A roadmap to end aging | Aubrey de Grey

633,373 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Do Eon Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:25
18 minutes is an absolutely brutal time limit,
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18๋ถ„์€ ์ •๋ง ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
so I'm going to dive straight in, right at the point
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
where I get this thing to work.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:31
Here we go. I'm going to talk about five different things.
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์ž ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
I'm going to talk about why defeating aging is desirable.
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์™œ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
I'm going to talk about why we have to get our shit together,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€
00:38
and actually talk about this a bit more than we do.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
I'm going to talk about feasibility as well, of course.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
I'm going to talk about why we are so fatalistic
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
00:44
about doing anything about aging.
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์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šด๋ช…๋ก ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And then I'm going spend perhaps the second half of the talk
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋‚จ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์€
00:48
talking about, you know, how we might actually be able to prove that fatalism is wrong,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋ช…๋ก ์ด ์™œ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:53
namely, by actually doing something about it.
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์ฆ‰, ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
I'm going to do that in two steps.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
The first one I'm going to talk about is
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ €๋Š”
00:59
how to get from a relatively modest amount of life extension --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
which I'm going to define as 30 years, applied to people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ €๋Š” 30๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:05
who are already in middle-age when you start --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ 30๋…„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ค‘๋…„์ด์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
01:07
to a point which can genuinely be called defeating aging.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Namely, essentially an elimination of the relationship between
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
01:14
how old you are and how likely you are to die in the next year --
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ธ์ง€์™€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
01:16
or indeed, to get sick in the first place.
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋ณ‘์— ๋“ค์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And of course, the last thing I'm going to talk about
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
01:20
is how to reach that intermediate step,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
that point of maybe 30 years life extension.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ 30๋…„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:25
So I'm going to start with why we should.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํ•ด์•ผ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Now, I want to ask a question.
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์ž, ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Hands up: anyone in the audience who is in favor of malaria?
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์€ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:33
That was easy. OK.
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๋„ค, ์—†์œผ์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
OK. Hands up: anyone in the audience
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๋„ค. ํ˜น์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘
01:36
who's not sure whether malaria is a good thing or a bad thing?
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
01:39
OK. So we all think malaria is a bad thing.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
01:41
That's very good news, because I thought that was what the answer would be.
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์ข‹๋„ค์š”. ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:43
Now the thing is, I would like to put it to you
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
01:45
that the main reason why we think that malaria is a bad thing
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
is because of a characteristic of malaria that it shares with aging.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”๋  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And here is that characteristic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
01:55
The only real difference is that aging kills considerably more people than malaria does.
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๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:00
Now, I like in an audience, in Britain especially,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
to talk about the comparison with foxhunting,
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
02:04
which is something that was banned after a long struggle,
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์—ฌ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋์— ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
02:07
by the government not very many months ago.
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๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ์ „ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
I mean, I know I'm with a sympathetic audience here,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์Šฌํผํ•˜์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:12
but, as we know, a lot of people are not entirely persuaded by this logic.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And this is actually a rather good comparison, it seems to me.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์—ฌ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋น„๊ต ์ƒ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
You know, a lot of people said, "Well, you know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด "์Œ.. ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:20
city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time.
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๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋“ ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„,
02:25
It's a traditional part of the way of life,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ 
02:27
and we should be allowed to carry on doing it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:29
It's ecologically sound; it stops the population explosion of foxes."
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์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:32
But ultimately, the government prevailed in the end,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
02:34
because the majority of the British public,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ
02:35
and certainly the majority of members of Parliament,
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์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:37
came to the conclusion that it was really something
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์—ฌ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์€
02:39
that should not be tolerated in a civilized society.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:41
And I think that human aging shares
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •๋„
02:42
all of these characteristics in spades.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
What part of this do people not understand?
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์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:47
It's not just about life, of course --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:49
(Laughter) --
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:50
it's about healthy life, you know --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
02:53
getting frail and miserable and dependent is no fun,
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ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
whether or not dying may be fun.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
So really, this is how I would like to describe it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ €๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
It's a global trance.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
These are the sorts of unbelievable excuses
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
03:04
that people give for aging.
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ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋ช…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And, I mean, OK, I'm not actually saying
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:08
that these excuses are completely valueless.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€๋ช…๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
There are some good points to be made here,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:12
things that we ought to be thinking about, forward planning
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€
03:15
so that nothing goes too -- well, so that we minimize
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์•ผ
03:17
the turbulence when we actually figure out how to fix aging.
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๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
But these are completely crazy, when you actually
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์€ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ง“์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
03:23
remember your sense of proportion.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
You know, these are arguments; these are things that
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์€
03:29
would be legitimate to be concerned about.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
But the question is, are they so dangerous --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ
03:34
these risks of doing something about aging --
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
that they outweigh the downside of doing the opposite,
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:40
namely, leaving aging as it is?
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๋…ธํ™” ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:42
Are these so bad that they outweigh
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
03:44
condemning 100,000 people a day to an unnecessarily early death?
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 100,000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•—์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
You know, if you haven't got an argument that's that strong,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:52
then just don't waste my time, is what I say.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:56
Now, there is one argument
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:57
that some people do think really is that strong, and here it is.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
People worry about overpopulation; they say,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ž‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
"Well, if we fix aging, no one's going to die to speak of,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:03
or at least the death toll is going to be much lower,
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์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:06
only from crossing St. Giles carelessly.
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๊ทธ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
And therefore, we're not going to be able to have many kids,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ณ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
04:10
and kids are really important to most people."
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:12
And that's true.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
And you know, a lot of people try to fudge this question,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:17
and give answers like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
I don't agree with those answers. I think they basically don't work.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ต๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋‹ต๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
I think it's true, that we will face a dilemma in this respect.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
We will have to decide whether to have a low birth rate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ๊ณผ
04:28
or a high death rate.
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๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
A high death rate will, of course, arise from simply rejecting these therapies,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:33
in favor of carrying on having a lot of kids.
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
04:37
And, I say that that's fine --
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:42
What's not fine is for us to make that choice on behalf of the future.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒœ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
If we vacillate, hesitate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์„ค์ด๋ฉฐ,
04:48
and do not actually develop these therapies,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:51
then we are condemning a whole cohort of people --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
who would have been young enough and healthy enough
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ Š๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ
04:57
to benefit from those therapies, but will not be,
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์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
04:59
because we haven't developed them as quickly as we could --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:01
we'll be denying those people an indefinite life span,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:03
and I consider that that is immoral.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
That's my answer to the overpopulation question.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
Right. So the next thing is,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
05:10
now why should we get a little bit more active on this?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
And the fundamental answer is that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€
05:14
the pro-aging trance is not as dumb as it looks.
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๋…ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:17
It's actually a sensible way of coping with the inevitability of aging.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Aging is ghastly, but it's inevitable, so, you know,
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๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
we've got to find some way to put it out of our minds,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:27
and it's rational to do anything that we might want to do, to do that.
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๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Like, for example, making up these ridiculous reasons
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์™œ ๋…ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:34
why aging is actually a good thing after all.
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์ข‹์€ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:36
But of course, that only works when we have both of these components.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And as soon as the inevitability bit becomes a little bit unclear --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:43
and we might be in range of doing something about aging --
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๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:45
this becomes part of the problem.
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๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
This pro-aging trance is what stops us from agitating about these things.
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์ด ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ํŠธ๋ Œ์Šค๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And that's why we have to really talk about this a lot --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ๋ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
evangelize, I will go so far as to say, quite a lot --
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์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
in order to get people's attention, and make people realize
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์—
06:00
that they are in a trance in this regard.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:02
So that's all I'm going to say about that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
I'm now going to talk about feasibility.
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์šฐ์„  ์ €๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
And the fundamental reason, I think, why we feel that aging is inevitable
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๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:11
is summed up in a definition of aging that I'm giving here.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
A very simple definition.
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๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Aging is a side effect of being alive in the first place,
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๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
which is to say, metabolism.
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์ฆ‰, ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:20
This is not a completely tautological statement;
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์–ธ๋ถ€์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
it's a reasonable statement.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Aging is basically a process that happens to inanimate objects like cars,
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๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
06:28
and it also happens to us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
despite the fact that we have a lot of clever self-repair mechanisms,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์€ ์ž์ฒด ํšŒ๋ณต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:33
because those self-repair mechanisms are not perfect.
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์ž์ฒด ํšŒ๋ณต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
So basically, metabolism, which is defined as
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š”
06:37
basically everything that keeps us alive from one day to the next,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ
06:40
has side effects.
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Those side effects accumulate and eventually cause pathology.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์€ ์Œ“์ด๊ณ  ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
That's a fine definition. So we can put it this way:
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
we can say that, you know, we have this chain of events.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And there are really two games in town,
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๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
06:50
according to most people, with regard to postponing aging.
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2๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žก์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
They're what I'm calling here the "gerontology approach" and the "geriatrics approach."
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ทธ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ "๋…ธ์ธํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ"๊ณผ "๋…ธ์ธ๋ณ‘ํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
The geriatrician will intervene late in the day,
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๋…ธ์ธํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
when pathology is becoming evident,
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ,
07:01
and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time,
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๋…ธ์ธํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ง‰์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
07:04
and stop the accumulation of side effects
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
07:07
from causing the pathology quite so soon.
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Of course, it's a very short-term-ist strategy; it's a losing battle,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์Šน์‚ฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
because the things that are causing the pathology
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:15
are becoming more abundant as time goes on.
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
The gerontology approach looks much more promising on the surface,
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
because, you know, prevention is better than cure.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์˜ ์น˜์œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
But unfortunately the thing is that we don't understand metabolism very well.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
In fact, we have a pitifully poor understanding of how organisms work --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
even cells we're not really too good on yet.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
We've discovered things like, for example,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
07:34
RNA interference only a few years ago,
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RNA ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์•Œ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:37
and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work.
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์ด RNA ๊ฐ„์„ญ์€ ์„ธํฌ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Basically, gerontology is a fine approach in the end,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธํ•™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ์ฐธ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ
07:42
but it is not an approach whose time has come
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์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:44
when we're talking about intervention.
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์ค‘์žฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
So then, what do we do about that?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:49
I mean, that's a fine logic, that sounds pretty convincing,
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๋…ธ์ธํ•™์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
07:51
pretty ironclad, doesn't it?
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:53
But it isn't.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Before I tell you why it isn't, I'm going to go a little bit
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—
07:58
into what I'm calling step two.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Just suppose, as I said, that we do acquire --
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:04
let's say we do it today for the sake of argument --
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:06
the ability to confer 30 extra years of healthy life
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์ด๋ฏธ 55์„ธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ค‘๋…„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:10
on people who are already in middle age, let's say 55.
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30๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:13
I'm going to call that "robust human rejuvenation." OK.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ "์ธ๊ฐ„ ์›๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋ณต"์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
What would that actually mean
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€
08:17
for how long people of various ages today --
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋˜์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ์ Š์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:20
or equivalently, of various ages at the time that these therapies arrive --
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๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋˜์ง€๊ฐ„์—
08:24
would actually live?
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"์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:26
In order to answer that question -- you might think it's simple,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:28
but it's not simple.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
We can't just say, "Well, if they're young enough to benefit from these therapies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ "์Œ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํผ ์ Š์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
08:32
then they'll live 30 years longer."
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30๋…„์€ ๋” ์‚ด์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
That's the wrong answer.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋‹ต์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
08:35
And the reason it's the wrong answer is because of progress.
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ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” "์ง„๋ณด"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
08:37
There are two sorts of technological progress really,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง„๋ณด์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
for this purpose.
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
08:40
There are fundamental, major breakthroughs,
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๊ทธ ์ง„๋ณด๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ , ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด๋ฉฐ,
08:43
and there are incremental refinements of those breakthroughs.
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๊ทธ ์ง„๋ณด๋“ค์€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Now, they differ a great deal
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๊ทธ ์ง„๋ณด๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:49
in terms of the predictability of time frames.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Fundamental breakthroughs:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„
08:53
very hard to predict how long it's going to take
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
08:55
to make a fundamental breakthrough.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
It was a very long time ago that we decided that flying would be fun,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋จผ ์˜›๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ”์™”์ง€๋งŒ
08:59
and it took us until 1903 to actually work out how to do it.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1903๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
But after that, things were pretty steady and pretty uniform.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ๋งŒํผ์˜ ํฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
I think this is a reasonable sequence of events that happened
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ดํ›„
09:09
in the progression of the technology of powered flight.
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์ Š์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ„ฐ๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
We can think, really, that each one is sort of
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
09:17
beyond the imagination of the inventor of the previous one, if you like.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
The incremental advances have added up to something
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๊ทธ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ์ „์€
09:24
which is not incremental anymore.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ „ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
This is the sort of thing you see after a fundamental breakthrough.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ฒซ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
And you see it in all sorts of technologies.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
Computers: you can look at a more or less parallel time line,
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๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด, ํ˜น์€ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ
09:34
happening of course a bit later.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐŸ์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
You can look at medical care. I mean, hygiene, vaccines, antibiotics --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ œ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๋ง์€ ์œ„์ƒ, ๋ฐฑ์‹ , ํ•ญ์ƒ๋“ฑ์˜
09:38
you know, the same sort of time frame.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
09:40
So I think that actually step two, that I called a step a moment ago,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ์ „์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
09:44
isn't a step at all.
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๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋”ฑํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
That in fact, the people who are young enough
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:48
to benefit from these first therapies
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์˜ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
09:50
that give this moderate amount of life extension,
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๊ทธ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
09:52
even though those people are already middle-aged when the therapies arrive,
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์˜ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
09:56
will be at some sort of cusp.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
They will mostly survive long enough to receive improved treatments
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
that will give them a further 30 or maybe 50 years.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”๋ฒ•์€ 30๋…„์—์„œ 50๋…„์ •๋„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
10:04
In other words, they will be staying ahead of the game.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ž์„œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
The therapies will be improving faster than
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์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•จ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:10
the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
This is a very important point for me to get across.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Because, you know, most people, when they hear
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:18
that I predict that a lot of people alive today are going to live to 1,000 or more,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 1,000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด
10:23
they think that I'm saying that we're going to invent therapies in the next few decades
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๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ
10:27
that are so thoroughly eliminating aging
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๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
that those therapies will let us live to 1,000 or more.
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์ด 1,000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ์›”์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:33
I'm not saying that at all.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
I'm saying that the rate of improvement of those therapies
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์†๋„๊ฐ€
10:37
will be enough.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:38
They'll never be perfect, but we'll be able to fix the things
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:41
that 200-year-olds die of, before we have any 200-year-olds.
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200์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง๊ฐ€์งˆ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ 200๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
10:44
And the same for 300 and 400 and so on.
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ํ˜น์€ 300๋…„, 400๋…„๋„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
I decided to give this a little name,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์š”๋ฒ•์—๊ฒŒ ์ €๋Š”
10:49
which is "longevity escape velocity."
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"์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:53
Well, it seems to get the point across.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๋“ฏ ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
10:56
So, these trajectories here are basically how we would expect people to live,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
in terms of remaining life expectancy,
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
11:03
as measured by their health,
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•,
11:05
for given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive.
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์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
If you're already 100, or even if you're 80 --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ 100์‚ด์ด๋‚˜, 80์‚ด์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
11:10
and an average 80-year-old,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ‰๊ท  80์„ธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:12
we probably can't do a lot for you with these therapies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
because you're too close to death's door
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:16
for the really initial, experimental therapies to be good enough for you.
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์š”๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ข‹์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
You won't be able to withstand them.
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
But if you're only 50, then there's a chance
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด 50์‚ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
11:23
that you might be able to pull out of the dive and, you know --
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ž„์ข…์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:26
(Laughter) --
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:27
eventually get through this
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
and start becoming biologically younger in a meaningful sense,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ Š์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
11:33
in terms of your youthfulness, both physical and mental,
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์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ,
11:35
and in terms of your risk of death from age-related causes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋จน์–ด์„œ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
And of course, if you're a bit younger than that,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ 50๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋” ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:39
then you're never really even going
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ
11:41
to get near to being fragile enough to die of age-related causes.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
So this is a genuine conclusion that I come to, that the first 150-year-old --
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ง„์งœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
we don't know how old that person is today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” 150์‚ด ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
11:51
because we don't know how long it's going to take
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊ทธ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:53
to get these first-generation therapies.
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
But irrespective of that age,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด
11:57
I'm claiming that the first person to live to 1,000 --
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 1,000์‚ด ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
subject of course, to, you know, global catastrophes --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์•™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
12:04
is actually, probably, only about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 150์‚ด๋ณด๋‹ค 10์‚ด๋ฐ–์— ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
And that's quite a thought.
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์ฐธ ์–ต์šธํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
Alright, so finally I'm going to spend the rest of the talk,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ
12:13
my last seven-and-a-half minutes, on step one;
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7๋ถ„ 30์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
namely, how do we actually get to this moderate amount of life extension
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:21
that will allow us to get to escape velocity?
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:24
And in order to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ ์ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
I have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation.
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์›๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
I'm calling it "robust mouse rejuvenation," not very imaginatively.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ์ฅ์˜ ์›๊ธฐํšŒ๋ณต์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
And this is what it is.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
I say we're going to take a long-lived strain of mouse,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฐ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
which basically means mice that live about three years on average.
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ฅ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3๋…„์ •๋„ ์‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
12:41
We do exactly nothing to them until they're already two years old.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฅ๋“ค์ด 2๋…„์„ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
And then we do a whole bunch of stuff to them,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด 2๋…„์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:46
and with those therapies, we get them to live,
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"์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ"์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
on average, to their fifth birthday.
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๋ณดํ†ต 5๋…„์ •๋„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:50
So, in other words, we add two years --
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2๋…„์„ ๋” ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ
12:52
we treble their remaining lifespan,
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์ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ์„ธ๊ณฑ์ ˆ์„ ์‚ด๋„๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
starting from the point that we started the therapies.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
The question then is, what would that actually mean for the time frame
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ,
12:59
until we get to the milestone I talked about earlier for humans?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด์ •ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‹€์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Which we can now, as I've explained,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
13:04
equivalently call either robust human rejuvenation or longevity escape velocity.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์›๊ธฐํšŒ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์€ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฒ• ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:08
Secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:11
of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things,
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๊ทธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
starting from the time we get the mice?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
And thirdly, the question is, what will it do
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
13:17
to actually how much people want it?
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
And it seems to me that the first question
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
13:21
is entirely a biology question,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ ,
13:22
and it's extremely hard to answer.
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๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
One has to be very speculative,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:26
and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
that we should simply keep our counsel until we know more.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
13:33
I say that's nonsense.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
I say we absolutely are irresponsible if we stay silent on this.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
We need to give our best guess as to the time frame,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
in order to give people a sense of proportion
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:43
so that they can assess their priorities.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
So, I say that we have a 50/50 chance
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 50๋Œ€ 50์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
13:48
of reaching this RHR milestone,
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์ด RHR์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์€ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:50
robust human rejuvenation, within 15 years from the point
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๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ฅ์˜ ์›๊ธฐํšŒ๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„
13:53
that we get to robust mouse rejuvenation.
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ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 15๋…„์•ˆ์— ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
15 years from the robust mouse.
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15๋…„ ํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
The public's perception will probably be somewhat better than that.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
The public tends to underestimate how difficult scientific things are.
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๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
So they'll probably think it's five years away.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ 5๋…„ ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
They'll be wrong, but that actually won't matter too much.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
And finally, of course, I think it's fair to say
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
14:10
that a large part of the reason why the public is so ambivalent about aging now
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–‘๊ทน์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
14:14
is the global trance I spoke about earlier, the coping strategy.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
That will be history at this point,
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์ด ์ฏค์—์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
14:18
because it will no longer be possible to believe that aging is inevitable in humans,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
since it's been postponed so very effectively in mice.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ฅ์˜ ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
So we're likely to end up with a very strong change in people's attitudes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
and of course that has enormous implications.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:31
So in order to tell you now how we're going to get these mice,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์ง„ ์ฅ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
14:34
I'm going to add a little bit to my description of aging.
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์ €๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €๋งŒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
I'm going to use this word "damage"
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์ €๋Š” "ํ”ผํ•ด"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
14:38
to denote these intermediate things that are caused by metabolism
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์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
and that eventually cause pathology.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
Because the critical thing about this
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:46
is that even though the damage only eventually causes pathology,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:48
the damage itself is caused ongoing-ly throughout life, starting before we're born.
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ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
But it is not part of metabolism itself.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
And this turns out to be useful.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
Because we can re-draw our original diagram this way.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
15:00
We can say that, fundamentally, the difference between gerontology and geriatrics
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธํ•™๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋ณ‘ํ•™์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ๋•Œ
15:03
is that gerontology tries to inhibit the rate
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๋…ธ์ธํ•™์€ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š”
15:05
at which metabolism lays down this damage.
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ํ”ผํ•ด์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
And I'm going to explain exactly what damage is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:09
in concrete biological terms in a moment.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
And geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ธ๋ณ‘ ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„
15:14
by stopping the damage converting into pathology.
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๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
And the reason it's a losing battle
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:18
is because the damage is continuing to accumulate.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชธ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
15:20
So there's a third approach, if we look at it this way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
We can call it the "engineering approach,"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ "๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ 
15:25
and I claim that the engineering approach is within range.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์‹คํ˜„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
The engineering approach does not intervene in any processes.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์—๋„ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
It does not intervene in this process or this one.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋„ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
And that's good because it means that it's not a losing battle,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ,
15:36
and it's something that we are within range of being able to do,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
because it doesn't involve improving on evolution.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
15:42
The engineering approach simply says,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
15:44
"Let's go and periodically repair all of these various types of damage --
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"์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.
15:48
not necessarily repair them completely, but repair them quite a lot,
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๊ตณ์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์น  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
15:52
so that we keep the level of damage down below the threshold
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๊ณ„์† ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
15:55
that must exist, that causes it to be pathogenic."
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๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชธ์˜ ์†์ƒ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
We know that this threshold exists,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
because we don't get age-related diseases until we're in middle age,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๋…„์ด ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:03
even though the damage has been accumulating since before we were born.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋˜ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชธ์˜ ์†์ƒ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์Œ“์—ฌ์ ธ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
16:06
Why do I say that we're in range? Well, this is basically it.
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์™œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:10
The point about this slide is actually the bottom.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
If we try to say which bits of metabolism are important for aging,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:16
we will be here all night, because basically all of metabolism
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
16:19
is important for aging in one way or another.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete.
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์ด ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:24
The list on the right is also incomplete.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ด๊ณ 
16:29
and it's just an incomplete list.
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์•„์ง ์™„์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ด๊ณ ,
16:34
this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ •๋„,
16:37
side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end,
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์„ ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
or that might cause pathology.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
And there are only seven of them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ 7๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด๋„, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 7๊ฐœ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:48
Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.
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์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ, ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋“ฑ 7๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete.
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์šฐ์„  ์ €๋Š” ์™œ ์ด ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„์›Œ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
Of course one can make a biological argument.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:00
One can say, "OK, what are we made of?"
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ง€์š”?
17:02
We're made of cells and stuff between cells.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
What can damage accumulate in?
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋“ค์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:07
The answer is: long-lived molecules,
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ธด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
because if a short-lived molecule undergoes damage, but then the molecule is destroyed --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์— ์˜ํ•ด
17:12
like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis -- then the damage is gone, too.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋“ฏ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
It's got to be long-lived molecules.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
So, these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งํ•œ 7๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ธ์ธํ•™์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
and that is pretty good news, because it means that,
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
you know, we've come a long way in biology in these 20 years,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ทผ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๊ณ 
17:27
so the fact that we haven't extended this list
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๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:29
is a pretty good indication that there's no extension to be done.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋”์ด์ƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
17:33
However, it's better than that; we actually know how to fix them all,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฅ์— ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
in mice, in principle -- and what I mean by in principle is,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  "์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ" ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”- ์ œ๊ฐ€ "์ด๋ก ์ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:38
we probably can actually implement these fixes within a decade.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
Some of them are partially implemented already, the ones at the top.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋งํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
I haven't got time to go through them at all, but
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
17:48
my conclusion is that, if we can actually get suitable funding for this,
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์ €์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:52
then we can probably develop robust mouse rejuvenation in only 10 years,
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10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์›๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
but we do need to get serious about it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
17:59
We do need to really start trying.
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์ •๋ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
So of course, there are some biologists in the audience,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ,ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์ฒญ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์‹  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
18:04
and I want to give some answers to some of the questions that you may have.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
You may have been dissatisfied with this talk,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ €์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜์…จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
18:09
but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€์…”์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ผญ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
I've published a great deal on this;
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:13
I cite the experimental work on which my optimism is based,
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์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹คํ—˜์ค‘์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
18:16
and there's quite a lot of detail there.
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์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
The detail is what makes me confident
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค๋กœ
18:20
of my rather aggressive time frames that I'm predicting here.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‹€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
So if you think that I'm wrong,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:24
you'd better damn well go and find out why you think I'm wrong.
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์ง์ ‘ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:28
And of course the main thing is that you shouldn't trust people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
18:31
who call themselves gerontologists because,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋…ธ์ธํ•™์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
as with any radical departure from previous thinking within a particular field,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๊ณ 
18:37
you know, you expect people in the mainstream to be a bit resistant
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:41
and not really to take it seriously.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
18:43
So, you know, you've got to actually do your homework,
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์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ
18:45
in order to understand whether this is true.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:46
And we'll just end with a few things.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:48
One thing is, you know, you'll be hearing from a guy in the next session
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ์…˜์—์„œ
18:51
who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in half no time,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๊ณง ์™„์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
18:55
and everyone said, "Well, it's obviously impossible."
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๊ทธ ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ "์Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
And you know what happened.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
18:58
So, you know, this does happen.
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:02
We have various strategies -- there's the Methuselah Mouse Prize,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:04
which is basically an incentive to innovate,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
19:07
and to do what you think is going to work,
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์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” Methuselah Mouse Prize๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
and you get money for it if you win.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
19:13
There's a proposal to actually put together an institute.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋„ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
This is what's going to take a bit of money.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
19:18
But, I mean, look -- how long does it take to spend that on the war in Iraq?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
19:21
Not very long. OK.
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์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
19:23
It's got to be philanthropic, because profits distract biotech,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•์• ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
but it's basically got a 90 percent chance, I think, of succeeding in this.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— 90%์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
And I think we know how to do it. And I'll stop there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:33
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:39
Chris Anderson: OK. I don't know if there's going to be any questions
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Chris Anderson: ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
19:42
but I thought I would give people the chance.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”?
19:44
Audience: Since you've been talking about aging and trying to defeat it,
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๊ด€๊ฐ: ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
19:48
why is it that you make yourself appear like an old man?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
19:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
19:56
AG: Because I am an old man. I am actually 158.
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AG: ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” 158์‚ด์ธ ๋…ธ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
20:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
20:03
Audience: Species on this planet have evolved with immune systems
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๊ด€๊ฐ: ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์€
20:07
to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate.
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๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:11
However, as far as I know, all the species have evolved to actually die,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
so when cells divide, the telomerase get shorter, and eventually species die.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„์—ด๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ง๋‹จ ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์€ ๋” ์งง์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:21
So, why does -- evolution has -- seems to have selected against immortality,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
20:26
when it is so advantageous, or is evolution just incomplete?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
20:30
AG: Brilliant. Thank you for asking a question
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AG: ์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋„ค์š”.
20:32
that I can answer with an uncontroversial answer.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
20:34
I'm going to tell you the genuine mainstream answer to your question,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
20:37
which I happen to agree with,
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์ € ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:39
which is that, no, aging is not a product of selection, evolution;
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๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
20:42
[aging] is simply a product of evolutionary neglect.
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:45
In other words, we have aging because it's hard work not to have aging;
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ, ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
20:50
you need more genetic pathways, more sophistication in your genes
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๋…ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
20:52
in order to age more slowly,
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๋” ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:54
and that carries on being true the longer you push it out.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ž๊ทนํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์กด์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:57
So, to the extent that evolution doesn't matter,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:02
doesn't care whether genes are passed on by individuals,
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์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
21:04
living a long time or by procreation,
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์กด์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:07
there's a certain amount of modulation of that,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
21:09
which is why different species have different lifespans,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
21:12
but that's why there are no immortal species.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:15
CA: The genes don't care but we do?
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CA: ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
21:17
AG: That's right.
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AG: ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:19
Audience: Hello. I read somewhere that in the last 20 years,
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๊ด€๊ฐ: ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์–ด๋””์„ ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ
21:24
the average lifespan of basically anyone on the planet has grown by 10 years.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด 10๋…„์ •๋„ ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
21:29
If I project that, that would make me think
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ,
21:32
that I would live until 120 if I don't crash on my motorbike.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด์— ์น˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” 120์‚ด ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
21:37
That means that I'm one of your subjects to become a 1,000-year-old?
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•œ 1000์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
21:42
AG: If you lose a bit of weight.
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AG: ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
21:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
21:47
Your numbers are a bit out.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณผํ•ด๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:50
The standard numbers are that lifespans
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๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์€
21:53
have been growing at between one and two years per decade.
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10๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค 1~2๋…„ ์ •๋„์”ฉ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:56
So, it's not quite as good as you might think, you might hope.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:00
But I intend to move it up to one year per year as soon as possible.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” 1๋…„์— 1๋…„์”ฉ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:03
Audience: I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults
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๊ด€๊ฐ: ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
22:06
are actually in the human embryo,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ด๊ณ 
22:08
and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ 80๋…„์ •๋„ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:10
If that is indeed true,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
22:12
biologically are there implications in the world of rejuvenation?
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
22:15
If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†์— 80๋…„์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
22:18
as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์„ธํฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด์ง€์š”.
22:20
AG: There are technical implications certainly.
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AG: ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:22
Basically what we need to do is replace cells
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
22:26
in those few areas of the brain that lose cells at a respectable rate,
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:29
especially neurons, but we don't want to replace them
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
22:32
any faster than that -- or not much faster anyway,
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:34
because replacing them too fast would degrade cognitive function.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:38
What I said about there being no non-aging species earlier on
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ "๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
22:41
was a little bit of an oversimplification.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:43
There are species that have no aging -- Hydra for example --
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๊ฐ€๋ น ํžˆ๋“œ๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Š™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:47
but they do it by not having a nervous system --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํžˆ๋“œ๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
22:49
and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function
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์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š™์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
22:51
on very long-lived cells.
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๋ชธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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