A roadmap to end aging | Aubrey de Grey

634,642 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
18 minutes is an absolutely brutal time limit,
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18 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช,
00:27
so I'm going to dive straight in, right at the point
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืฆืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืจื’ืข
00:29
where I get this thing to work.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
00:31
Here we go. I'm going to talk about five different things.
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ื”ื ื” ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:33
I'm going to talk about why defeating aging is desirable.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื” ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
00:36
I'm going to talk about why we have to get our shit together,
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
00:38
and actually talk about this a bit more than we do.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:40
I'm going to talk about feasibility as well, of course.
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื), ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
00:42
I'm going to talk about why we are so fatalistic
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื›"ื› ืคื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื
00:44
about doing anything about aging.
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ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื ื• ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
00:46
And then I'm going spend perhaps the second half of the talk
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ื•ืื–, ืื ื™ ืืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”
00:48
talking about, you know, how we might actually be able to prove that fatalism is wrong,
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ืœืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืคื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
00:53
namely, by actually doing something about it.
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ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”.
00:55
I'm going to do that in two steps.
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ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื.
00:57
The first one I'm going to talk about is
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
00:59
how to get from a relatively modest amount of life extension --
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฆื ื•ืขื” --
01:02
which I'm going to define as 30 years, applied to people
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ื”ืืจื›ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘-30 ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:05
who are already in middle-age when you start --
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” --
01:07
to a point which can genuinely be called defeating aging.
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื‘ืกืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
01:10
Namely, essentially an elimination of the relationship between
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ
01:14
how old you are and how likely you are to die in the next year --
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ื’ื™ืœืš ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœืš ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” --
01:16
or indeed, to get sick in the first place.
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ืื• ,ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
01:18
And of course, the last thing I'm going to talk about
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื“ื‘ืจ
01:20
is how to reach that intermediate step,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
01:22
that point of maybe 30 years life extension.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 30 ืฉื ื”.
01:25
So I'm going to start with why we should.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™.
01:28
Now, I want to ask a question.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื”.
01:30
Hands up: anyone in the audience who is in favor of malaria?
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื: ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”?
01:33
That was easy. OK.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
01:34
OK. Hands up: anyone in the audience
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
01:36
who's not sure whether malaria is a good thing or a bad thing?
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืื ืžืœืจื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข?
01:39
OK. So we all think malaria is a bad thing.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
01:41
That's very good news, because I thought that was what the answer would be.
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ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื”.
01:43
Now the thing is, I would like to put it to you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
01:45
that the main reason why we think that malaria is a bad thing
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข
01:48
is because of a characteristic of malaria that it shares with aging.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืขื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
01:52
And here is that characteristic.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:55
The only real difference is that aging kills considerably more people than malaria does.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:00
Now, I like in an audience, in Britain especially,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
02:02
to talk about the comparison with foxhunting,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื ืฆื™ื“ ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื,
02:04
which is something that was banned after a long struggle,
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ืฉื ืืกืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืžืŸ,
02:07
by the government not very many months ago.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืืจื•ืš.
02:10
I mean, I know I'm with a sympathetic audience here,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืคื” ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืื•ื”ื“,
02:12
but, as we know, a lot of people are not entirely persuaded by this logic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:15
And this is actually a rather good comparison, it seems to me.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™, ื›ืš ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™.
02:18
You know, a lot of people said, "Well, you know,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•,
02:20
city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time.
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"ืœืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ, ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:25
It's a traditional part of the way of life,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
02:27
and we should be allowed to carry on doing it.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:29
It's ecologically sound; it stops the population explosion of foxes."
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื."
02:32
But ultimately, the government prevailed in the end,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
02:34
because the majority of the British public,
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ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
02:35
and certainly the majority of members of Parliament,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
02:37
came to the conclusion that it was really something
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช
02:39
that should not be tolerated in a civilized society.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชืช.
02:41
And I think that human aging shares
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:42
all of these characteristics in spades.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
02:45
What part of this do people not understand?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื?
02:47
It's not just about life, of course --
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ --
02:49
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:50
it's about healthy life, you know --
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ืืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื --
02:53
getting frail and miserable and dependent is no fun,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืฉ ื•ืžืกื›ืŸ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื™ืฃ,
02:56
whether or not dying may be fun.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืžื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•.
02:58
So really, this is how I would like to describe it.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
03:00
It's a global trance.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืจื ืก ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:02
These are the sorts of unbelievable excuses
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืืžื ื•
03:04
that people give for aging.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
03:06
And, I mean, OK, I'm not actually saying
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจ
03:08
that these excuses are completely valueless.
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ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ ืขืจืš.
03:10
There are some good points to be made here,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ.
03:12
things that we ought to be thinking about, forward planning
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง
03:15
so that nothing goes too -- well, so that we minimize
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืคืœื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ืฆืžืฆื ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื
03:17
the turbulence when we actually figure out how to fix aging.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
03:20
But these are completely crazy, when you actually
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืžื•ืคืจื›ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื
03:23
remember your sense of proportion.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”.
03:25
You know, these are arguments; these are things that
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ืืœื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:29
would be legitimate to be concerned about.
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ืฉืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:31
But the question is, are they so dangerous --
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื --
03:34
these risks of doing something about aging --
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช --
03:36
that they outweigh the downside of doing the opposite,
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
03:40
namely, leaving aging as it is?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื?
03:42
Are these so bad that they outweigh
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš
03:44
condemning 100,000 people a day to an unnecessarily early death?
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ืฉืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช.
03:50
You know, if you haven't got an argument that's that strong,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
03:52
then just don't waste my time, is what I say.
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ืื– ืืœ ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ืืช ื–ืžื ื™, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:56
Now, there is one argument
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
03:57
that some people do think really is that strong, and here it is.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
03:59
People worry about overpopulation; they say,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
04:01
"Well, if we fix aging, no one's going to die to speak of,
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื ืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ?,
04:03
or at least the death toll is going to be much lower,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ืงื— ื™ืคื—ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:06
only from crossing St. Giles carelessly.
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ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืื—ืจืื™ืช.
04:08
And therefore, we're not going to be able to have many kids,
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ื•ืื– ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
04:10
and kids are really important to most people."
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื."
04:12
And that's true.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:14
And you know, a lot of people try to fudge this question,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืžืก ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:17
and give answers like this.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
04:18
I don't agree with those answers. I think they basically don't work.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช.
04:21
I think it's true, that we will face a dilemma in this respect.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
04:24
We will have to decide whether to have a low birth rate,
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
04:28
or a high death rate.
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ืื• ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:30
A high death rate will, of course, arise from simply rejecting these therapies,
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ืื—ื•ื– ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื ื‘ืข ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืš ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:33
in favor of carrying on having a lot of kids.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
04:37
And, I say that that's fine --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ --
04:39
the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice.
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ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:42
What's not fine is for us to make that choice on behalf of the future.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
04:46
If we vacillate, hesitate,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื,
04:48
and do not actually develop these therapies,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:51
then we are condemning a whole cohort of people --
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ืื– ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื --
04:55
who would have been young enough and healthy enough
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:57
to benefit from those therapies, but will not be,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื•,
04:59
because we haven't developed them as quickly as we could --
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช --
05:01
we'll be denying those people an indefinite life span,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
05:03
and I consider that that is immoral.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™.
05:05
That's my answer to the overpopulation question.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉืืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ.
05:08
Right. So the next thing is,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื
05:10
now why should we get a little bit more active on this?
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ืœืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
05:12
And the fundamental answer is that
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื
05:14
the pro-aging trance is not as dumb as it looks.
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ืฉื”ื˜ืจื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
05:17
It's actually a sensible way of coping with the inevitability of aging.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
05:21
Aging is ghastly, but it's inevitable, so, you know,
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช, ืื–
05:25
we've got to find some way to put it out of our minds,
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
05:27
and it's rational to do anything that we might want to do, to do that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช.
05:31
Like, for example, making up these ridiculous reasons
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
05:34
why aging is actually a good thing after all.
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ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
05:36
But of course, that only works when we have both of these components.
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
05:40
And as soon as the inevitability bit becomes a little bit unclear --
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื ืžื ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืขืจืคืœืช,
05:43
and we might be in range of doing something about aging --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
05:45
this becomes part of the problem.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:47
This pro-aging trance is what stops us from agitating about these things.
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ื”ื˜ืจื ืก ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืœื”ืชืกื™ืก ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:51
And that's why we have to really talk about this a lot --
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”--
05:55
evangelize, I will go so far as to say, quite a lot --
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ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืืจื—ื™ืง ื•ืื•ืžืจ --
05:57
in order to get people's attention, and make people realize
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:00
that they are in a trance in this regard.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
06:02
So that's all I'm going to say about that.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
06:04
I'm now going to talk about feasibility.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
06:07
And the fundamental reason, I think, why we feel that aging is inevitable
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช
06:11
is summed up in a definition of aging that I'm giving here.
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ืžืกื•ื›ืžืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
06:14
A very simple definition.
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ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
06:15
Aging is a side effect of being alive in the first place,
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ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
06:18
which is to say, metabolism.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:20
This is not a completely tautological statement;
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ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื˜ืื•ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
06:23
it's a reasonable statement.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:24
Aging is basically a process that happens to inanimate objects like cars,
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:28
and it also happens to us,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœื ื•,
06:30
despite the fact that we have a lot of clever self-repair mechanisms,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
06:33
because those self-repair mechanisms are not perfect.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
06:35
So basically, metabolism, which is defined as
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื•
06:37
basically everything that keeps us alive from one day to the next,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
06:40
has side effects.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
06:42
Those side effects accumulate and eventually cause pathology.
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ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:44
That's a fine definition. So we can put it this way:
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ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื–ืืช ื›ืš:
06:46
we can say that, you know, we have this chain of events.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื–ืืช.
06:48
And there are really two games in town,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช,
06:50
according to most people, with regard to postponing aging.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื”.
06:53
They're what I'm calling here the "gerontology approach" and the "geriatrics approach."
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ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื”ืŸ, ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื”.
06:57
The geriatrician will intervene late in the day,
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ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืชืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
06:59
when pathology is becoming evident,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
07:01
and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time,
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ื•ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
07:04
and stop the accumulation of side effects
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™
07:07
from causing the pathology quite so soon.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื.
07:09
Of course, it's a very short-term-ist strategy; it's a losing battle,
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™, ื–ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืงืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืกื“,
07:12
because the things that are causing the pathology
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:15
are becoming more abundant as time goes on.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื.
07:17
The gerontology approach looks much more promising on the surface,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”,
07:21
because, you know, prevention is better than cure.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื™ืคื•ื™.
07:24
But unfortunately the thing is that we don't understand metabolism very well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:27
In fact, we have a pitifully poor understanding of how organisms work --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื“ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื --
07:30
even cells we're not really too good on yet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืื™ื.
07:32
We've discovered things like, for example,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:34
RNA interference only a few years ago,
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ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœRNA, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
07:37
and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
07:39
Basically, gerontology is a fine approach in the end,
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื’ืจื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
07:42
but it is not an approach whose time has come
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข
07:44
when we're talking about intervention.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:46
So then, what do we do about that?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”?
07:49
I mean, that's a fine logic, that sounds pretty convincing,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืข,
07:51
pretty ironclad, doesn't it?
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ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืข, ืœื?
07:53
But it isn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื.
07:55
Before I tell you why it isn't, I'm going to go a little bit
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื, ืื ื™ ืื›ื ืก
07:58
into what I'm calling step two.
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ืงืฆืช ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:00
Just suppose, as I said, that we do acquire --
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ืจืง ื ื ื™ื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื™ื’ --
08:04
let's say we do it today for the sake of argument --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื --
08:06
the ability to confer 30 extra years of healthy life
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง 30 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
08:10
on people who are already in middle age, let's say 55.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ 55.
08:13
I'm going to call that "robust human rejuvenation." OK.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
08:16
What would that actually mean
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
08:17
for how long people of various ages today --
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ืขืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื --
08:20
or equivalently, of various ages at the time that these therapies arrive --
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ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• --
08:24
would actually live?
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช?
08:26
In order to answer that question -- you might think it's simple,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช -- ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜,
08:28
but it's not simple.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:29
We can't just say, "Well, if they're young enough to benefit from these therapies,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
08:32
then they'll live 30 years longer."
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื• 30 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช."
08:33
That's the wrong answer.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
08:35
And the reason it's the wrong answer is because of progress.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
08:37
There are two sorts of technological progress really,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
08:39
for this purpose.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ืืช.
08:40
There are fundamental, major breakthroughs,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:43
and there are incremental refinements of those breakthroughs.
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ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืืœื•.
08:47
Now, they differ a great deal
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ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
08:49
in terms of the predictability of time frames.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
08:52
Fundamental breakthroughs:
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ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช:
08:53
very hard to predict how long it's going to take
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ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงื—
08:55
to make a fundamental breakthrough.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.
08:56
It was a very long time ago that we decided that flying would be fun,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืœืขื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ,
08:59
and it took us until 1903 to actually work out how to do it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืขื“ 1903 ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
09:02
But after that, things were pretty steady and pretty uniform.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
09:06
I think this is a reasonable sequence of events that happened
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆืฃ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงืจื•
09:09
in the progression of the technology of powered flight.
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ื ืขืช.
09:13
We can think, really, that each one is sort of
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš
09:17
beyond the imagination of the inventor of the previous one, if you like.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
09:20
The incremental advances have added up to something
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•
09:24
which is not incremental anymore.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:26
This is the sort of thing you see after a fundamental breakthrough.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.
09:29
And you see it in all sorts of technologies.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:31
Computers: you can look at a more or less parallel time line,
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืงื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:34
happening of course a bit later.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:35
You can look at medical care. I mean, hygiene, vaccines, antibiotics --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื”, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
09:38
you know, the same sort of time frame.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ.
09:40
So I think that actually step two, that I called a step a moment ago,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืœื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข,
09:44
isn't a step at all.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืœ.
09:45
That in fact, the people who are young enough
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:48
to benefit from these first therapies
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
09:50
that give this moderate amount of life extension,
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื ื”,
09:52
even though those people are already middle-aged when the therapies arrive,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข,
09:56
will be at some sort of cusp.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“.
09:58
They will mostly survive long enough to receive improved treatments
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื
10:02
that will give them a further 30 or maybe 50 years.
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ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื 30 ืื• 50 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
10:04
In other words, they will be staying ahead of the game.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
10:07
The therapies will be improving faster than
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:10
the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us.
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ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื ื•.
10:14
This is a very important point for me to get across.
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ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ.
10:16
Because, you know, most people, when they hear
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
10:18
that I predict that a lot of people alive today are going to live to 1,000 or more,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 1,000 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:23
they think that I'm saying that we're going to invent therapies in the next few decades
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
10:27
that are so thoroughly eliminating aging
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ืฉื™ื—ืกืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
10:30
that those therapies will let us live to 1,000 or more.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 1,000 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:33
I'm not saying that at all.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
10:35
I'm saying that the rate of improvement of those therapies
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื
10:37
will be enough.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
10:38
They'll never be perfect, but we'll be able to fix the things
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ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
10:41
that 200-year-olds die of, before we have any 200-year-olds.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ 200 ืžืชื™ื ืžื”ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ 200.
10:44
And the same for 300 and 400 and so on.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœ 300 ื• 400 ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
10:46
I decided to give this a little name,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ืฉื ืงื˜ืŸ,
10:49
which is "longevity escape velocity."
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ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื."
10:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:53
Well, it seems to get the point across.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
10:56
So, these trajectories here are basically how we would expect people to live,
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ืื–, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื•,
11:01
in terms of remaining life expectancy,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื”,
11:03
as measured by their health,
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ืฉื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:05
for given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive.
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ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื•.
11:08
If you're already 100, or even if you're 80 --
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ืื ืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 100, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• 80 --
11:10
and an average 80-year-old,
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ื•ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ 80,
11:12
we probably can't do a lot for you with these therapies,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:14
because you're too close to death's door
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืžื•ื•ืช
11:16
for the really initial, experimental therapies to be good enough for you.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื.
11:20
You won't be able to withstand them.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื.
11:21
But if you're only 50, then there's a chance
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ 50, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
11:23
that you might be able to pull out of the dive and, you know --
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื --
11:26
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
11:27
eventually get through this
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
11:30
and start becoming biologically younger in a meaningful sense,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
11:33
in terms of your youthfulness, both physical and mental,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื ืคืฉื™,
11:35
and in terms of your risk of death from age-related causes.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ.
11:37
And of course, if you're a bit younger than that,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
11:39
then you're never really even going
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ืื– ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื
11:41
to get near to being fragile enough to die of age-related causes.
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ืชืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ.
11:44
So this is a genuine conclusion that I come to, that the first 150-year-old --
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ืื– ื–ื• ืžืกืงื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืŸ ื” 150 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ --
11:49
we don't know how old that person is today,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:51
because we don't know how long it's going to take
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืงื—
11:53
to get these first-generation therapies.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
11:55
But irrespective of that age,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
11:57
I'm claiming that the first person to live to 1,000 --
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 1,000 --
12:01
subject of course, to, you know, global catastrophes --
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ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช --
12:04
is actually, probably, only about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืฆืขื™ืจ ืจืง ื‘ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ื” 150 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:08
And that's quite a thought.
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ื•ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
12:10
Alright, so finally I'm going to spend the rest of the talk,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
12:13
my last seven-and-a-half minutes, on step one;
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ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ;
12:16
namely, how do we actually get to this moderate amount of life extension
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:21
that will allow us to get to escape velocity?
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”?
12:24
And in order to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” , ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:28
I have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”.
12:31
I'm calling it "robust mouse rejuvenation," not very imaginatively.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” "ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ืชื ื”," ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืœื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
12:34
And this is what it is.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
12:36
I say we're going to take a long-lived strain of mouse,
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ื–ืŸ ืืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:38
which basically means mice that live about three years on average.
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
12:41
We do exactly nothing to them until they're already two years old.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืœื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
12:44
And then we do a whole bunch of stuff to them,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:46
and with those therapies, we get them to live,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
12:48
on average, to their fifth birthday.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:50
So, in other words, we add two years --
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ืื–, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื --
12:52
we treble their remaining lifespan,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื”ื,
12:54
starting from the point that we started the therapies.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
12:56
The question then is, what would that actually mean for the time frame
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื– ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
12:59
until we get to the milestone I talked about earlier for humans?
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
13:02
Which we can now, as I've explained,
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™,
13:04
equivalently call either robust human rejuvenation or longevity escape velocity.
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
13:08
Secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
13:11
of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
13:13
starting from the time we get the mice?
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื?
13:15
And thirdly, the question is, what will it do
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื”
13:17
to actually how much people want it?
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ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจืฆื• ืืช ื–ื”?
13:19
And it seems to me that the first question
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
13:21
is entirely a biology question,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
13:22
and it's extremely hard to answer.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
13:24
One has to be very speculative,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื™,
13:26
and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:29
that we should simply keep our counsel until we know more.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:33
I say that's nonsense.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
13:34
I say we absolutely are irresponsible if we stay silent on this.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
13:37
We need to give our best guess as to the time frame,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ,
13:40
in order to give people a sense of proportion
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”
13:43
so that they can assess their priorities.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:45
So, I say that we have a 50/50 chance
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50 ืื—ื•ื–
13:48
of reaching this RHR milestone,
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื” RHR ื”ื–ื•,
13:50
robust human rejuvenation, within 15 years from the point
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ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”, ืชื•ืš 15 ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
13:53
that we get to robust mouse rejuvenation.
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ื‘ื” ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:55
15 years from the robust mouse.
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15 ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืชืŸ.
13:58
The public's perception will probably be somewhat better than that.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
14:01
The public tends to underestimate how difficult scientific things are.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื.
14:03
So they'll probably think it's five years away.
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ืื– ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:05
They'll be wrong, but that actually won't matter too much.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
14:07
And finally, of course, I think it's fair to say
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
14:10
that a large part of the reason why the public is so ambivalent about aging now
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ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:14
is the global trance I spoke about earlier, the coping strategy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื ืก ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
14:16
That will be history at this point,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:18
because it will no longer be possible to believe that aging is inevitable in humans,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:21
since it's been postponed so very effectively in mice.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
14:24
So we're likely to end up with a very strong change in people's attitudes,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:28
and of course that has enormous implications.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
14:31
So in order to tell you now how we're going to get these mice,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
14:34
I'm going to add a little bit to my description of aging.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ืœืชืื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
14:36
I'm going to use this word "damage"
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื” ื”ื–ื• "ื ื–ืง"
14:38
to denote these intermediate things that are caused by metabolism
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื
14:42
and that eventually cause pathology.
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ื•ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
14:44
Because the critical thing about this
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”
14:46
is that even though the damage only eventually causes pathology,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
14:48
the damage itself is caused ongoing-ly throughout life, starting before we're born.
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ื”ื ื–ืง ืขืฆืžื• ื ื’ืจื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื ื•.
14:53
But it is not part of metabolism itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืขืฆืžื•.
14:56
And this turns out to be useful.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
14:57
Because we can re-draw our original diagram this way.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
15:00
We can say that, fundamentally, the difference between gerontology and geriatrics
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื”
15:03
is that gerontology tries to inhibit the rate
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘
15:05
at which metabolism lays down this damage.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”.
15:07
And I'm going to explain exactly what damage is
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ื ื–ืง ื–ื”
15:09
in concrete biological terms in a moment.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข.
15:12
And geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time
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ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
15:14
by stopping the damage converting into pathology.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื™ื”ืคืš ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:16
And the reason it's a losing battle
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื‘ ืื‘ื•ื“
15:18
is because the damage is continuing to accumulate.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
15:20
So there's a third approach, if we look at it this way.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”.
15:23
We can call it the "engineering approach,"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช,"
15:25
and I claim that the engineering approach is within range.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื’ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื“.
15:28
The engineering approach does not intervene in any processes.
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
15:31
It does not intervene in this process or this one.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
15:33
And that's good because it means that it's not a losing battle,
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื‘ ืื‘ื•ื“,
15:36
and it's something that we are within range of being able to do,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
15:39
because it doesn't involve improving on evolution.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
15:42
The engineering approach simply says,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
15:44
"Let's go and periodically repair all of these various types of damage --
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ ื ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
15:48
not necessarily repair them completely, but repair them quite a lot,
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
15:52
so that we keep the level of damage down below the threshold
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืฃ
15:55
that must exist, that causes it to be pathogenic."
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™."
15:58
We know that this threshold exists,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื,
16:00
because we don't get age-related diseases until we're in middle age,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
16:03
even though the damage has been accumulating since before we were born.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื ื•.
16:06
Why do I say that we're in range? Well, this is basically it.
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
16:10
The point about this slide is actually the bottom.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
16:13
If we try to say which bits of metabolism are important for aging,
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ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช,
16:16
we will be here all night, because basically all of metabolism
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื
16:19
is important for aging in one way or another.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
16:21
This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete.
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื“ื’ืžื”; ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
16:24
The list on the right is also incomplete.
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
16:26
It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related,
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ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ,
16:29
and it's just an incomplete list.
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
16:31
But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” --
16:34
this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,
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ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื–ืง,
16:37
side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end,
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
16:40
or that might cause pathology.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
16:42
And there are only seven of them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื‘ืข ืžื”ืŸ.
16:45
They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them.
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ื”ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื‘ืข ืžื”ืŸ.
16:48
Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'.
16:53
First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืœืื”.
16:58
Of course one can make a biological argument.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
17:00
One can say, "OK, what are we made of?"
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ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื?"
17:02
We're made of cells and stuff between cells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื.
17:04
What can damage accumulate in?
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ื‘ืžื” ื ื–ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืชื‘ืจ?
17:07
The answer is: long-lived molecules,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:09
because if a short-lived molecule undergoes damage, but then the molecule is destroyed --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืงืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžื•ืฉืžื“ืช --
17:12
like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis -- then the damage is gone, too.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ืœื™ื–ื” -- ืื– ื’ื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ืขืœื.
17:16
It's got to be long-lived molecules.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
17:18
So, these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago
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ืื–, ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
17:21
and that is pretty good news, because it means that,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
17:25
you know, we've come a long way in biology in these 20 years,
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
17:27
so the fact that we haven't extended this list
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
17:29
is a pretty good indication that there's no extension to be done.
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ื”ื™ื ืกืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื”ืืจื›ื”.
17:33
However, it's better than that; we actually know how to fix them all,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”; ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ,
17:35
in mice, in principle -- and what I mean by in principle is,
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ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ -- ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
17:38
we probably can actually implement these fixes within a decade.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ.
17:41
Some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืœื” ืฉืœืžืขืœื”.
17:45
I haven't got time to go through them at all, but
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ
17:48
my conclusion is that, if we can actually get suitable funding for this,
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ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”,
17:52
then we can probably develop robust mouse rejuvenation in only 10 years,
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืคืชื— ื”ืฆืขืจื” ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
17:56
but we do need to get serious about it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”.
17:59
We do need to really start trying.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช.
18:01
So of course, there are some biologists in the audience,
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
18:04
and I want to give some answers to some of the questions that you may have.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื.
18:07
You may have been dissatisfied with this talk,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•,
18:09
but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
18:11
I've published a great deal on this;
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ืคืจืกืžืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื;
18:13
I cite the experimental work on which my optimism is based,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช,
18:16
and there's quite a lot of detail there.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ ืฉื.
18:18
The detail is what makes me confident
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
18:20
of my rather aggressive time frames that I'm predicting here.
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ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื”.
18:22
So if you think that I'm wrong,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”,
18:24
you'd better damn well go and find out why you think I'm wrong.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืœื›ื• ื•ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ืœืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”.
18:28
And of course the main thing is that you shouldn't trust people
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
18:31
who call themselves gerontologists because,
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืคื ื™,
18:33
as with any radical departure from previous thinking within a particular field,
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ืฉื›ืžื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
18:37
you know, you expect people in the mainstream to be a bit resistant
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืงืฆืช
18:41
and not really to take it seriously.
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ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
18:43
So, you know, you've got to actually do your homework,
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
18:45
in order to understand whether this is true.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
18:46
And we'll just end with a few things.
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ื•ืจืง ื ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
18:48
One thing is, you know, you'll be hearing from a guy in the next session
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืฉืŸ ื”ื‘ื
18:51
who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in half no time,
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ืฉืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
18:55
and everyone said, "Well, it's obviously impossible."
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื•, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™."
18:57
And you know what happened.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื”.
18:58
So, you know, this does happen.
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
19:02
We have various strategies -- there's the Methuselah Mouse Prize,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช -- ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคืจืก ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—,
19:04
which is basically an incentive to innovate,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
19:07
and to do what you think is going to work,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
19:10
and you get money for it if you win.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื.
19:13
There's a proposal to actually put together an institute.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ื•ืŸ.
19:16
This is what's going to take a bit of money.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงื— ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ.
19:18
But, I mean, look -- how long does it take to spend that on the war in Iraq?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชืจืื• -- ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง?
19:21
Not very long. OK.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
19:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:23
It's got to be philanthropic, because profits distract biotech,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ื˜ืง,
19:26
but it's basically got a 90 percent chance, I think, of succeeding in this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืกื™ื›ื•ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื”.
19:30
And I think we know how to do it. And I'll stop there.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืื ื™ ืืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
19:33
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
19:34
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:39
Chris Anderson: OK. I don't know if there's going to be any questions
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื•ื‘ืจื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช
19:42
but I thought I would give people the chance.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆ'ืื ืก.
19:44
Audience: Since you've been talking about aging and trying to defeat it,
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ืงื”ืœ: ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื–ืงื ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืื•ืชื”,
19:48
why is it that you make yourself appear like an old man?
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ืœืžื” ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขืฆืžืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืฉ ื–ืงืŸ?
19:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:56
AG: Because I am an old man. I am actually 158.
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ื.ื’: ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื–ืงืŸ. ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 158 ืœืžืขืฉื”.
19:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:03
Audience: Species on this planet have evolved with immune systems
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ืงื”ืœ: ื–ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
20:07
to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
20:11
However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
20:16
so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.
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ืื– ื›ืฉืชื ืžืชื—ืœืง, ื”ื˜ืœื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชืงืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
20:21
So, why does -- evolution has -- seems to have selected against immortality,
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ืื–, ืื™ืš -- ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” -- ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืืœืžื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
20:26
when it is so advantageous, or is evolution just incomplete?
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืชืœืžืช, ืื• ื”ืื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืฉืœืžื”?
20:30
AG: Brilliant. Thank you for asking a question
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ื. ื’: ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉืฉืืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
20:32
that I can answer with an uncontroversial answer.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
20:34
I'm going to tell you the genuine mainstream answer to your question,
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
20:37
which I happen to agree with,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื”,
20:39
which is that, no, aging is not a product of selection, evolution;
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื•, ืœื, ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”;
20:42
[aging] is simply a product of evolutionary neglect.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
20:45
In other words, we have aging because it's hard work not to have aging;
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช;
20:50
you need more genetic pathways, more sophistication in your genes
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
20:52
in order to age more slowly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื˜,
20:54
and that carries on being true the longer you push it out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
20:57
So, to the extent that evolution doesn't matter,
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ืื–, ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”,
21:02
doesn't care whether genes are passed on by individuals,
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ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
21:04
living a long time or by procreation,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื”,
21:07
there's a certain amount of modulation of that,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
21:09
which is why different species have different lifespans,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”,
21:12
but that's why there are no immortal species.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
21:15
CA: The genes don't care but we do?
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ื›.ื: ืœื’ื ื™ื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื• ื›ืŸ?
21:17
AG: That's right.
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ื.ื’: ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
21:19
Audience: Hello. I read somewhere that in the last 20 years,
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ืงื”ืœ: ืฉืœื•ื. ืงืจืืชื™ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
21:24
the average lifespan of basically anyone on the planet has grown by 10 years.
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
21:29
If I project that, that would make me think
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืžื–ื”, ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
21:32
that I would live until 120 if I don't crash on my motorbike.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื™ื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 120 ืื ืื ื™ ืœื ืืชืจืกืง ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืฉืœื™.
21:37
That means that I'm one of your subjects to become a 1,000-year-old?
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 1,000?
21:42
AG: If you lose a bit of weight.
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ื.ื’: ืื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืงืœ.
21:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
21:47
Your numbers are a bit out.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื.
21:50
The standard numbers are that lifespans
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
21:53
have been growing at between one and two years per decade.
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืจ.
21:56
So, it's not quite as good as you might think, you might hope.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื•ื•ื”.
22:00
But I intend to move it up to one year per year as soon as possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
22:03
Audience: I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults
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ืงื”ืœ: ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
22:06
are actually in the human embryo,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
22:08
and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.
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ื•ืฉืชื ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื”.
22:10
If that is indeed true,
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ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
22:12
biologically are there implications in the world of rejuvenation?
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืฆืขืจื”?
22:15
If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื 80 ืฉื ื”,
22:18
as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื?
22:20
AG: There are technical implications certainly.
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ื.ื’: ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
22:22
Basically what we need to do is replace cells
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืื™ื
22:26
in those few areas of the brain that lose cells at a respectable rate,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
22:29
especially neurons, but we don't want to replace them
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื
22:32
any faster than that -- or not much faster anyway,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื–ื” -- ืื• ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
22:34
because replacing them too fast would degrade cognitive function.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
22:38
What I said about there being no non-aging species earlier on
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื
22:41
was a little bit of an oversimplification.
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื”.
22:43
There are species that have no aging -- Hydra for example --
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช -- ื”ื™ื“ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” --
22:47
but they do it by not having a nervous system --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื --
22:49
and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืงืžื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืœืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”
22:51
on very long-lived cells.
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ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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