua pas shum veshtiresive,

by the government not very many months ago.

nga qeveria jo shume muaj me pare.

I mean, I know I'm with a sympathetic audience here,

E di se kam nje audience dashamirese ketu,

but, as we know, a lot of people are not entirely persuaded by this logic.

por, sic e dime, shume njerez nuk jam shume te bindur nga kjo logjike.

And this is actually a rather good comparison, it seems to me.

Dhe faktikisht kjo eshte nje krahasim shum i mire, sipas meje.

You know, a lot of people said, "Well, you know,

E dini se shum njerez thane,

city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time.

"Ata te qytetit nuk kane pune te na tregojn ne fshatareve se cfare te bejm me kohen tone.

It's a traditional part of the way of life,

Eshte zakon dhe pjese e jetes tone,

and we should be allowed to carry on doing it.

dhe ne duhet te jemi te lire te vazhdojm ta bejm kete.

It's ecologically sound; it stops the population explosion of foxes."

Ekologjikisht nenkupton se ndalon nje shperthim te popullates se dhelprave."

But ultimately, the government prevailed in the end,

Por, perfundimisht qeveria mbizoteroi ne fund,

because the majority of the British public,

sepse shumica e publikut Britanik,

and certainly the majority of members of Parliament,

dhe sidomos shumica e antareve te perlamentit,

came to the conclusion that it was really something

arriten ne perfundimin se ishte vertet dicka

that should not be tolerated in a civilized society.

qe nuk hej toleruar ne nje shoqeri te civilizuar.

And I think that human aging shares

Une mendoj se plakja e njerezimit ndan

all of these characteristics in spades.

te gjitha keto karakteristika me shpate.

What part of this do people not understand?

Cilen pjese nuk kuptojne njerezit?

It's not just about life, of course --

Singurisht nuk ka te bej vec me jeten

(Laughter) --

(buzeqeshje)

it's about healthy life, you know --

ka te bej me jeten e shendetshme

getting frail and miserable and dependent is no fun,

te jesh i brisht, i mjere, dhe i varur nuk eshte qejf,

whether or not dying may be fun.

as vdekja nuk eshte qejf.

So really, this is how I would like to describe it.

At'here, keshtu kam qejf ta pershkruaj.

It's a global trance.

Eshte nje ekstaze globale.

These are the sorts of unbelievable excuses

Keto jane burimet e justifikimeve te papranueshme.

that people give for aging.

qe njerezit thone rreth plakjes.

And, I mean, OK, I'm not actually saying

Ok, nuk eshte se dua te them qe

that these excuses are completely valueless.

keto justifikime jane komplete te pa vlera.

There are some good points to be made here,

Ka disa pika te rendesishme qe duhet kushtuar vemendje.

things that we ought to be thinking about, forward planning

Gjera te cilat duhet ti mendojm per planet e ardhshme

so that nothing goes too -- well, so that we minimize

ne menyre qe gjerat mos te shkojne shume mire, qe te minimizojm

the turbulence when we actually figure out how to fix aging.

turbulencat kur ta gjejme sesi mund ta rregullojme plakjen.

But these are completely crazy, when you actually

Por keto jane cmendurira, kur faktikisht

remember your sense of proportion.

kujtojm sensin e proporcionit.

You know, these are arguments; these are things that

Keto jane argumente, gjera te cilat

would be legitimate to be concerned about.

do te ishte legjitime qe te shqetesoheshim.

But the question is, are they so dangerous --

Por pyetja eshte, a jane keto kaq te rrezikshme

these risks of doing something about aging --

keto rreziqe per te bere dicka rreth plakjes

that they outweigh the downside of doing the opposite,

te cilat peshojn me shume sesa duhet te kunderten,

namely, leaving aging as it is?

duke e lene plakjen te afrohet?

Are these so bad that they outweigh

a jane keto aq te keqija sa qe

condemning 100,000 people a day to an unnecessarily early death?

denojn 100,000 njerez ne dite me nje vdekje te parakohshme e te panevojshme.

You know, if you haven't got an argument that's that strong,

Nese nuk ke ndonje argument aq te fort,

then just don't waste my time, is what I say.

atehere mos ma harxho kohen kot, kete kam per te thene.

(Laughter)

(buzeqeshje)

Now, there is one argument

Tani, eshte nje argument

that some people do think really is that strong, and here it is.

qe disa njerez vertete mendojn se eshte shum i fort, ia ku eshte.

People worry about overpopulation; they say,

Njerezit shqetesohen per mbipopullimin; thone ata,

"Well, if we fix aging, no one's going to die to speak of,

"Epo mire, nese e ndreqim plakjen, asnje nuk do vdes per te folur,

or at least the death toll is going to be much lower,

ose te pakten taksa e vdekjes do jet shum me e ulet,

only from crossing St. Giles carelessly.

vetem duke kaluar St. Giles pa kujdes.

And therefore, we're not going to be able to have many kids,

Prandaj, ne nuk do te jemi ne gjendje te lindim shume femije,

and kids are really important to most people."

dhe femijet jane shum te rendesishem per shum njerez."

And that's true.

Kjo eshte e vertete.

And you know, a lot of people try to fudge this question,

Dhe e dini ca, shume njerez mundohen ta evitojn kete pyetje,

and give answers like this.

and pergjigjen keshtu.

I don't agree with those answers. I think they basically don't work.

Une nuk jam dakort me keto pergjigje. Une ne parim mendoj se nuk funksionojne.

I think it's true, that we will face a dilemma in this respect.

Une mendoj se eshte e verete, do te perballemi me nje dileme.

We will have to decide whether to have a low birth rate,

Do na duhet te vendosim nese duhet te kemi nje shkalle te lindjes te ulet,

or a high death rate.

ose shkalle te lart te vdekjes.

A high death rate will, of course, arise from simply rejecting these therapies,

Nje shkalle e lart e vdekjes, sigurisht, vjen thjesht nga kundershtimi i ketyre terapive,

in favor of carrying on having a lot of kids.

ne favor te te pasurit shume femije.

And, I say that that's fine --

Dhe une them se kjo eshte ne rregull,

the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice.

e ardhmja e njerezimit ka te drejt te vendos keshtu.

What's not fine is for us to make that choice on behalf of the future.

Ajo cka nuk eshte e drejt eshte qe ne te bejme kete zgjedhje ne emer te te ardhmes.

If we vacillate, hesitate,

nese, ne luhatemi, hezitojm,

and do not actually develop these therapies,

dhe aktualisht nuk i zhvillojme keto terapi,

then we are condemning a whole cohort of people --

athere ne po denojm nje numer te madh njerezish,

who would have been young enough and healthy enough

te cilet do te ishin te rinj mjaftueshem dhe te shendetshem mjaftueshem

to benefit from those therapies, but will not be,

qe te perfitonin nga keto terapi, por nuk do te ndodhe,

because we haven't developed them as quickly as we could --

sepse ne nuk i kemi zhvilluar aq shpejt sa mundeshim--

we'll be denying those people an indefinite life span,

do t'i mohojm ketyre njerezve nje jetegjatesi te pacaktuar,

and I consider that that is immoral.

dhe une e konsideroj kete imporale.

That's my answer to the overpopulation question.

Kjo eshte pergjigja ime rreth pyetjes se mbipopullimit.

Right. So the next thing is,

Athere pika tjeter eshte,

now why should we get a little bit more active on this?

tani, perse duhet te jemi pak me teper active per kete?

And the fundamental answer is that

dhe pergjigja themelore eshte se,

the pro-aging trance is not as dumb as it looks.

pro plakja ekstaze nuk eshte aq budallallik sa duket.

It's actually a sensible way of coping with the inevitability of aging.

Perballimi i plakjes eshte nje ceshtje e ndjeshme.

Aging is ghastly, but it's inevitable, so, you know,

Plakja eshte e ngadalte, por e pashmangshme,

we've got to find some way to put it out of our minds,

duhet te gjejm nje menyre qe ta heqim nga mendjet tona,

and it's rational to do anything that we might want to do, to do that.

dhe eshte e arsyeshme qe te bejm gjithcka qe mundemi per ta bere kete gje.

Like, for example, making up these ridiculous reasons

Si per shembull te shpikim keto justifikime qesharake

why aging is actually a good thing after all.

perse plakja eshte nje gje e mire ne fund te fundit.

But of course, that only works when we have both of these components.

Por sigurisht, kjo do te funksiononte vetem nese do t'i kishim te dy keta perberes.

And as soon as the inevitability bit becomes a little bit unclear --

Dhe ne momentin kur paevitueshmeria behet e paqart

and we might be in range of doing something about aging --

athere ne do te jemi ne gamen e te berit dicka rreth plakjes

this becomes part of the problem.

kjo behet pjese e problemit.

This pro-aging trance is what stops us from agitating about these things.

Ky trance pro- plakjes eshte ajo cka na ndalon ne te agjitohemi rreth ketyre gjerave.

And that's why we have to really talk about this a lot --

Dhe prandaj ne duhet te flasim shum rreth kesaj--

evangelize, I will go so far as to say, quite a lot --

evangelize, une do te vazhdoj deri aty, sa te kem then mjaftueshem--

in order to get people's attention, and make people realize

ne menyre qe te terheq vemendjen e njerezve dhe ti beje njerezit te kuptojne

that they are in a trance in this regard.

qe jane ne nje trance rreth kesaj ceshtje.

So that's all I'm going to say about that.

Pra, kjo eshte cka une dua te them rreth kesaj ceshtje.

I'm now going to talk about feasibility.

Une tani do te flas per realizueshmerine.

And the fundamental reason, I think, why we feel that aging is inevitable

Dhe arsyen themelore, mendoj une, perse ne ndihemi se plakja eshte e pashmangshme

is summed up in a definition of aging that I'm giving here.

eshte e pjese e perkufizimit te plakjes qe une kam ketu.

A very simple definition.

Nje perkufizim shume i thjesht.

Aging is a side effect of being alive in the first place,

Plakja eshte pasoje e te qenit te gjalle,

which is to say, metabolism.

si pershembull, metabolizmi.

This is not a completely tautological statement;

Kjo nuk eshte nje deklarate e vertete;

it's a reasonable statement.

eshte nje dekrata e arsyeshme.

Aging is basically a process that happens to inanimate objects like cars,

Plakja eshte nje proces qe ndodh tek objektet e pajete, si makinat,

and it also happens to us,

dhe gjithashtu ndodh tek ne,

despite the fact that we have a lot of clever self-repair mechanisms,

pavarsisht nga fakti se ne kemi shum mekanizma te zgjuar vete-riparimi,

because those self-repair mechanisms are not perfect.

per shkak se keto mekanizma vete-riparimi nuk jane perfekte.

So basically, metabolism, which is defined as

Ne parim, metabolizmi, i ciki perkufizohet se

basically everything that keeps us alive from one day to the next,

eshte gjithcka qe na mban gjall cdo dite,

has side effects.

ka pasoja anesore.

Those side effects accumulate and eventually cause pathology.

Keto arsye anesore akumulohen dhe shkaktojn patologji.

That's a fine definition. So we can put it this way:

Ky eshte perkufizim perfekt. Mund te shprehemi ne kete menyre:

we can say that, you know, we have this chain of events.

mund te themi, se ne e kemi kete zinxhir eventesh.

And there are really two games in town,

Dhe jane dy gjera qe ndodhin,

according to most people, with regard to postponing aging.

simas shumices se njerezve, persa i perket shtyrjes se plakjes.

They're what I'm calling here the "gerontology approach" and the "geriatrics approach."

Keto jane ato cka une do ti quaja trajtimi gjerondologjik dhe trajtimi geriatrik.

The geriatrician will intervene late in the day,

Gjerondologjia do te perfshihet me vone,

when pathology is becoming evident,

kur patologjia te jete e dukshme,

and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time,

dhe geriatriku do te mundohet te ndaloje kohen,

and stop the accumulation of side effects

dhe te ndaloje akumulimin e pasojave anesore

from causing the pathology quite so soon.

qe te shkaktojne nje patologji kaq heret.

Of course, it's a very short-term-ist strategy; it's a losing battle,

Sigurisht, eshte nje strategji kohe shkurter, eshte nje beteje e humbur,

because the things that are causing the pathology

sepse gjerat qe shkaktojn patologjine

are becoming more abundant as time goes on.

jane duke u shumuar me kalimin e kohes.

The gerontology approach looks much more promising on the surface,

Trajtimi gjerondologjik duket me permtimprues ne pamje te pare,

because, you know, prevention is better than cure.

sepse parandalimi eshte me mire se kurimi.

But unfortunately the thing is that we don't understand metabolism very well.

Por fatkeqesisht puna eshte se ne nuk e kuptojm shume mire metabolizmin.

In fact, we have a pitifully poor understanding of how organisms work --

Ne fakt, ne jemi per te ardhur keq persa i perket menyres se si funksionon organizmi--

even cells we're not really too good on yet.

edhe rreth qelizave nuk dime shume.

We've discovered things like, for example,

Kemi zbuluar gjera, si per shembull,

RNA interference only a few years ago,

ARN-ja vetem disa vite me pare,

and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work.

dhe kjo eshte dicka themelore sesi qelizat funksionojne.

Basically, gerontology is a fine approach in the end,

Ne parim, gjerondologjia eshte nje trajtim i mire,

but it is not an approach whose time has come

por nuk eshte nje trajtim per kohen qe ka ardhur,

when we're talking about intervention.

kur ne po flisnim per nje nderhyrje.

So then, what do we do about that?

At'here, cfare do te bejme rreth kesaj?

I mean, that's a fine logic, that sounds pretty convincing,

Dua te them qe kjo eshte llogjike, tingullon teper bindese,

pretty ironclad, doesn't it?

apo jo?

But it isn't.

Por nuk eshte.

Before I tell you why it isn't, I'm going to go a little bit

Perpara se t'ju them perse nuk eshte, do te flas pak per

into what I'm calling step two.

ate cka une quaj faza e dyte.

Just suppose, as I said, that we do acquire --

Supozo, sic thashe, se ne fitojm--

let's say we do it today for the sake of argument --

le te themi se do ta bejm sot per hir te diskutimit --

the ability to confer 30 extra years of healthy life

aftesine per te akorduar 30 vjet extra ne nje jete te shendetshme

on people who are already in middle age, let's say 55.

tek njerezit qe jane ne moshen mesatare, le te themi 55 vjec.

I'm going to call that "robust human rejuvenation." OK.

Do ta quaj kete nje perteritje te fuqishme te njeriut. OK.

What would that actually mean

Cfare kjo do te nenkuptoj ne te vertete

for how long people of various ages today --

se sa gjate njerez te moshave te ndryshme sot --

or equivalently, of various ages at the time that these therapies arrive --

ose, mosha te ndryshme kur koha e terapive te vije --

would actually live?

do te jetonin?

In order to answer that question -- you might think it's simple,

Ne menyre qe ti pergjigjemi kesaj pyetje -- do te mendoje se eshte e thjesht,

but it's not simple.

por nuk eshte aq e thjesht.

We can't just say, "Well, if they're young enough to benefit from these therapies,

Nuk mund te themi thjesht, "Nese je i ri mjaftueshem per te perfituar nga keto terapi,

then they'll live 30 years longer."

do te mund te jetoni 30 vjet me shume."

That's the wrong answer.

Kjo eshte pergjigja e gabuar.

And the reason it's the wrong answer is because of progress.

Dhe arsyeja perse eshte e gabuar eshte per shkak te progresit.

There are two sorts of technological progress really,

Jane dy lloje progresi teknologjik,

for this purpose.

per kete qellim.

There are fundamental, major breakthroughs,

Ato jane themelore, parime te medha,

and there are incremental refinements of those breakthroughs.

dhe jane zhvillim i perpunimeve te ketyre parimeve.

Now, they differ a great deal

Tani, keto kane nje ndryshim te madh,

in terms of the predictability of time frames.

persa i perket parashikimit kohore.

Fundamental breakthroughs:

Parime themelore:

very hard to predict how long it's going to take

shume e veshtire te parashikohen se sa kohe do te duhet

to make a fundamental breakthrough.

te krijosh nje zbulim te madh themelore.

It was a very long time ago that we decided that flying would be fun,

Ka kaluar shume kohe qekur medonim se te flitironim do ishte qejf,

and it took us until 1903 to actually work out how to do it.

dhe na u desh te prisnim deri ne 1903 qe ta benim kete.

But after that, things were pretty steady and pretty uniform.

Por mbas kesaj, gjerat ishin shume te qendrueshme dhe uniforme.

I think this is a reasonable sequence of events that happened

Mendoj se kjo eshte nje sekuence e arsyeshme e eventeve qe ndodhen

in the progression of the technology of powered flight.

ne zhvillimin e teknologjise se flytyrimit.

We can think, really, that each one is sort of

Mund te mendojne, se gjithkush ishte

beyond the imagination of the inventor of the previous one, if you like.

pertej inmagjinates se shpikesit te meparshem, nese ju pelqen.

The incremental advances have added up to something

Zhvillimi i avancimeve kishte shtuar dicka

which is not incremental anymore.

e cila nuk ishte me zhvillim.

This is the sort of thing you see after a fundamental breakthrough.

Kjo eshte ajo cka shihet pas nje zbulimi te madh themelor.

And you see it in all sorts of technologies.

Dhe kjo vihet re ne lloje te ndryshme teknologjike.

Computers: you can look at a more or less parallel time line,

Kompjuterat, mund te shohesh nje ose me pak afat kohor,

happening of course a bit later.

qe ndodhin sigurisht pak me vone.

You can look at medical care. I mean, hygiene, vaccines, antibiotics --

Shikoni kujdesin shendetsor. Dua te them, higjenen, vaksinat, antibiotiket --

you know, the same sort of time frame.

te njejtat afate kohore.

So I think that actually step two, that I called a step a moment ago,

Pra une mendoj se ne fakt faza e dyte, qe une e quajta pak me pare,

isn't a step at all.

nuk eshte fare nje hap.

That in fact, the people who are young enough

Ku ne fakt, njerezit te cilet jane mjaftueshem te rinj

to benefit from these first therapies

te perfitojn prej ketyre terapive

that give this moderate amount of life extension,

qe mundesojn kete shtese ne jetegjatesi,

even though those people are already middle-aged when the therapies arrive,

edhe pse keta njerez do jene ne moshen mesatare kur kjo teknologji te vije,

will be at some sort of cusp.

do te jete ne kulmin e saj.

They will mostly survive long enough to receive improved treatments

Ata do te mbijetojn mjaftueshem per te marr trajtime te permiresuara

that will give them a further 30 or maybe 50 years.

qe do ti japi 30 ose ndoshta 50 vjet.

In other words, they will be staying ahead of the game.

Me fjale te tjera, ata do te ecin me kohen.

The therapies will be improving faster than

Terapite do te permiresohen me shpejt sesa

the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us.

terapite e joperfekte te koheve te sotme.

This is a very important point for me to get across.

Kjo eshte nje pike shume e rendesishme per t'u prekur.

Because, you know, most people, when they hear

Sepse, shum njerez, kur degjojne

that I predict that a lot of people alive today are going to live to 1,000 or more,

se une parashikoj se shum njerez qe jan gjalle sot do te jetojn 1,000 apo me shume,

they think that I'm saying that we're going to invent therapies in the next few decades

ata mendojne se une po them se ne do te shpikim terapi ne dekadad e ardhshme

that are so thoroughly eliminating aging

qe do te eleminojn plakjen teresisht

that those therapies will let us live to 1,000 or more.

dhe se keto terapi do te na lejojn te jetojm 1,000 apo me shume.

I'm not saying that at all.

Une nuk po them fare kete.

I'm saying that the rate of improvement of those therapies

Une po them se ritmi i zhvillimit te ketyre terapive

will be enough.

do jete e mjaftueshme.

They'll never be perfect, but we'll be able to fix the things

Ato nuk do jen kurre perfekt, por do te jemi ne gjendje te ndreqim gjerat

that 200-year-olds die of, before we have any 200-year-olds.

qe 200- vjecaret do te vdesin, perpara se te kemi ndonje 200- vjecare.

And the same for 300 and 400 and so on.

E njejta gje per 300, 400, e keshtu me rradhe.

I decided to give this a little name,

Kam vendosur ti jap nje emer kesaj,

which is "longevity escape velocity."

qe eshte "logevity escape velocity."

(Laughter)

(Buzeqeshje)

Well, it seems to get the point across.

Mesa duket e transmetova kuptimin.

So, these trajectories here are basically how we would expect people to live,

At'here, keto trajektore ketu tregojne sesi ne presim qe njerezit te jetojne,

in terms of remaining life expectancy,

persa i perket pritshmerise se jetegjatesise,

as measured by their health,

duke matur shendetin e tyre,

for given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive.

per moshat qe ata kishin kur keto terapi erdhen.

If you're already 100, or even if you're 80 --

Nese ti je 100, ose nese ti je 80 --

and an average 80-year-old,

dhe mesatarisht 80-vjecar,

we probably can't do a lot for you with these therapies,

ne nuk do mund te bejme shume per ju me keto terapi,

because you're too close to death's door

sepse jeni shume afer vdekjes

for the really initial, experimental therapies to be good enough for you.

ne menyre qe terapia eksperimentale, fillestare te jete mjaftueshem e mire per ty.

You won't be able to withstand them.

Ju nuk do ishit ne gjendje ti perballonit ato.

But if you're only 50, then there's a chance

Por nese je vetem 50, at'here do te kishit nje shanse

that you might be able to pull out of the dive and, you know --

dhe mund t'ia dalesh mbane.

(Laughter) --

(Buzeqeshje)

eventually get through this

dhe perfundimisht t'ia hedhesh kesaj

and start becoming biologically younger in a meaningful sense,

dhe te fillosh te behesh biologjikisht i ri ne nje sense kuptimplot,

in terms of your youthfulness, both physical and mental,

persa i perket rinise suaj, fiziksht dhe psikologjikisht,

and in terms of your risk of death from age-related causes.

dhe persa i perket rrezikut te vdekjes nga shkaqe te lidhura me moshen.

And of course, if you're a bit younger than that,

Dhe sigurisht, nese je pak me i ri se kaq,

then you're never really even going

at'here ju as nuk do te shkoni

to get near to being fragile enough to die of age-related causes.

afer te qenit aq i brisht sa te vdisni nga shkaqe lidhur me moshen.

So this is a genuine conclusion that I come to, that the first 150-year-old --

Keshtu qe ky eshte nje perfundim i cilter, qe 150 vjecari i pare --

we don't know how old that person is today,

nuk e dime sesa vjec eshte ai person sot,

because we don't know how long it's going to take

sepse nuk e dime sesa kohe do duhet

to get these first-generation therapies.

perpara se te hyjn gjenerata e pare e ketyre terapive.

But irrespective of that age,

Por pavarsisht nga mosha,

I'm claiming that the first person to live to 1,000 --

Une pretendoj qe personi i pare qe do jetoje 1,000 --

subject of course, to, you know, global catastrophes --

subjektive sigurisht, ndaj katastrofave globale --

is actually, probably, only about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old.

eshte ne te vertet, vetem rreth 10 vjet me te rinj sesa 150 vjecari i pare.

And that's quite a thought.

Dhe kjo eshte nje goxha mendim.

Alright, so finally I'm going to spend the rest of the talk,

At'here, me ne fund do te shpenzoj pjese tjeter te fjalimit,

my last seven-and-a-half minutes, on step one;

shtate minutat e fundit, ne fazen e pare;

namely, how do we actually get to this moderate amount of life extension

domethene, se mund faktikisht te arrijm ne kete shtese te jetegjatesise

that will allow us to get to escape velocity?

kjo do na mundesoj te arrijn tek "escape velocity"?

And in order to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.

Dhe ne menyre qe te bejm kete, me duhet te flas rreth minjve per pak.

I have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation.

Une kam nje perteritje te fuqishme te njeriut, perkatesisht nje monument historik.

I'm calling it "robust mouse rejuvenation," not very imaginatively.

Une do ta quaj perteritje e fuqishme e miut, jo shume imagjinate.

And this is what it is.

Dhe ja cfare eshte.

I say we're going to take a long-lived strain of mouse,

Une them se do te marrim nje lloj miu jetegjate,

which basically means mice that live about three years on average.

e cila domethene minjt te cilet jetojn mesatarisht tre vjec.

We do exactly nothing to them until they're already two years old.

Ne nuk do bejm asgje me ta derisa te arrijn dy vjec.

And then we do a whole bunch of stuff to them,

Dhe pastaj bejm shum gjera me ta,

and with those therapies, we get them to live,

dhe me keto terapi, i bejme qe ata te jetojne,

on average, to their fifth birthday.

mesatarisht, deri ne pese vjec.

So, in other words, we add two years --

Me fjale te tjera do ti shtojm dy vite jete --

we treble their remaining lifespan,

ne ia shtojm jetegjatesine,

starting from the point that we started the therapies.

duke filluar nga pika kur filluam terapine.

The question then is, what would that actually mean for the time frame

Pyetja eshte, cfare do te thote kjo per afatin kohor

until we get to the milestone I talked about earlier for humans?

derisa te arrijm tek monumenti historik qe fola pak me pare per njerezit?

Which we can now, as I've explained,

Tani mundemi, ashtu sic e shpjegova,

equivalently call either robust human rejuvenation or longevity escape velocity.

barazvlefshmerisht ta quajme ose perteritje e fuqishme e njerezve, ose "longevity escape velocity".

Secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception

Se dyti, cfare do kuptimi ka ne perceptimin e publikut

of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things,

sesa kohe do te na duhet te arrij tek keto gjera,

starting from the time we get the mice?

duke filluar nga koha kur marrim miun?

And thirdly, the question is, what will it do

Dhe se treti, pyetja eshte, cfare do t'i bej

to actually how much people want it?

faktit se sa shum njerezit e duan?

And it seems to me that the first question

Dhe sipas meje pyetja e pare

is entirely a biology question,

eshte komplet pyetje biologjike,

and it's extremely hard to answer.

dhe eshte ekstremisht e veshtire per t'u pergjigjur.

One has to be very speculative,

Duhet te jesh shume teorik,

and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation,

dhe shume kolege te mi do te thonin se nuk duhet ta bej kete meditim,

that we should simply keep our counsel until we know more.

thjeshte duhet ta ruajm konsullimin tone deri sa te dime me teper.

I say that's nonsense.

Une them se kjo s'ka kuptim.

I say we absolutely are irresponsible if we stay silent on this.

Une them jemi komplet te papergjegjshem nese qendrojm pa folur rreth kesaj.

We need to give our best guess as to the time frame,

Ne duhet te japim me hamendje se ne cilin afat kohore,

in order to give people a sense of proportion

ne menyre qe t'iu japim njerezve domethenie

so that they can assess their priorities.

se kur ata mund t'i diskutojn prioritetet e tyre.

So, I say that we have a 50/50 chance

Keshtu qe une do te thoja se ka 50/50 mundesi

of reaching this RHR milestone,

te arrijm kete RHR eveniment historik,

robust human rejuvenation, within 15 years from the point

"RHR", brenda ketyre 15 viteve

that we get to robust mouse rejuvenation.

do mund te zgjasim jetegjatesine e minjve.

15 years from the robust mouse.

15 vite pas zgjatjes se minjve.

The public's perception will probably be somewhat better than that.

Perceptimi i publikut me siguri do te jete me permiresuar.

The public tends to underestimate how difficult scientific things are.

Publiku priret ta nenvleresoje sesa e veshtire eshte shkenca.

So they'll probably think it's five years away.

Keshtu qe ata me siguri do mendojne se eshte pese vjet nga tani.

They'll be wrong, but that actually won't matter too much.

Ata do jene gabim, por faktikisht s'do ket shum rendesi.

And finally, of course, I think it's fair to say

Perfundimisht, mendoj se eshte e drejt te them

that a large part of the reason why the public is so ambivalent about aging now

sepse nje arye shume e fort perse publiku eshte kaq i ndare rreth moshes tani

is the global trance I spoke about earlier, the coping strategy.

eshte nje trance global per te cilin fola me heret, perballimi strategjik.

That will be history at this point,

Kjo do behet histori ne kete pike,

because it will no longer be possible to believe that aging is inevitable in humans,

sepse nuk do te besohet se evitimi i plakjes tek njerezit nuk eshte e mundur,

since it's been postponed so very effectively in mice.

perderisa eshte shtyre me kaq efikasitet tek minjt.

So we're likely to end up with a very strong change in people's attitudes,

Keshtu qe do te shohim nje ndryshim te madh ne sjelljen e njerezve,

and of course that has enormous implications.

dhe sigurisht kjo do kete pasoja te medha.

So in order to tell you now how we're going to get these mice,

Ne menyre qe t'iu them se si do ti marrim keto minj,

I'm going to add a little bit to my description of aging.

Do te shtoj dicka tek pershkrimi im per plakjen.

I'm going to use this word "damage"

Do te perdore kete fjale "dem"

to denote these intermediate things that are caused by metabolism

te paraqes keto gjera te ndermjetme qe shkaktohen nga metabolismi,

and that eventually cause pathology.

qe shkakton patologjine.

Because the critical thing about this

Sepse gjeja kritike rreth kesaj

is that even though the damage only eventually causes pathology,

eshte, edhe pse demi shkakton vetem pathologji,

the damage itself is caused ongoing-ly throughout life, starting before we're born.

demi ne vetvete shkaktohet vazhdimisht gjate jetes, duke filluar perpara se ne te lindim.

But it is not part of metabolism itself.

Por nuk eshte pjese e metabolismit ne vetvete.

And this turns out to be useful.

Dhe kjo eshte me vlere.

Because we can re-draw our original diagram this way.

Sepse mund ta vizatojm perseri diagramen origjinale ne kete menyre.

We can say that, fundamentally, the difference between gerontology and geriatrics

Mund te themi, rrenjesisht, diferenca midis gerondologjise dhe gjeriatrise

is that gerontology tries to inhibit the rate

eshte se gerondologjia mundohet te frenoj shkallen

at which metabolism lays down this damage.

me te cilen metabolismi shkakton kete dem.

And I'm going to explain exactly what damage is

Dhe une do te shpjegoj eksaktesisht cfare demi eshte

in concrete biological terms in a moment.

ne terma konkrete biologjike ne nje moment.

And geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time

Dhe gjeriatricianet mundohen te frenojne kohen

by stopping the damage converting into pathology.

duke ndaluar demin e konvertimit ne patologji.

And the reason it's a losing battle

Dhe aryeja eshte nje beteje e humbur

is because the damage is continuing to accumulate.

sepse demi vazhdon te akumulohet.

So there's a third approach, if we look at it this way.

At'here eshte nje trajtin i trete, nese e shohim nga kjo ane.

We can call it the "engineering approach,"

Mund ta quajme trajtimi inxhinierik,

and I claim that the engineering approach is within range.

dhe une pretendoj se trajtimi inxhinierik eshte pjese e zgjidhjes.

The engineering approach does not intervene in any processes.

Trajtimi inxhinierik nuk eshte nderhyne ne asnje proces.

It does not intervene in this process or this one.

Nuk nderhyne ne kete, apo ate proces.

And that's good because it means that it's not a losing battle,

Dhe kjo domethene se nuk eshte nje beteje e humber,

and it's something that we are within range of being able to do,

dhe eshte dicka qe eshte midis mundesive,

because it doesn't involve improving on evolution.

sepse nuk perfshin permiresim apo evolim.

The engineering approach simply says,

Trajtimi inxhinierik thjesht thote,

"Let's go and periodically repair all of these various types of damage --

"Hajde te shkojme periodikisht te riparojm keto lloje te ndryshme demesh --

not necessarily repair them completely, but repair them quite a lot,

nuk eshte e nevojshme ti riparojm komplet, por ti riparojm goxha,

so that we keep the level of damage down below the threshold

ne menyre qe ta ruajm nivelin e demit nen pragun

that must exist, that causes it to be pathogenic."

qe duhet te eksiztoj, qe e shkakton ate te jete patologjik."

We know that this threshold exists,

Ne e dime se ky prag eksizston,

because we don't get age-related diseases until we're in middle age,

sepse nuk kemi semundje te lidhura me moshen derisa arrijne ne moshen e mesme,

even though the damage has been accumulating since before we were born.

edhe pse demi ka qene duke u akumuluar perpara se te lindnim.

Why do I say that we're in range? Well, this is basically it.

Pse them se jemi ne diapazon? E pra kjo eshte e gjitha.

The point about this slide is actually the bottom.

Pika kryesore e ketij slidi eshte fundi i tij.

If we try to say which bits of metabolism are important for aging,

Nese filloj te themi se cila copez e metabolismit jane te rendesishme per plakjen,

we will be here all night, because basically all of metabolism

do te rrinim ketu gjith naten, sepse i gjithe metabolizmi

is important for aging in one way or another.

eshte i rendesishem per plakjen ne nje menyre apo tjeter.

This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete.

Kjo list eshte thjesht per ilustrim, eshte e pakompletuar.

The list on the right is also incomplete.

Lista ne te djathte gjithashtu eshte e pakompletuar.

It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related,

Eshte nje list e llojeve te patologjis qe jane te lidhura me moshen,

and it's just an incomplete list.

dhe eshte thjesht nje liste e pakompletuar.

But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete --

Por une pretendoj se kjo liste ne mes eshte e kompletuar,

this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,

kjo eshte lista e gjerave te cilat qualifikojn si deme,

side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end,

pasojat anesore te metabolizmit qe shkaktojn patologjine ne fund,

or that might cause pathology.

apo qe mund te shkaktojn patologjine.

And there are only seven of them.

Jane vetem shtate.

They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them.

Kategorizohen ne nje, por jane shtate te tilla.

Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.

Humbja e qelizave, mutacione ne kromozome, mutacione ne mitokondrine e keshtu me rralle.

First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete.

Se pari, dua te argumentoj per kjo list eshte e kompletuar.

Of course one can make a biological argument.

Sigurisht, dikush mund te kete nje argument biologjik.

One can say, "OK, what are we made of?"

Dikush mund te thot, "OK, nga cfare perbehemi ne?"

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

Ne perbehemi nga qeliza dhe gjera midis qelizave.

What can damage accumulate in?

Si mund te akumulohet demi?

The answer is: long-lived molecules,

Pergjigja eshte, molekula jetegjata,

because if a short-lived molecule undergoes damage, but then the molecule is destroyed --

sepse nese nje molekul jeteshkurter i nenshtrohet demit, athere molekula shkaterrohet --

like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis -- then the damage is gone, too.

si nga shkaterrimi i nje proteine nga proteolysis -- athere demi ka ikur, gjithashtu.

It's got to be long-lived molecules.

Duhet te jene molekula jetegjata.

So, these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago

Keto 7 gjera jane pjese e diskutimit ne gjereondologji shume kohe me pare

and that is pretty good news, because it means that,

dhe ky eshte lajm i mire, sepse nenkupton se,

you know, we've come a long way in biology in these 20 years,

jemi zhvilluar goxha ne bilogji keto 20 vite,

so the fact that we haven't extended this list

fakti qe nuk e kemi shtuar listen

is a pretty good indication that there's no extension to be done.

eshte nje shenje se nuk ka per tu bere ndonje shtese.

However, it's better than that; we actually know how to fix them all,

Megjithate, eshte me mire se kaq; faktikisht ne e dime si ti ndrecim te gjitha keto

in mice, in principle -- and what I mean by in principle is,

tek minjt, ne princip -- ajo cka nenkuptoj me princip eshte se,

we probably can actually implement these fixes within a decade.

me siguri mund ti implementojm keto ndrecje kete dekade.

Some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top.

Disa nga keto jane pjeserisht te implementuara, ato te sipermet.

I haven't got time to go through them at all, but

Nuk kam pasur kohe te diskutoj per to, por

my conclusion is that, if we can actually get suitable funding for this,

konkluzioni eshte se, nese ne mund te gjejme fondet e nevojshme per kete,

then we can probably develop robust mouse rejuvenation in only 10 years,

at'here me siguri mund te zhvillojme nje rinim te fuqishem te minjve brenda 10 viteve,

but we do need to get serious about it.

por duhet ta marrim seriozisht.

We do need to really start trying.

Duhet qe vertet te fillojme te bejme perpjekje.

So of course, there are some biologists in the audience,

Natyrisht, jane disa biolog ne audience,

and I want to give some answers to some of the questions that you may have.

dhe dua t'iu pergjigjem disa pyetjeve qe ju mund te keni.

You may have been dissatisfied with this talk,

You mund te jeni zhgenjyer nga ky fjalim,

but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff.

por thellesisht ju duhet te shkoni dhe te lexoni keto gjera.

I've published a great deal on this;

Une kam publikuar shume rreth kesaj;

I cite the experimental work on which my optimism is based,

I citoj eksperimentet ku optimizmi im bazohet,

and there's quite a lot of detail there.

dhe ka shume detaje aty.

The detail is what makes me confident

Detajet jane ato qe me krijojne mua vetebesim

of my rather aggressive time frames that I'm predicting here.

te prashikimeve agresive te afateve kohore ketu.

So if you think that I'm wrong,

Pra, nese mendoni se jam gabim,

you'd better damn well go and find out why you think I'm wrong.

Duhet te shkoni dhe te gjeni perse une jam gabim.

And of course the main thing is that you shouldn't trust people

Dhe sigurisht kryesorja eshte qe nuk duhet ti besoni njerezit

who call themselves gerontologists because,

qe e quajne veten gjerendolog sepse,

as with any radical departure from previous thinking within a particular field,

si cdo largim radikal nga nje mendim i meparshem rreth nje fushe te caktuar,

you know, you expect people in the mainstream to be a bit resistant

pret qe njerez ne qender te jeni rezistent

and not really to take it seriously.

dhe nuk duhen marre seriozisht.

So, you know, you've got to actually do your homework,

Keshtu qe duhet ti besh detyrat e shtepise,

in order to understand whether this is true.

ne menyre qe te kuptosh nese kjo eshte e vertete.

And we'll just end with a few things.

Dhe do ta mbyllim me disa gjera.

One thing is, you know, you'll be hearing from a guy in the next session

Do te degjoni nga dikush qe do vije ne seksionin tjeter

who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in half no time,

i cili tha kohe me pare se mund te rendiste gjenomin e njeriut per pak kohe,

and everyone said, "Well, it's obviously impossible."

dhe te gjithe thane, "E pra, eshte e pamundur."

And you know what happened.

Dhe ju e dini se cfare ndodhi.

So, you know, this does happen.

Keshtu qe kjo ndodh.

We have various strategies -- there's the Methuselah Mouse Prize,

Ne kemi disa strategji -- eshte Methuselah Mouse Prize,

which is basically an incentive to innovate,

e cila eshte ne themel nje shperblim per te motivuar,

and to do what you think is going to work,

dhe te besh ate qe ti mendon se do te funksionoje,

and you get money for it if you win.

dhe merr para nese fiton.

There's a proposal to actually put together an institute.

Eshte nje propozim qe te krijohet nje institute.

This is what's going to take a bit of money.

Kjo do te kishte shume shpenzime.

But, I mean, look -- how long does it take to spend that on the war in Iraq?

Sa kohe do te merrte ta shpenzoje ate ne luften e Irakut?

Not very long. OK.

Jo shum kohe. OK.

(Laughter)

(Buzeqeshje)

It's got to be philanthropic, because profits distract biotech,

Duhet te jet filantropike, sepse fitimet e hutojne biotech,

but it's basically got a 90 percent chance, I think, of succeeding in this.

por ne parim ka 90 perqind shanse, mendoj une, qe te jemi te suksesshem.

And I think we know how to do it. And I'll stop there.

Dhe mendoj se dime sesi ta bejm. Dhe do ndaloj aty.

Thank you.

Faleminderit.

(Applause)

(Duartrokitje)

Chris Anderson: OK. I don't know if there's going to be any questions

Chris Anderson: OK. Nuk di nese keni ndonje pyetje

but I thought I would give people the chance.

por mendova t'iu jap njerezve nje shanse.

Audience: Since you've been talking about aging and trying to defeat it,

Audienca: Meqenese ke folur per plakjen dhe si mund ta mposhtim ate,

why is it that you make yourself appear like an old man?

perse e ben veten te dukesh si nje plake?

(Laughter)

(Buzeqeshje)

AG: Because I am an old man. I am actually 158.

AG: Sepse une jam nje plake. Jame ne fakt 158 vjece.

(Laughter)

(Buzeqeshje)

(Applause)

(Duartrokitje)

Audience: Species on this planet have evolved with immune systems

Audience: Speciet e planetit kane evoluar me sistemi imunitar,

to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate.

per te luftuar te gjitha semundjet ne menyre qe individed te jetojn mjaftueshem per te ri-krijuar.

However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die,

Megjitheate, aq sa une jam ne dijeni, te gjitha qeniet evolojn per te vdekur,

so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.

kur qelizat shumefishohen, telomerase behet e shkurter, dhe speciet vdesin.

So, why does -- evolution has -- seems to have selected against immortality,

Athere, perse -- evolucioni -- duket sikur ka zgjedhur kunder pavdekshmerise,

when it is so advantageous, or is evolution just incomplete?

kur eshte kaq avantazhuese, apo eshte evolucioni i pakompletuar?

AG: Brilliant. Thank you for asking a question

AG: I madh je. Te falenderoj qe me bere nje pyetje

that I can answer with an uncontroversial answer.

qe mund ti pergjigjem me nje pergjigje te pakundershtueshme.

I'm going to tell you the genuine mainstream answer to your question,

Une do t'i pergjigjem me ciltersi dhe me pergjigjen e zakonshme,

which I happen to agree with,

me te cilen une jam dakort,

which is that, no, aging is not a product of selection, evolution;

e cila eshte, jo, plakja nuk eshte produkt i selektimit, evolucion;

[aging] is simply a product of evolutionary neglect.

[plakje] eshte thjesht nje produkt i neglizhimit te evolucionit.

In other words, we have aging because it's hard work not to have aging;

Me fjale te tjera, ne kemi plakjen pasi duhet shume pune mos ta kemi ate;

you need more genetic pathways, more sophistication in your genes

te duhet me shume rruge gjenetike, me shume gjene te sofistikuara

in order to age more slowly,

ne menyre qe te plakesh me ngadale

and that carries on being true the longer you push it out.

dhe kjo vazhdon te vertetohet kur ne e nxjerrim ne pahe.

So, to the extent that evolution doesn't matter,

Pra, perforcoj se evolucioni nuk ka rendesi,

doesn't care whether genes are passed on by individuals,

nuk me intereson nese gjenet vijne nga individed,

living a long time or by procreation,

te jetosh nje kohe te gjate apo nga pjelloria,

there's a certain amount of modulation of that,

ajo eshte e rregulluar ne nje sasi te caktuar,

which is why different species have different lifespans,

ja pse specie te ndryshme kane jetegjatesi te ndryshme,

but that's why there are no immortal species.

por prandaj nuk ka specie te pavdekshme.

CA: The genes don't care but we do?

CA: Gjeneve nuk iu intereson por neve po?

AG: That's right.

AG: Kjo eshte e vertete.

Audience: Hello. I read somewhere that in the last 20 years,

Audience: Pershendetje. Kam lexuar diku se ne 20 vitet e fundit,

the average lifespan of basically anyone on the planet has grown by 10 years.

jetegjatesia mesatare ne planet eshte rritur me 10 vjet.

If I project that, that would make me think

Sipas kesaj une projektoj,

that I would live until 120 if I don't crash on my motorbike.

se do te jetoj deri ne 120 vjec nese nuk pesoj aksident me motor.

That means that I'm one of your subjects to become a 1,000-year-old?

Kjo do te thot se une do te jem nje nga subjektet e tua per tu bere 1000 vjec?

AG: If you lose a bit of weight.

AG: Nese humb pak ne peshe.

(Laughter)

(Buzeqeshje)

Your numbers are a bit out.

Llogaria juaj nuk eshte e sakte.

The standard numbers are that lifespans

Numrat standard thone se jetegjatesite

have been growing at between one and two years per decade.

kane ardhur duke u rritur 1 ose 2 vjet per dekade.

So, it's not quite as good as you might think, you might hope.

Keshtu qe nuk eshte aq mire sa ju mendoni -- apo shpresoni.

But I intend to move it up to one year per year as soon as possible.

Por une planifikoj ta rrise nje 1 vit per cdo vit sa me shpejt te jet e mundur.

Audience: I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults

Audience: Me kane then se shume prej qelizave te trurit qe kemi si adult

are actually in the human embryo,

ndodhen ne embrionin e njeriut,

and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.

dhe qelizat e trurit zgjasin 80 vjet apo dicka e till.

If that is indeed true,

Nese kjo eshte e vertete,

biologically are there implications in the world of rejuvenation?

biologjikisht a do te kete implikacione ne boten e rinimit?

If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years,

Nese ka qeliza ne trupin tim qe jetojn vec 80 vjet,

as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?

ne kundershtim me disa muaj?

AG: There are technical implications certainly.

AG: Do te kete implikime teknike, sigurisht.

Basically what we need to do is replace cells

Ne themel, ajo cka duhet te bejme eshte ti zevendesojme qelizat

in those few areas of the brain that lose cells at a respectable rate,

ne ato pjese te trurit ku humbasin qelizat me shkalle te larte,

especially neurons, but we don't want to replace them

sidomos neuronet, por nuk duam ti zevendesojm ato

any faster than that -- or not much faster anyway,

me shpejt se aq -- ose jo shume shpejt gjithesesi,

because replacing them too fast would degrade cognitive function.

sepse duke i zevendesuar ato shum shpejte do te degradonte funksionet njohese.

What I said about there being no non-aging species earlier on

Ajo c'ka thashe me heret se nuk ka specie qe nuk plaken

was a little bit of an oversimplification.

ishte shume e thjeshtezuar.

There are species that have no aging -- Hydra for example --

Ka specie qe nuk plaken -- Hidra per shembull --

but they do it by not having a nervous system --

por e bejne kete pa patur nje sistem nervor --

and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function

dhe pa patur ndonje organ qe varet nga funksionet e tyre

on very long-lived cells.

ne cdo qelize jetegjate.