Kimberley Motley: How I defend the rule of law | TED

Translator: Katarina Kesselova Reviewer: Richard Hrdlovič

Let me tell you a story

Dovoľte mi povedať vám príbeh

about a little girl named Naghma.

o malom dievčatku menom Naghma.

Naghma lived in a refugee camp

Naghma žila v utečeneckom tábore

with her parents and her eight brothers and sisters.

spolu s rodičmi a ôsmimi súrodencami.

Every morning, her father would wake up

Jej otec sa každé ráno budí

in the hopes he'd be picked for construction work,

s nádejou, že dostane prácu robotníka

and on a good month he would earn 50 dollars.

a za dobrý mesiac zarobí 50 dolárov.

The winter was very harsh,

Zima bola drsná

and unfortunately, Naghma's brother died

a, bohužiaľ, Naghmin brat zahynul

and her mother became very ill.

a matka vážne ochorela.

In desperation, her father went to a neighbor

V zúfalstve šiel otec za susedom

to borrow 2,500 dollars.

a požičal si 2 500 dolárov.

After several months of waiting,

Po niekoľkých mesiacoch čakania

the neighbor became very impatient,

bol už sused netrpezlivý

and he demanded that he be paid back.

a dožadoval sa peňazí späť.

Unfortunately, Naghma's father didn't have the money,

Žiaľ, Naghmin otec tieto peniaze nemal,

and so the two men agreed to a jirga.

a tak obaja muži súhlasili s džirgou.

So simply put, a jirga is a form of mediation

Džirga je určitý druh mediácie

that's used in Afghanistan's informal justice system.

v neformálnom afghánskom súdnom systéme.

It's usually presided over by religious leaders

Zvyčajne ju vedú náboženskí vodcovia

and village elders,

a starší obyvatelia.

and jirgas are often used in rural countries like Afghanistan,

Džirga sa využíva vo vidieckych krajinách ako Afganistan,

where there's deep-seated resentment

kde je hlboko zakorenený odpor

against the formal system.

voči formálnemu systému.

At the jirga, the men sat together

Pri džirge sa zišli muži

and they decided that the best way to satisfy the debt

a rozhodli, že najlepšie sa dlh urovná,

would be if Naghma married the neighbor's 21-year-old son.

keď si Naghma vezme susedovho 21-ročného syna.

She was six.

Ona mala 6.

Now, stories like Naghma's unfortunately

Príbehy ako ten Naghmin sú,

are all too common,

žiaľ, až príliš časté.

and from the comforts of our home,

Z pohodlia našich domovov

we may look at these stories as another

sa na ne pozeráme ako na ďalší

crushing blow to women's rights.

zdrvujúci úder právam žien.

And if you watched Afghanistan on the news,

A keď sledujete správy o Afganistane,

you may have this view that it's a failed state.

môžete mať pocit, že ide o zlyhanie štátu.

However, Afghanistan does have a legal system,

Avšak Afganistan má právny systém.

and while jirgas are built on long-standing tribal customs,

Síce sú džirgy založené

even in jirgas, laws are supposed to be followed,

na zvykoch, musia sa riadiť právom.

and it goes without saying

A je neodškriepiteľné,

that giving a child to satisfy a debt

že splatiť dlh dieťaťom,

is not only grossly immoral, it's illegal.

je nielen hrubo nemorálne, ale aj ilegálne.

In 2008, I went to Afghanistan

V roku 2008 som šla do Afganistanu,

for a justice funded program,

aby som sa zúčastnila programu,

and I went there originally on this nine-month program

pôvodne deväťmesačného,

to train Afghan lawyers.

ktorý mal trénovať afganských právnikov.

In that nine months, I went around the country

Za 9 mesiacov som prešla krajinou,

and I talked to hundreds of people that were locked up,

hovorila so stovkami uväznených

and I talked to many businesses

a s mnohými podnikmi, ktoré

that were also operating in Afghanistan.

fungujú v Afganistane.

And within these conversations,

Počas rozhovorov

I started hearing the connections

som začala vnímať spojenia

between the businesses and the people,

medzi podnikmi a ľuďmi

and how laws that were meant to protect them

a tým, ako sa zákony, ktoré ich

were being underused,

majú chrániť, nepoužívajú.

while gross and illegal punitive measures were overused.

A hrubé a nezákonné tresty sa nadužívajú.

And so this put me on a quest for justness,

Začala som pátrať po spravodlivosti.

and what justness means to me

Spravodlivosť pre mňa znamená,

is using laws for their intended purpose,

že sa právo použije zamýšľaným spôsobom.

which is to protect.

A to na ochranu.

The role of laws is to protect.

Úlohou práva je chrániť.

So as a result, I decided to open up a private practice,

V dôsledku toho som si otvorila kanceláriu

and I became the first foreigner to litigate

a stala sa prvou zahraničnou právničkou

in Afghan courts.

na afganských súdoch.

Throughout this time, I also studied many laws,

V tom čase som preštudovala mnoho zákonov,

I talked to many people,

hovorila som s mnohými ľuďmi,

I read up on many cases,

prečítala mnoho rozsudkov

and I found that the lack of justness

a zistila som, že nedostatok spravodlivosti

is not just a problem in Afghanistan,

nie je iba problém Afganistanu,

but it's a global problem.

ale je to globálny problém.

And while I originally shied away from

Najprv som sa stránila

representing human rights cases

zastupovať ľudskoprávne prípady,

because I was really concerned about how it would

lebo som sa obávala, ako ma to ovplyvní,

affect me both professionally and personally,

tak profesionálne, ako aj osobne.

I decided that the need for justness was so great

Ale potreba spravodlivosti bola taká veľká,

that I couldn't continue to ignore it.

že som ju nemohla viac ignorovať.

And so I started representing people like Naghma

Začala som zastupovať ľudí ako Naghma

pro bono also.

aj pro bono.

Now, since I've been in Afghanistan

Odkedy som v Afganistane

and since I've been an attorney for over 10 years,

a to som právničkou viac ako 10 rokov,

I've represented from CEOs of Fortune 500 companies

zastupovala som od riaditeľov najväčších firiem

to ambassadors to little girls like Naghma,

cez diplomatov až po dievčatká ako Naghma

and with much success.

so slušným úspechom.

And the reason for my success is very simple:

Dôvod môjho úspechu je jednoduchý:

I work the system from the inside out

využívam systém zvnútra,

and use the laws in the ways

využívam zákony

that they're intended to be used.

na účely, akým majú slúžiť.

I find that

Zistila som, že

achieving justness in places like Afghanistan

dosiahnuť spravodlivosť na mieste ako Afganistan

is difficult, and there's three reasons.

je ťažké a má to 3 dôvody.

The first reason is that simply put,

Prvým je to, že

people are very uneducated as to what their legal rights were,

ľudia nevedia, aké sú ich práva.

and I find that this is a global problem.

To vnímam ako globálny problém.

The second issue

Druhá vec, je

is that even with laws on the books,

že hoci sú zákony v zbierke,

it's often superseded or ignored

sú prehliadané a nahradené

by tribal customs, like in the first jirga

kmeňovými zvykmi ako džirga,

that sold Naghma off.

ktorá predala Naghmu.

And the third problem with achieving justness

Tretí problém s dosiahnutím spravodlivosti je,

is that even with good, existing laws on the books,

že napriek dobrým zákonom v zbierke,

there aren't people or lawyers that are willing to fight

niet ľudí a právnikov ochotných

for those laws.

za zákony bojovať.

And that's what I do: I use existing laws,

A ja to robím - využívam tie zákony,

often unused laws,

často nevyužívané zákony,

and I work those to the benefits of my clients.

pracujem s nimi v prospech mojich klientov.

We all need to create a global culture

Musíme vytvoriť globálnu kultúru

of human rights

ľudských práv

and be investors in a global human rights economy,

a byť investormi globálnej ľudskoprávnej ekonomiky

and by working in this mindset,

a pracujúc v tomto naladení

we can significantly improve justice globally.

zlepšíme spravodlivosť na svete.

Now let's get back to Naghma.

Vráťme sa teraz k Naghme.

Several people heard about this story,

Tento príbeh počulo niekoľko ľudí

and so they contacted me because they wanted

a ozvali sa mi, pretože chceli

to pay the $2,500 debt.

zaplatiť ten dlh 2 500 dolárov.

And it's not just that simple;

Ale nejde to len tak.

you can't just throw money at this problem

Nemožno len vytasiť peniaze a myslieť si,

and think that it's going to disappear.

že sa tým problém vyrieši.

That's not how it works in Afghanistan.

Takto to v Afganistane nechodí,

So I told them I'd get involved,

Povedala som im, že sa zapojím,

but in order to get involved, what needed to happen

ale aby som sa zapojila, musela byť

is a second jirga needed to be called,

zvolaná druhá džirga.

a jirga of appeals.

Odvolacia džirga.

And so in order for that to happen,

Aby sa to stalo,

we needed to get the village elders together,

museli sa zísť staršinovia,

we needed to get the tribal leaders together,

museli sme dať dokopy vodcov,

the religious leaders.

duchovných vodcov.

Naghma's father needed to agree,

Musel súhlasiť Naghmin otec.

the neighbor needed to agree,

Musel súhlasiť sused.

and also his son needed to agree.

A tiež jeho syn.

And I thought, if I'm going to get involved in this thing,

Ak som sa chcela zapojiť,

then they also need to agree that I preside over it.

museli súhlasiť, že to budem viesť.

So, after hours of talking

Po hodinách rozprávania,

and tracking them down,

zháňania sa

and about 30 cups of tea,

a po 30 šálkach čaju,

they finally agreed that we could sit down

nakoniec súhlasili, že spravíme

for a second jirga, and we did.

druhú džirgu. A tak sa aj stalo.

And what was different about the second jirga

Na druhej džirge bolo zvláštne,

is this time, we put the law at the center of it,

že tentokrát sme do stredu dali zákon

and it was very important for me

a bolo pre mňa dôležité,

that they all understood that Naghma

aby všetci pochopili, že Naghma

had a right to be protected.

má právo byť chránená.

And at the end of this jirga,

Na konci tejto džirgy,

it was ordered by the judge

sudca nariadil,

that the first decision was erased,

že prvé rozhodnutie sa ruší

and that the $2,500 debt was satisfied,

a že dlh 2500$ je splatený.

and we all signed a written order

Všetci sme sa podpísali,

where all the men acknowledged

a muži uznali, že

that what they did was illegal,

to, čo spravili, bolo nezákonné.

and if they did it again, that they would go to prison.

A ak to spravia znova, pôjdu do väzenia.

Most —

Najmä -

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Thanks.

Vďaka.

And most importantly,

A čo je najdôležitejšie,

the engagement was terminated

zásnuby boli zrušené

and Naghma was free.

a Naghma bola slobodná.

Protecting Naghma and her right to be free

Ochrana Naghmy a jej slobody

protects us.

chráni i nás.

Now, with my job, there's above-average

S mojou prácou sú

amount of risks that are involved.

spojené zvýšené riziká.

I've been temporarily detained.

Dali ma do väzby.

I've been accused of running a brothel,

Obvinili, že vediem bordel.

accused of being a spy.

Obvinili, že som špión.

I've had a grenade thrown at my office.

Hodili mi do kancelárie granát.

It didn't go off, though.

Avšak nevybuchol.

But I find that with my job,

Ale pri mojej práci

that the rewards far outweigh the risks,

je odmena väčšia ako riziká.

and as many risks as I take,

Nech znášam akékoľvek riziká,

my clients take far greater risks,

moji klienti podstupujú ešte väčšie,

because they have a lot more to lose

pretože môžu stratiť viac,

if their cases go unheard,

ak sa im nevenuje pozornosť

or worse, if they're penalized for having me as their lawyer.

alebo sú potrestaní za to, že ich zastupujem ja.

With every case that I take,

S každým prípadom

I realize that as much as I'm standing behind my clients,

si uvedomujem, že síce stojím za svojimi klientmi,

that they're also standing behind me,

oni stoja za mnou

and that's what keeps me going.

a to ma poháňa.

Law as a point of leverage

Zákon ako vyjednávací nástroj

is crucial in protecting all of us.

je zásadný prvok našej ochrany.

Journalists are very vital in making sure

Novinári majú zabezpečiť, že

that that information is given to the public.

sa informácie dostanú k verejnosti.

Too often, we receive information from journalists

Často dostaneme informácie od novinárov

but we forget how that information was given.

ale zabúdame, čo za tým je.

This picture is a picture of the

Toto je fotka

British press corps in Afghanistan.

britských redaktorov v Afganistane.

It was taken a couple of years ago by my friend David Gill.

Spravil ju pred rokmi môj známy, David Gill.

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists,

Podľa Komisie na ochranu novinárov,

since 2010, there have been thousands of journalists

od roku 2010 tisícky novinárov

who have been threatened, injured,

boli zastrašovaní, zranení,

killed, detained.

zabití a zadržaní.

Too often, when we get this information,

Často pri tejto informácii

we forget who it affects

zabúdame, koho ovplyvňuje

or how that information is given to us.

alebo ako je nám táto informácia predaná.

What many journalists do, both foreign and domestic,

Práca novinárov, zahraničných aj domácich,

is very remarkable, especially in places like Afghanistan,

je obdivuhodná, zvlášť v Afganistane.

and it's important that we never forget that,

Je dôležité na to nezabudnúť,

because what they're protecting

pretože nechránia

is not only our right to receive that information

iba naše právo na informácie,

but also the freedom of the press, which is vital

ale slobodu tlače, ktorá je nevyhnutná

to a democratic society.

v demokratickej spoločnosti.

Matt Rosenberg is a journalist in Afghanistan.

Matt Rosenberg je afganský novinár.

He works for The New York Times,

Pracoval pre The New York Times,

and unfortunately, a few months ago

žiaľ, pred niekoľkými mesiacmi,

he wrote an article that displeased

napísal článok, ktorý sa znepáčil

people in the government.

ľuďom vo vláde.

As a result, he was temporarily detained

Zatkli ho

and he was illegally exiled out of the country.

a nezákonne vyhostili z krajiny.

I represent Matt,

Zastupujem Matta

and after dealing with the government,

a po rokovaní s vládou

I was able to get legal acknowledgment

uznali,

that in fact he was illegally exiled,

že bol vyhostený protizákonne,

and that freedom of the press does exist in Afghanistan,

že sloboda tlače existuje aj v Afganistane

and there's consequences if that's not followed.

a že existujú dôsledky, ak sa nedodržiava.

And I'm happy to say that

S radosťou oznamujem,

as of a few days ago,

že pred pár dňami

the Afghan government

ho afganská vláda

formally invited him back into the country

oficiálne prijala späť do krajiny

and they reversed their exile order of him.

a zamietla rozhodnutie o vyhostení.

(Applause)

(potlesk)

If you censor one journalist, then it intimidates others,

Ak cenzurujete jedného novinára, zastraší to druhých.

and soon nations are silenced.

A zakrátko zmĺknu národy.

It's important that we protect our journalists

Je dôležité chrániť novinárov

and freedom of the press,

a slobodu tlače,

because that makes governments more accountable to us

potom sa nám vláda viac zodpovedá

and more transparent.

a je transparentnejšia.

Protecting journalists and our right

Ochrana novinárov a nášho práva

to receive information protects us.

na informácie chráni i nás.

Our world is changing. We live in a different world now,

Náš svet sa mení. Žijeme v inom svete.

and what were once individual problems

Čo boli najprv individuálne problémy,

are really now global problems for all of us.

sú teraz problémy globálne.

Two weeks ago, Afghanistan had its first

Pred dvoma týždňami bola v Afganistane prvá

democratic transfer of power

demokratická výmena moci

and elected president Ashraf Ghani, which is huge,

a zvolený prezident Ashraf Ghan.

and I'm very optimistic about him,

Vkladám doňho nádej,

and I'm hopeful that he'll give Afghanistan

že dá Afganistanu

the changes that it needs,

zmenu, ktorú potrebuje,

especially within the legal sector.

obzvlášť v právnom sektore.

We live in a different world.

Žijeme v odlišnom svete.

We live in a world where my eight-year-old daughter

Vo svete, kde moja 8-ročná dcéra

only knows a black president.

videla iba čierneho prezidenta.

There's a great possibility that our next president

Je veľká pravdepodobnosť, že ďalší prezident

will be a woman,

bude žena

and as she gets older, she may question,

a keď podrastie, môže sa pýtať,

can a white guy be president?

"Môže byť prezidentom aj biely chlapík?"

(Laughter)

(smiech)

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Our world is changing, and we need to change with it,

Náš svet sa mení a musíme sa zmeniť s ním.

and what were once individual problems

To, čo boli kedysi individuálne problémy,

are problems for all of us.

sú problémy nás všetkých.

According to UNICEF,

Podľa UNICEFu

there are currently over 280 million

vyše 280 miliónov

boys and girls who are married

chlapcov a dievčat vstupuje do manželstva

under the age of 15.

vo veku nižšom ako 15 rokov.

Two hundred and eighty million.

280 miliónov.

Child marriages prolong the vicious cycle

Detské manželstvá sú začarovaným kruhom

of poverty, poor health, lack of education.

chudoby, choroby a nízkeho vzdelania.

At the age of 12, Sahar was married.

Sahar vydali v dvanástich.

She was forced into this marriage

Jej brat ju predal

and sold by her brother.

a prinútil vydať sa.

When she went to her in-laws' house,

V dome svokrovcov ju

they forced her into prostitution.

nútili do prostitúcie.

Because she refused, she was tortured.

Keďže odmietla, mučili ju.

She was severely beaten with metal rods.

Zmlátili železnou tyčou.

They burned her body.

Popálili jej telo.

They tied her up in a basement and starved her.

Zviazali v pivnici a nechali o hlade.

They used pliers to take out her fingernails.

Kliešťami odstraňovali nechty.

At one point,

Raz sa jej podarilo

she managed to escape from this torture chamber

ujsť z tejto mučiarne

to a neighbor's house,

do susedovho domu,

and when she went there, instead of protecting her,

kde ju namiesto ochrany

they dragged her back

dovliekli naspäť

to her husband's house,

k manželovým rodičom

and she was tortured even worse.

a bola týraná ešte viac.

When I met first Sahar, thankfully,

Keď som Sahar prvýkrát stretla, vďakabohu,

Women for Afghan Women

organizácia Ženy pre afgánske ženy

gave her a safe haven to go to.

jej poskytla útočišto.

As a lawyer, I try to be very strong

Ako právnička musím byť silná

for all my clients,

aj za svojich klientov,

because that's very important to me,

pretože je to pre mňa dôležité.

but seeing her,

Ale keď som ju videla

how broken and very weak as she was,

takú zničenú a slabú,

was very difficult.

bolo to ťažké.

It took weeks for us to really get to

Trvalo to týždne, kým sme začali

what happened to her

rozoberať, čo sa dialo,

when she was in that house,

kým bola v tom dome.

but finally she started opening up to me,

Nakoniec sa otvorila a

and when she opened up,

keď sa otvorila,

what I heard was

zistila som,

she didn't know what her rights were,

že nevedela, aké sú jej práva.

but she did know she had a certain level of protection

Vedela, že má nárok na nejakú ochranu

by her government that failed her,

a vláda jej ju nezabezpečila.

and so we were able to talk about

Tak sme hovorili

what her legal options were.

o jej právnych možnostiach.

And so we decided to take this case

A rozhodli sme sa ísť s týmto prípadom

to the Supreme Court.

pred Najvyšší súd.

Now, this is extremely significant,

Toto je obzvlášť závažné,

because this is the first time

bolo to prvýkrát, keď bola

that a victim of domestic violence in Afghanistan

obeť domáceho násilia v Afganistane

was being represented by a lawyer,

zastupovaná právnikom.

a law that's been on the books for years and years,

Zákon, ktorý existoval už roky

but until Sahar, had never been used.

ešte nik pred Sahar nepoužil.

In addition to this, we also decided

Okrem toho sme sa rozhodli

to sue for civil damages,

žiadať aj náhradu škody, opäť

again using a law that's never been used,

na základe dovtedy nikdy nevyužitého zákona,

but we used it for her case.

ktorý sme použili v jej prípade.

So there we were at the Supreme Court

Takže sme tam na Najvyššom súde,

arguing in front of 12 Afghan justices,

argumentujeme pred 12 afganskými sudcami,

me as an American female lawyer,

ja, ako americká právnička, žena

and Sahar, a young woman

Sahar ako mladé dievča,

who when I met her couldn't speak above a whisper.

ktoré, keď som ju stretla, ledva šeptala.

She stood up,

Postavila sa,

she found her voice,

vzchopila sa

and my girl told them that she wanted justice,

a povedala im, že žiada spravodlivosť.

and she got it.

A dostala ju.

At the end of it all, the court unanimously agreed

Napokon súd jednohlasne potvrdil,

that her in-laws should be arrested for what they did to her,

že svokrovci majú byť zatknutí za to, čo jej spravili,

her fucking brother should also be arrested

jej skurvený brat má byť zatknutý,

for selling her —

za to, že ju predal.

(Applause) —

(potlesk)

and they agreed that she did have a right

Potvrdili, že má právo

to civil compensation.

na odškodnenie.

What Sahar has shown us is that we can attack

Sahar nám ukázala, že môžeme napadnúť

existing bad practices by using the laws

zlé zvyklosti využívaním zákonov

in the ways that they're intended to be used,

spôsobom, na aké boli určené.

and by protecting Sahar,

Ochranou Sahar

we are protecting ourselves.

chránime samých seba.

After having worked in Afghanistan

Po práci v Afganistane

for over six years now,

už je to viac ako 6 rokov,

a lot of my family and friends think

si moja rodina a priatelia myslia,

that what I do looks like this.

že to, čo robím, vyzerá takto.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

But in all actuality, what I do looks like this.

Ale ono to vyzerá takto.

Now, we can all do something.

Všetci môžeme niečo spraviť.

I'm not saying we should all buy a plane ticket and go to Afghanistan,

Nevravím, že si máme všetci kúpiť letenku do Afganistanu,

but we can all be contributors

ale môžeme prispieť

to a global human rights economy.

do globálnej ľudskoprávnej ekonomiky.

We can create a culture of transparency

Môžeme vytvoriť kultúru transparentnosti

and accountability to the laws,

a zodpovednosti voči právu,

and make governments more accountable to us,

aby sa vlády zodpovedali nám,

as we are to them.

tak, ako my im.

A few months ago, a South African lawyer

Pred pár mesiacmi právnik z južnej Afriky

visited me in my office

prišiel do mojej kancelárie

and he said, "I wanted to meet you.

a povedal: "Chcel som vás stretnúť."

I wanted to see what a crazy person looked like."

"Chcel som vidieť, ako vyzerá šialená osoba."

The laws are ours,

Zákony sú naše.

and no matter what your ethnicity,

Nezáleží na etnickej príslušnosti,

nationality, gender, race,

národnosti, pohlaví, rase.

they belong to us,

Patria nám

and fighting for justice is not an act of insanity.

a boj za spravodlivosť nie je prejavom šialenstva.

Businesses also need to get with the program.

Aj firmy sa musia zapojiť.

A corporate investment in human rights

Investícia firiem do ľudských práv

is a capital gain on your businesses,

sa mnohonásobne vráti,

and whether you're a business, an NGO,

a či už ste podnikateľ, neziskovka,

or a private citizen, rule of law benefits all of us.

alebo občan, tak vláda práva je nám všetkým na osoh.

And by working together with a concerted mindset,

S týmto postojom

through the people, public and private sector,

a s pomocou ľudí, verejného a súkromného sektora,

we can create a global human rights economy

dokážeme vytvoriť globálnu ekonomiku ľudských práv,

and all become global investors in human rights.

z ktorej všetci môžeme tažiť.

And by doing this,

Týmto spôsobom

we can achieve justness together.

spoločne dosiahneme to, čo je správne.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(Applause)

(potlesk)