Kimberley Motley: How I defend the rule of law | TED

譯者: Yamei Huang 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

Let me tell you a story

我想分享一個

about a little girl named Naghma.

關於小女孩娜瑪的故事。

Naghma lived in a refugee camp

她跟父母及八個兄弟姐妹

with her parents and her eight brothers and sisters.

住在難民營。

Every morning, her father would wake up

每天早上，她的父親起床後，

in the hopes he'd be picked for construction work,

希望自己在建築工地找到工作，

and on a good month he would earn 50 dollars.

幸運時他一個月可賺 50 美金。

The winter was very harsh,

冬天就比較難過，

and unfortunately, Naghma's brother died

不幸的是，娜瑪的兄弟過世，

and her mother became very ill.

母親病重。

In desperation, her father went to a neighbor

絕望之下，他父親跟鄰居

to borrow 2,500 dollars.

借了 2500 美金。

After several months of waiting,

幾個月的等待後，

the neighbor became very impatient,

鄰居變得很不耐煩，

and he demanded that he be paid back.

並要求他還錢。

Unfortunately, Naghma's father didn't have the money,

不幸的是， 娜瑪的父親並沒有錢還，

and so the two men agreed to a jirga.

所以雙方同意 透過族長會議解決這個問題。

So simply put, a jirga is a form of mediation

簡單來說， 族長會議是一種調解，

that's used in Afghanistan's informal justice system.

是阿富汗非正式的仲裁方式。

It's usually presided over by religious leaders

通常由宗教大老

and village elders,

以及村落長老主持，

and jirgas are often used in rural countries like Afghanistan,

族長會議常見於阿富汗等落後國家，

where there's deep-seated resentment

他們對於正式的司法系統

against the formal system.

有很深的憎恨。

At the jirga, the men sat together

族長會議裡，與會者坐在一起

and they decided that the best way to satisfy the debt

討論解決債務的最好辦法

would be if Naghma married the neighbor's 21-year-old son.

就是讓娜瑪嫁給 鄰居 21 歲的兒子。

She was six.

她才六歲。

Now, stories like Naghma's unfortunately

不幸地，像娜瑪這樣的故事，

are all too common,

實在太常見了，

and from the comforts of our home,

身處於安樂舒適的我們，

we may look at these stories as another

或許會把這個故事

看成女權的另一個打擊，

crushing blow to women's rights.

And if you watched Afghanistan on the news,

如果你看過阿富汗的新聞，

you may have this view that it's a failed state.

你或許會認為那是一個失敗的國家。

However, Afghanistan does have a legal system,

然而，阿富汗是有法律制度的，

and while jirgas are built on long-standing tribal customs,

雖然族長會議 基於傳承已久的部落習俗，

even in jirgas, laws are supposed to be followed,

也應該要遵守法律，

and it goes without saying

不用說大家都知道

that giving a child to satisfy a debt

以孩子償債

is not only grossly immoral, it's illegal.

不只卑鄙下流，更是違法的。

In 2008, I went to Afghanistan

2008 年，我到阿富汗

for a justice funded program,

支援司法贊助計畫，

and I went there originally on this nine-month program

我本來要待九個月

to train Afghan lawyers.

訓練阿富汗律師。

In that nine months, I went around the country

九個月裡，我四處跑，

and I talked to hundreds of people that were locked up,

訪問數百名被監禁者，

and I talked to many businesses

也訪問了一些

that were also operating in Afghanistan.

在阿富汗經營企業的公司。

And within these conversations,

在這些訪談中，

I started hearing the connections

我開始了解

between the businesses and the people,

這些企業跟民眾的關係，

and how laws that were meant to protect them

還有原本應該保護人民的法律

were being underused,

是如何未被充分利用，

while gross and illegal punitive measures were overused.

而惡劣和非法的懲罰措施 是如何被濫用。

And so this put me on a quest for justness,

這讓我開始追尋正義之旅，

and what justness means to me

正義對我而言

is using laws for their intended purpose,

是彰顯法律的本意，

which is to protect.

是保護人民。

The role of laws is to protect.

法律的角色是保護。

So as a result, I decided to open up a private practice,

因此，我決定開一家律師事務所，

and I became the first foreigner to litigate

我也是阿富汗法庭上

in Afghan courts.

第一位外籍律師。

Throughout this time, I also studied many laws,

在這段時間，我研究了很多法律，

I talked to many people,

跟很多人聊過，

I read up on many cases,

讀過很多案例，

and I found that the lack of justness

我發現正義不公

is not just a problem in Afghanistan,

不只是阿富汗的問題，

but it's a global problem.

而是全球性的問題。

And while I originally shied away from

雖然我一開始避開

representing human rights cases

人權相關的案件，

because I was really concerned about how it would

因為我很擔心

這會影響我的職業跟私人生活。

affect me both professionally and personally,

I decided that the need for justness was so great

但我確定公平正義太重要，

that I couldn't continue to ignore it.

所以我無法再忽視人權案件。

And so I started representing people like Naghma

我開始接娜瑪這樣的案件，

pro bono also.

並提供無償服務。

Now, since I've been in Afghanistan

既然我去過阿富汗，

and since I've been an attorney for over 10 years,

也當了十幾年的律師，

I've represented from CEOs of Fortune 500 companies

代表過《財富》 500 大企業的執行長、

to ambassadors to little girls like Naghma,

外交大使， 還有像娜瑪這樣的小女孩，

and with much success.

官司大多成功。

And the reason for my success is very simple:

我成功的原因很簡單：

I work the system from the inside out

我徹底運用司法體系，

and use the laws in the ways

正確地運用法律

that they're intended to be used.

於需要被使用到的地方。

I find that

我發現，

achieving justness in places like Afghanistan

在阿富汗這樣的地方 要實現公平正義是很難的，

is difficult, and there's three reasons.

有三個原因。

The first reason is that simply put,

第一，簡單來說，

people are very uneducated as to what their legal rights were,

受教育的人口不多， 不懂他們自己有哪些權益，

and I find that this is a global problem.

我發現這是全球性的問題。

The second issue

第二個原因，

is that even with laws on the books,

即使有成文的法條，

it's often superseded or ignored

它們通常被取代或忽視，

by tribal customs, like in the first jirga

以村落習俗取代之， 就像剛剛說的族長會議

that sold Naghma off.

把娜瑪賣掉一樣。

And the third problem with achieving justness

第三個要達成公平正義的問題

is that even with good, existing laws on the books,

即使已經有合理的法律，

there aren't people or lawyers that are willing to fight

人民和律師缺乏意願

for those laws.

為維護法律而戰。

And that's what I do: I use existing laws,

這是我正在做的： 我運用現有法律，

often unused laws,

經常被忽視的法律，

and I work those to the benefits of my clients.

來維護當事人的利益。

We all need to create a global culture

我們都需為人權

of human rights

創造一個全球性的文化。

and be investors in a global human rights economy,

為全球的人權提供貢獻，

and by working in this mindset,

以這樣的心態努力，

we can significantly improve justice globally.

我們可以大大增進 全球的公平正義。

Now let's get back to Naghma.

現在，我們回來討論娜瑪。

Several people heard about this story,

不少人聽說了這個故事，

and so they contacted me because they wanted

所以他們與我聯絡

to pay the $2,500 debt.

希望代還 2500 美元的債務。

And it's not just that simple;

但事情並沒有這麼簡單，

you can't just throw money at this problem

這種問題不是把錢丟進去，

and think that it's going to disappear.

然後問題就會消失。

That's not how it works in Afghanistan.

這在阿富汗行不通。

So I told them I'd get involved,

所以我告訴他們，我會參與，

but in order to get involved, what needed to happen

要參與的話，就得召開

is a second jirga needed to be called,

第二次族長會議，

a jirga of appeals.

一個申訴案件的族長會議，

And so in order for that to happen,

要讓它順利召開，

we needed to get the village elders together,

我們得找到村落長老，

we needed to get the tribal leaders together,

得找到部落族長

the religious leaders.

和宗教大老一起開會。

Naghma's father needed to agree,

娜瑪的父親得同意，

the neighbor needed to agree,

鄰居也得同意，

and also his son needed to agree.

鄰居的兒子也得同意。

And I thought, if I'm going to get involved in this thing,

所以我想，如果我要參與，

那他們得同意讓我主持會議。

then they also need to agree that I preside over it.

So, after hours of talking

所以討論了幾小時，

and tracking them down,

一一把他們找來，

and about 30 cups of tea,

喝了大約 30 杯茶之後，

they finally agreed that we could sit down

他們終於同意要坐下來

for a second jirga, and we did.

召開第二次族長會議。

And what was different about the second jirga

這次會議與上一次不同的地方是

is this time, we put the law at the center of it,

這一次，我們以法律為核心，

and it was very important for me

對我來說很重要的是

that they all understood that Naghma

他們必須了解娜瑪

had a right to be protected.

有權受到保護。

And at the end of this jirga,

在這次族長會議結束時，

it was ordered by the judge

審判官宣布

that the first decision was erased,

上一次的決議作廢，

and that the $2,500 debt was satisfied,

美金 2500 元的債務解決了，

and we all signed a written order

我們都簽了一份書面資料

where all the men acknowledged

所有的人都承認

that what they did was illegal,

他們之前的做法是違法的，

and if they did it again, that they would go to prison.

他們再這麼做，會被捉去關。

Most —

大多數.....

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thanks.

謝謝。

And most importantly,

最重要的是，

the engagement was terminated

這場訂婚無效

and Naghma was free.

而且娜瑪自由了。

Protecting Naghma and her right to be free

保護娜瑪以及她享有自由的權力

protects us.

也是在保護我們自己。

Now, with my job, there's above-average

現在我這份工作的

危險高於一般的工作。

amount of risks that are involved.

I've been temporarily detained.

我遭短暫拘留過。

I've been accused of running a brothel,

我被指控經營妓院過，

accused of being a spy.

被指控為間諜。

I've had a grenade thrown at my office.

有人丟手榴彈到我辦公室，

It didn't go off, though.

幸好沒有引爆。

But I find that with my job,

但我發現工作中

that the rewards far outweigh the risks,

得到的報償遠大過於風險。

and as many risks as I take,

我承擔的風險

my clients take far greater risks,

和我的當事相人相比 是微不足道，

because they have a lot more to lose

如果沒人受理他們的案件

if their cases go unheard,

他們會失去更多，

or worse, if they're penalized for having me as their lawyer.

更糟糕的是， 他們會因為委託我而受罰。

With every case that I take,

我受理的每個案件，

I realize that as much as I'm standing behind my clients,

我更加了解 我支持我的當事人的同時，

that they're also standing behind me,

我的當事人也同樣支持我，

and that's what keeps me going.

這也是我前進的力量。

Law as a point of leverage

法律作為一個支撐點

is crucial in protecting all of us.

是保護我們的關鍵因素。

Journalists are very vital in making sure

新聞記者扮演關鍵的角色，

that that information is given to the public.

他們要確定提供 給大眾訊息的正確性。

Too often, we receive information from journalists

我們大多從記者那裡獲得訊息，

but we forget how that information was given.

但忘了訊息是來自何處。

This picture is a picture of the

這張照片是

British press corps in Afghanistan.

英國新聞團隊在阿富汗的合影。

It was taken a couple of years ago by my friend David Gill.

幾年前 由我的朋友大衛·吉爾拍的。

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists,

根據記者保護協會，

since 2010, there have been thousands of journalists

自從 2010 年以來， 有數千名記者

who have been threatened, injured,

被威脅，被傷害

killed, detained.

被殺，被拘留。

Too often, when we get this information,

當我們得到訊息的時候，

we forget who it affects

我們時常忘了它會影響哪些人

or how that information is given to us.

或是訊息是怎麼傳達給我們的。

What many journalists do, both foreign and domestic,

很多國內外的記者，

is very remarkable, especially in places like Afghanistan,

他們的所做所為是非常了不起的， 特別是在阿富汗這種地方，

and it's important that we never forget that,

重要的是，我們不會忘記這一點，

because what they're protecting

因為他們保護的

is not only our right to receive that information

不只是我們取得訊息的權利

but also the freedom of the press, which is vital

更表示新聞自由，

這是民主社會至關重要的部分。

to a democratic society.

Matt Rosenberg is a journalist in Afghanistan.

馬特·羅森伯格是阿富汗的記者。

He works for The New York Times,

他為紐約時報工作，

and unfortunately, a few months ago

不幸的是，幾個月前，

he wrote an article that displeased

他寫一篇文章

people in the government.

得罪了當地政府官員。

As a result, he was temporarily detained

結果，他被拘留

and he was illegally exiled out of the country.

而且被非法驅逐出境。

I represent Matt,

我為馬特辯護，

and after dealing with the government,

在與政府交涉之後，

I was able to get legal acknowledgment

我收到合法的承認書

that in fact he was illegally exiled,

承認他是被非法驅逐出境的事實，

and that freedom of the press does exist in Afghanistan,

以及在阿富汗享有新聞自由，

and there's consequences if that's not followed.

不實行會有不好的後果。

And I'm happy to say that

我很高興地向大家說，

as of a few days ago,

幾天前，

the Afghan government

阿富汗政府

formally invited him back into the country

正式邀請他回到該國，

and they reversed their exile order of him.

並撤銷他的驅逐令。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

If you censor one journalist, then it intimidates others,

如果審查一位記者， 其他的記者也會受到威脅，

and soon nations are silenced.

很快地整個國家的人民就會緘默。

It's important that we protect our journalists

所以保護記者及新聞的自由

and freedom of the press,

非常的重要，

because that makes governments more accountable to us

因為這會讓政府對人民更加負責任，

and more transparent.

政策更透明化。

Protecting journalists and our right

保護新聞記者及人民

to receive information protects us.

接受資訊的權利 也就是保護我們自己。

Our world is changing. We live in a different world now,

我們的世界在改變， 現在和以前不一樣了。

and what were once individual problems

在過去是個人的問題，

are really now global problems for all of us.

現在已成為我們全球性的問題。

Two weeks ago, Afghanistan had its first

二週前，阿富汗首次

democratic transfer of power

完成民主政治權力的移轉，

and elected president Ashraf Ghani, which is huge,

選出總統阿什拉夫·甘尼， 這個改變很大。

and I'm very optimistic about him,

我對他持樂觀的態度，

and I'm hopeful that he'll give Afghanistan

我希望他能為阿富汗

the changes that it needs,

帶來其所需的改變，

especially within the legal sector.

特別是有關法律的部分。

We live in a different world.

我們生活的世界已大不同。

We live in a world where my eight-year-old daughter

我八歲的女兒

only knows a black president.

只知道有個黑人總統。

There's a great possibility that our next president

我們的下一位總統

will be a woman,

極可能是女性。

and as she gets older, she may question,

她長大，或許會問，

can a white guy be president?

白人也能當總統嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Our world is changing, and we need to change with it,

我們的世界在改變， 我們也要跟著改變，

and what were once individual problems

曾經是個人的問題

are problems for all of us.

已成為每個人的問題。

According to UNICEF,

根據聯合國兒童基金會統計，

there are currently over 280 million

目前有 2 億 8 千萬的

boys and girls who are married

男孩和女孩

在 15 歲以下結婚。

under the age of 15.

Two hundred and eighty million.

2 億 8 千萬這麼多。

Child marriages prolong the vicious cycle

童婚會加重

of poverty, poor health, lack of education.

貧窮、疾病、缺乏教育的惡性循環。

At the age of 12, Sahar was married.

薩哈爾 12 歲那年結婚。

She was forced into this marriage

她被逼婚，

and sold by her brother.

是被她哥哥賣掉。

When she went to her in-laws' house,

當她到男方的家裡，

they forced her into prostitution.

他們強迫她賣淫。

Because she refused, she was tortured.

她拒絶，因此受嚴刑拷打。

She was severely beaten with metal rods.

她遭鐵條毒打。

They burned her body.

他們還燙傷她的身體。

They tied her up in a basement and starved her.

他們把她綁在地下室讓她挨餓。

They used pliers to take out her fingernails.

用鉗子拔下她的指甲。

At one point,

她一度

she managed to escape from this torture chamber

逃離行刑室

to a neighbor's house,

到鄰居的家裡，

and when she went there, instead of protecting her,

當她到鄰居的家裡， 鄰居不但沒有保護她，

they dragged her back

還把她拉回

to her husband's house,

她丈夫的家，

and she was tortured even worse.

她受到更殘酷的嚴刑拷打。

When I met first Sahar, thankfully,

幸運地，當我第一次見到薩哈爾，

Women for Afghan Women

阿富汗婦女會

gave her a safe haven to go to.

提供她一個安全的避風港。

As a lawyer, I try to be very strong

身為律師，為了我的當事人，

for all my clients,

我必須表現出很強勢，

because that's very important to me,

因為這對我來說很重要。

but seeing her,

但當我看到她，

how broken and very weak as she was,

她傷痕累累且十分虛弱，

was very difficult.

要表現出強勢是非常困難的。

It took weeks for us to really get to

我們花好幾週的時間

what happened to her

才了解她在那行刑室

when she was in that house,

發生什麼事。

but finally she started opening up to me,

她終於願意對我敞開心扉，

and when she opened up,

當她敞開心扉，

what I heard was

我了解到

she didn't know what her rights were,

她不了解自己的權利，

but she did know she had a certain level of protection

但她知道她有一定程度的權利

by her government that failed her,

受政府保護，但政府並沒有保護她。

and so we were able to talk about

所以我們能夠討論

what her legal options were.

她可採取哪些法律手段。

And so we decided to take this case

我們決定將這個案子

to the Supreme Court.

上訴到最高法院。

Now, this is extremely significant,

這有重大的意義，

because this is the first time

因為這是在阿富汗第一個

that a victim of domestic violence in Afghanistan

家庭暴力的受害者

was being represented by a lawyer,

由律師出庭代理的案件。

a law that's been on the books for years and years,

這法律條文已塵封多年，

but until Sahar, had never been used.

在薩哈爾之前，從沒被使用過。

In addition to this, we also decided

除此之外，

我們還決定提出民事損害賠償，

to sue for civil damages,

again using a law that's never been used,

這條法律也同樣從沒用過，

but we used it for her case.

但我們用在這個案件上。

So there we were at the Supreme Court

所以我們在最高法院，

arguing in front of 12 Afghan justices,

在 12 位阿富汗法官面前辯論，

me as an American female lawyer,

我，來自美國個女性律師，

and Sahar, a young woman

以及薩哈爾這位年輕女孩，

who when I met her couldn't speak above a whisper.

我遇到她時，她不會大聲說話，

She stood up,

而現在她站出來，

she found her voice,

她找到自己的聲音，

and my girl told them that she wanted justice,

這女孩告訴法官她要獲得正義，

and she got it.

她確實得到了。

At the end of it all, the court unanimously agreed

最後結果，法庭一致同意

that her in-laws should be arrested for what they did to her,

她的夫家應該為所作所為入獄，

her fucking brother should also be arrested

她混蛋哥哥也因為賣掉她

for selling her —

而遭到逮捕。

(Applause) —

（掌聲）

and they agreed that she did have a right

法官也同意她有權利

to civil compensation.

獲得民事賠償。

What Sahar has shown us is that we can attack

薩哈爾的故事告訴我們

existing bad practices by using the laws

可以運用法律改變既有陋習，

in the ways that they're intended to be used,

回歸法律的本意，

and by protecting Sahar,

保護薩哈爾，

we are protecting ourselves.

也等於保護我們自己。

After having worked in Afghanistan

我在阿富汗工作

for over six years now,

已超過六年。

a lot of my family and friends think

我的很多家人和朋友認為

that what I do looks like this.

我的工作看起來像這樣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But in all actuality, what I do looks like this.

但實際上，我的工作是像這樣的。

Now, we can all do something.

現在我們都能有所作為。

I'm not saying we should all buy a plane ticket and go to Afghanistan,

我不是說要各位買機票去阿富汗，

but we can all be contributors

但我們可以為全球人權環境

to a global human rights economy.

盡一己之力。

We can create a culture of transparency

我們可以創造一個透明

and accountability to the laws,

以及對法律負責的文化，

and make governments more accountable to us,

讓政府對人民更盡責，

as we are to them.

因為我們也是為此盡責。

A few months ago, a South African lawyer

幾個月前，一個南非律師

visited me in my office

來到我的辦公室。

and he said, "I wanted to meet you.

他說：「我要見你。

I wanted to see what a crazy person looked like."

我想知道瘋子長什麼樣。」

The laws are ours,

法律屬於我們的。

and no matter what your ethnicity,

不論文化族群、

nationality, gender, race,

國籍、性別、種族，

they belong to us,

法律屬於我們每個人的，

and fighting for justice is not an act of insanity.

為正義而戰不是瘋狂的行為。

Businesses also need to get with the program.

企業界也必須納入這個項目。

A corporate investment in human rights

一家企業對人權的投資

is a capital gain on your businesses,

會帶來生意收益。

and whether you're a business, an NGO,

不論你是企業、非營利組織，

or a private citizen, rule of law benefits all of us.

或是一般市民，法治對我們有益。

And by working together with a concerted mindset,

以這樣的心態一起努力，

through the people, public and private sector,

透過人民、政府和個人機關，

we can create a global human rights economy

我們能夠創造一個全球的人權環境，

and all become global investors in human rights.

每個人皆為人權的投資者。

And by doing this,

如此一來，

we can achieve justness together.

我們就能一起獲得公平正義。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）