Charles Anderson discovers dragonflies that cross oceans

42,561 views ・ 2009-12-17

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Traducător: Diana Breaban Corector: Laszlo Kereszturi
00:15
Actually, I come from Britain,
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De fapt, sunt originar din Marea Britanie,
00:18
but I've been living in Maldives for 26 years now.
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dar locuiesc in Insulele Maldive de 26 de ani.
00:21
So, that's home really.
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Asa ca Maldivele sunt adevarata casa.
00:23
The Maldives, as I'm sure you're aware, are a chain of islands
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Maldivele, dupa cum sunt sigur ca stiti, sunt o serie de insule
00:25
off the southwest coast of India here.
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in apropierea coastei de sud-vest a Indiei.
00:27
Capital, Malé, where I live.
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Capitala, Male, unde locuiesc.
00:29
Actually, sitting here today in Mysore,
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De fapt, aici in Mysore unde suntem astazi,
00:32
we're closer to Malé than we are to Delhi, for example.
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suntem mai aproape de Male decat de Delhi, de exemplu.
00:36
If you're in IT, India, obviously, is the place to be at the moment.
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Daca lucrati in domeniul IT, India, in mod evident, este locul ideal in momentul de fata.
00:39
But if you're a marine biologist, Maldives is not such a bad place to be.
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Dar daca esti biolog marin, Maldivele nu sunt chiar un loc nepotrivit.
00:42
And it has been my home these years.
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Si au fost casa mea in acesti ani.
00:44
For those of you who've been there, fantastic coral reefs,
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Pentru aceia dintre voi care au fost acolo, recifuri de corali fantastice,
00:46
fantastic diving, fantastic snorkeling.
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scufundari fantastice, snorkeling fantastic.
00:48
I spend as much of my time as possible
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Petrec cat mai mult timp posibil
00:50
investigating the marine life.
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investigand viata marina.
00:52
I study fish,
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Studiez pestii,
00:54
also the bigger things, whales and dolphins.
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dar si lucrurile mai mari, balenele si delfinii.
00:57
This is a blue whale. We have blue whales
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Aceasta este o balena albastra. Avem balene albastre
00:59
in the waters around here, off Maldives,
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in apele din jurul Maldivelor,
01:02
around the waters of India. You can see them off Kerala.
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in preajma apelor Indiei. Le puteti vedea in zona Kerala.
01:04
And, in fact, we're very lucky in this region.
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Si, in realitate, suntem foarte norocosi in aceasta regiune.
01:06
One of the best places in the world to see blue whales
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Unul dintre cele mai bune locuri din lume pentru a vedea balenele albastre
01:08
is here in this region.
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este aici in aceasta regiune.
01:10
In Sri Lanka, if you go down to the south coast of Sri Lanka,
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In Sri Lanka, daca mergeti pana la coasta de sud a Sri Lanka,
01:13
during the northeast monsoon season,
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in timpul sezonului musonului de nord-est,
01:15
you can see blue whales very, very easily.
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puteti vedea balenele albastre foarte, foarte usor.
01:17
It's probably the best place in the world to see them.
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Este probabil cel mai bun loc din lume pentru a le vedea.
01:19
Now, when I talk about the northeast monsoon season,
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Acum, cand mentionez sezonul musonului de nord-est
01:22
I'm sure many of you here know exactly what I mean,
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sunt sigur ca multi dintre voi stiu exact la ce ma refer,
01:24
but perhaps some of you are not quite so sure.
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dar poate unii dintre voi nu sunt atat de siguri.
01:27
I need to explain a little bit about monsoons.
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Trebuie sa va explic putin despre musoni.
01:29
Now, monsoon, the root of the word "monsoon"
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Musonul, baza cuvantului "muson"
01:31
comes from the word "season."
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provine din cuvantul "anotimp".
01:33
So, it's just a season. And there are two seasons in most of South Asia.
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Asadar, este doar un anotimp. Si exista doua anotimpuri in majoritatea zonei Asiei de Sud.
01:38
And in the summer India heats up, gets very hot.
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Iar in timpul verii India se incalzeste, devine foarte calda.
01:40
Hot air rises, and air is drawn in off the sea to replace it.
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Aerul cald se ridica iar aerul dinspre mare este absorbit pentru a-l inlocui.
01:45
And the way it works is, it comes from the southwest.
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Iar modul in care acest lucru se intampla este urmatorul: provine din sud-vest.
01:47
It comes off the ocean here and is drawn up towards India.
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Vine dinspre ocean aici si este atras spre India.
01:50
So it comes from the southwest. It's a southwest monsoon.
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Deci vine din sud-vest. Este un muson sud-vestic.
01:53
Picks up moisture as it crosses the ocean.
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Atrage umezeala pe masura ce strabate oceanul.
01:55
That's what brings the monsoon rain.
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Acest lucru aduce ploaia musonica.
01:57
And then in the winter things cool down.
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Apoi iarna temperaturile scad.
01:59
High pressure builds over India.
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Deasupra Indiei creste presiunea.
02:01
And the whole system goes into reverse.
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Si intreg sistemul incepe sa mearga in sens invers.
02:04
So, the wind is now coming from the northeast
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Asadar, vantul vine acum din nord-est
02:06
out of India, across the Indian Ocean,
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in afara Indiei, de-a lungul Oceanului Indian,
02:08
this way towards Africa.
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in aceasta directie, spre Africa.
02:11
Keep that in mind.
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Tineti minte acest aspect.
02:13
Now, I'm a marine biologist, but I'm actually
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Eu sunt un biolog marin. Dar in realitate
02:15
a bit of an old fashioned naturalist, I suppose.
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sunt un naturalist de moda veche, presupun.
02:17
I'm interested in all sorts of things, almost everything that moves,
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Sunt interesat de tot felul de lucruri, aproape tot ce misca,
02:19
including dragonflies. And I'm actually
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inclusiv libelule. Si, de fapt,
02:21
going to talk, this afternoon, about dragonflies.
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voi vorbi in aceasta dupa-amiaza despre libelule.
02:23
This is a very beautiful species, it's called the Oriental Scarlet.
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Aceasta este o specie foarte frumoasa, numita "Oriental Scarlet".
02:26
And one thing you need to know about dragonflies,
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Si unul dintre lucrurile pe care trebuie sa le stiti despre libelule,
02:28
one important thing,
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un lucru foarte important,
02:30
is that they lay their eggs in fresh water.
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este ca isi depun ouale in apa proaspata.
02:32
They need fresh water to breed.
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Au nevoie de apa proaspata pentru a se inmulti.
02:34
They lay the eggs into fresh water.
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Isi depun ouale in apa proaspata.
02:36
Little larvae hatch out in fresh water.
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Larve micute eclozeaza in apa proaspata.
02:38
They feed on other little things. They feed on mosquito larvae.
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Ele se hranesc cu alte lucruri mici. Se hranesc cu larve de tantari.
02:41
So, they're very important.
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Asadar sunt foarte importante.
02:43
They control mosquito larvae, among other things.
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Ele controleaza numarul larvelor de tantari, printre altele.
02:45
And they grow and grow by stages. And they climb out
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Si cresc in etape. Si ies
02:48
of the water, burst out, as the adult which we see.
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din apa, devenind adultul pe care il vedeti.
02:50
And typically, there is a lot of variation,
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Si in mod tipic, exista multa variatie,
02:52
but if you have a dragonfly with, say, a one year life cycle,
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dar daca avem o libelula cu, sa spunem, un ciclu de viata de un an,
02:55
which is quite typical, the larva, living in the fresh water,
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ceea ce este destul de tipic, larva, traind in apa proaspata,
02:58
lives for 10 or 11 months.
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traieste timp de 10 sau 11 luni.
03:01
And then the adult, which comes after, lives for one or two months.
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Iar apoi adultul, care vine dupa, traieste timp de 1-2 luni.
03:04
So it's essentially a freshwater animal.
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Asadar este prin definitie un animal de apa proaspata.
03:06
It really does need fresh water.
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Chiar are nevoie de apa proaspata.
03:09
Now, the particular species of dragonfly
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Specia de libelule
03:11
I want to talk about is this one,
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despre care vreau sa vorbesc este aceasta,
03:13
because most dragonflies, like the one we've just seen,
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deoarece majoritatea libelulelor, precum cea pe care tocmai am vazut-o,
03:16
when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life,
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cand ajung la etapa adulta pentru perioada scurta de o luna sau doua de viata,
03:18
it doesn't go very far. It can't travel very far.
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nu calatoreste prea departe. Nu poate calatori prea departe.
03:21
A few kilometers, maybe, is quite typical.
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Cativa kilometri, poate, este o distanta tipica.
03:23
They are very good fliers, but they don't go too far.
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Sunt zburatoare excelente, dar nu merg prea departe.
03:26
But this guy is an exception.
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Dar aceasta specie este o exceptie.
03:28
And this is called the Globe Skimmer,
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Si este numita "Globe Skimmer" ("Hidroavionul Globului"),
03:30
or Wandering Glider.
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sau "Wandering Glider" ("Hidroglisorul ratacitor").
03:32
And, as the name might suggest, it is found pretty much around the world.
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Si, asa cum sugereaza poate si numele, poate fi gasita oriunde in lume.
03:35
It lives throughout the tropics, the Americas,
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Traieste de-a lungul tropicelor, in Americi,
03:37
Africa, Asia, Australia, into the Pacific.
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Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific.
03:40
And it wanders far and wide. We know that much about it.
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Si calatoreste in lung si-n lat. Acest lucru in stim cu certitudine.
03:43
But it really hasn't been studied very much.
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Dar aceasta specie nu a fost studiata foarte mult.
03:45
It's a rather mediocre looking dragonfly.
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Este o libelula cu un aspect oarecum mediocru.
03:49
If you're going to study dragonflies, you want to study those really bright beautiful ones,
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Daca studiezi libelulele, vrei sa le studiezi pe cele frumos colorate,
03:52
like that red one. Or the really rare ones, the endemic endangered ones.
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precum cea rosie. Sau pe cele foarte rare, sau pe cale de disparitie.
03:55
This is, it seems a bit dull you know.
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Specia aceasta este putin neinteresanta.
03:58
It's sort of dull-colored. And it's fairly common.
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Este mediocru colorata. Si este destul de comuna.
04:01
And it occurs everywhere -- you know, why bother?
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Si o gasesti peste tot - asa ca de ce sa ne deranjam?
04:04
But if you take that attitude, you're actually missing something rather special.
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Dar daca avem aceasta atitudine, pierdem ceva cu adevarat special.
04:07
Because this dragonfly has a rather amazing story to tell.
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Pentru ca aceasta libelula are o poveste minunata de spus.
04:10
And I feel very privileged to have stumbled across it
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Si ma simt foarte privilegiat sa ma fi impiedicat de ea
04:13
living in the Maldives.
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traind in Maldive.
04:15
When I first went to the Maldives,
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Cand am venit pentru prima data in Maldive,
04:17
dead keen on diving, spent as much of my time
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foarte pasionat de scufundari, mi-am petrecut cat mai mult timp
04:20
as I could in and under the water.
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in si sub apa.
04:22
Didn't notice any dragonflies; maybe they were there, maybe they weren't.
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Nu am observat libelulele; poate erau acolo, poate nu.
04:24
Didn't notice them.
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Nu le-am observat.
04:26
But after some time, after some months, one day
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Dar dupa un timp, dupa cateva luni,
04:28
as I was going out and about,
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intr-o zi cand ma plimbam afara
04:30
suddenly I noticed hundreds of dragonflies, hundreds of dragonflies.
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brusc am observat sute de libelule, sute de libelule.
04:34
Something like this, these are all this species Globe Skimmer.
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Ceva de genul acesta, acestea sunt toate specii de "Globe Skimmer".
04:37
I didn't know at the time, but I know now,
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Nu stiam atunci, dar stiu acum,
04:39
they're Globe Skimmers, hundreds of them.
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sunt "Globe Skimmers", sute.
04:41
And they were there for some time. And then they were gone.
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Si erau acolo pentru ceva timp. Apoi au disparut.
04:43
And I didn't think anything more of it until
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Si nu m-am mai gandit la asta pana
04:45
the following year, when it happened again,
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anul viitor, cand s-a intamplat din nou,
04:47
and then the year after that, and then the year after that.
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si apoi anul urmator, si urmatorul.
04:50
And I was a bit slow, I didn't really take too much notice.
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Iar eu am fost putin cam lent, nu am prea observat.
04:53
But I asked some Maldivian friends and colleagues, and yes they come every year.
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Dar am intrebat unii prieteni si colegi din Maldive si, da, vin in fiecare an.
04:55
And I asked people about them and yes,
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Si i-am intrebat pe oameni despre ele si da,
04:57
they knew, but they didn't know anything,
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stiau, dar nu stiau nimic despre
04:59
where they came from, or anything.
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locul de unde veneau sau orice altceva.
05:01
And again I didn't think too much of it.
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Si din nou nu m-am gandit prea mult la asta.
05:04
But slowly it began to dawn on me that something
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Dar incet-incet am inceput sa-mi dau seama ca ceva
05:06
rather special was happening.
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special se intampla.
05:08
Because dragonflies need fresh water to breed.
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Pentru ca libelulele au nevoie de apa proaspata pentru a se inmulti.
05:11
And the Maldives, and I'm sure some of you have been there --
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Si Maldivele, sunt sigur ca unii dintre voi au fost acolo --
05:14
so here is home.
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Deci aici este casa.
05:16
So, Maldives, beautiful place.
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Asadar, Maldivele, superb loc.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
05:20
It's built entirely of coral reefs.
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Este construit in totalitate din recifuri de coral.
05:22
And on top of the coral reefs are sand banks.
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Si in varful recifurilor de coral sunt bancuri de nisip.
05:24
Average height, about that much above sea level.
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Altitudine medie, cam cu atat deasupra nivelului marii.
05:27
So, global warming, sea level rise, it's a real serious issue.
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Asadar, incalzirea globala, cresterea nivelului apei, este o problema cu adevarat serioasa.
05:30
But I'm not going to talk about that.
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Dar nu voi vorbi despre asta.
05:32
Another important point of these sand banks
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Un alt aspect important al acestor bancuri de nisip
05:34
is that when it rains,
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este ca atunci cand ploua
05:36
the rainwater soaks down into the soil. So, it's gone.
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apa de ploaie se scurge in sol. Deci dispare.
05:38
So, it stays under the soil.
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Asadar, ramane sub sol.
05:40
The trees can put their roots into it.
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Copacii isi pot infige radacinile.
05:42
Humans can dig holes and make a well.
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Oamenii pot sapa gauri si construi o fantana.
05:44
But dragonflies -- a bit tricky.
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Dar libelulele -- putin mai dificil.
05:47
There is no surface fresh water.
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Nu exista apa proaspata la suprafata.
05:49
There are no ponds, streams, rivers, lakes,
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Nu exista iazuri, rauri, lacuri,
05:51
nothing like that.
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nimic de genul asta.
05:53
So, why is it that every year
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Deci de ce in fiecare an
05:55
millions of dragonflies, millions,
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milioane de libelule, milioane,
05:57
millions of dragonflies turn up?
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milioane de libelule isi fac aparitia.
05:59
I got a little bit curious. In fact I'll stop here,
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Am devenit putin curios. De fapt ma voi opri aici,
06:01
because I want to ask, and there is a lot of people who,
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pentru ca vreau sa intreb, si exista multi oameni care,
06:04
from India of course, people who grew up spending your childhood here.
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din India, desigur, oameni care au crescut petrecandu-si copilaria aici.
06:07
Those of you who are Indian or spent your childhood here,
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Aceia dintre voi care sunteti din India sau v-ati petrecut copilaria aici,
06:11
let me have a show of hands, who of you --
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ridicati mana, care dintre voi --
06:13
not yet, not yet!
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nu inca, nu inca!
06:15
You're too keen. You're too keen. No. Hang on. Hang on.
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Sunteti prea dornici. Sunteti prea dornici. Nu. Stati putin. Stati putin.
06:17
Wait for the go. I'll say go.
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Asteptati semnalul meu. Va spun eu cand.
06:21
Those of you who grew up in India,
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Aceia dintre voi care au crescut in India,
06:24
do you remember in your childhood, dragonflies,
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va mai amintiti din copilaria voastra libelulele,
06:26
swarms of dragonflies? Maybe at school,
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roiuri de libelule? Poate la scoala,
06:28
maybe tying little bits of string onto them?
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poate legand bucati de sfoara in jurul lor?
06:30
Maybe pulling bits off? I'm not asking about that.
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Poate smulgand parti din ele? Nu despre asta intreb.
06:32
You've only got to say, do you remember seeing lots of dragonflies.
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Trebuie doar sa spuneti daca va amintiti ca ati vazut multe libelule.
06:36
Any hands? Any hands? Yes. Thank you. Thank you.
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Ridica cineva mana? Da. Multumesc. Multumesc.
06:39
It's a widespread phenomenon
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Este un fenoment foarte raspandit
06:41
throughout South Asia, including the Maldives.
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in toata Asia de Sud, inclusiv Maldive.
06:45
And I got a bit curious about it.
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Si mi-a starnit curiozitatea.
06:47
In the Maldives -- now, in India there is plenty of water,
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In Maldive, acum in India exista multa apa,
06:49
so, dragonflies, yeah, of course. Why not?
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asadar, libelule, da, sigur. De ce nu?
06:51
But in Maldives, no fresh water. So, what on Earth is going on?
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Dar in Maldive nu este apa proaspata. Asa ca ce se intampla?
06:54
And the first thing I did was started recording
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Si primul lucru pe care l-am facut a fost sa incep sa notez
06:57
when they turned up in the Maldives.
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cand soseau in Maldive.
06:59
And there is the answer, 21st of October.
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Si iata raspunsul, 21 Octombrie.
07:01
Not every year, that's the average date.
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Nu in fiecare an, este o data medie.
07:03
So, I've been writing it down for 15 years now.
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Deci am luat notite timp de 15 ani deja.
07:05
You'd think they're coming from India. It's the closest place.
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Ati crede ca vin din India. Este cel mai apropiat loc.
07:07
But in October, remember, we're still in southwest monsoon,
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Dar in Octombrie, tineti minte, suntem inca in sezonul musonului de sud-vest,
07:10
Maldives is still in the southwest monsoon.
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Maldivele sunt inca in sezonul musonului de sud-vest.
07:12
But wind is, invariably, every time, is from the west.
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Dar vantul bate, invariabil, de ficare data, din vest.
07:15
It's going towards India, not from India.
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Bate spre India, nu dinspre India.
07:17
So, are these things, how are these things getting here?
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Asadar, cum ajung aceste creaturi aici?
07:19
Are they coming from India against the wind?
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Vin din India impotriva vantului?
07:21
Seemed a bit unlikely.
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Parea putin probabil.
07:23
So, next thing I did is I got on the phone.
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Asa ca urmatorul lucru pe care l-am facut a fost sa dau telefoane.
07:25
Maldives is a long archipelago.
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Maldivele sunt un arhipelag lung.
07:27
It stretches about 500 miles, of course it's India here.
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Se intinde pe o distanta de 500 de mile, desigur ca aici este India.
07:29
I got on the phone and emailed to friends and colleagues.
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Am inceput sa dau telefoane si sa trimit mailuri catre prieteni si colegii.
07:31
When do you see the dragonflies appear?
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Cand vedeti libelulele sosind?
07:34
And pretty soon, a picture started emerging.
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Si, foarte curand, a inceput sa se contureze imaginea.
07:36
In Bangalore, a colleague there sent me
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In Bangalore, un coleg mi-a trimis
07:38
information for three years, average,
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informatia culeasa timp de 3 ani, in medie,
07:40
24th of September, so late September.
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24 Septembrie, deci sfarsitul lunii Septembrie.
07:42
Down in Trivandrum, a bit later.
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Jos in Trivandrum, putin mai tarziu.
07:44
Far north of Maldives, a bit later.
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In nordul indepartat al Maldivelor, putin mai tarziu.
07:46
Then Malé, then further south.
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Apoi Male, apoi mai in sud.
07:48
And then the southernmost Maldives.
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Apoi in punctul cel mai sudic al Maldivelor.
07:50
It's pretty obvious, they're coming from India.
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Este destul de evident faptul ca vin din India.
07:53
But they are coming 400 miles across the ocean, against the wind.
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Dar vin 400 de mile peste ocean, impotriva vantului.
07:56
How on Earth are they doing that?
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Cum fac acest lucru?
07:58
I didn't know.
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Nu stiam.
08:00
The next thing I did was I started counting dragonflies.
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Urmatorul lucru pe care l-am facut a fost sa incep sa numar libelulele.
08:02
I wanted to know about their seasonality,
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Voiam sa stiu despre sezonalitatea lor,
08:04
what time of year, this is when they first arrive,
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in ce perioada a anului, asta este cand ajung prima data,
08:06
but how long are they around for? Does that give any clues?
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dar pentru cat timp stau prin zona? Acest lucru ne ofera vreun indiciu?
08:08
So, I started a very rigorous scientific process.
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Asa ca am inceput un proces stiintific foarte riguros.
08:11
I had a rigorous scientific transect.
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Am tinut un jurnal stiintific foarte riguros.
08:13
I got on my bicycle,
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M-am urcat pe bicicleta,
08:15
and I cycled around the island of Malé.
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si am mers in jurul insulei Male.
08:17
It's about five kilometers around,
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Are o circumferinta de 5 kilometri,
08:19
counting the dragonflies as I go,
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numarand libelulele pe drum,
08:21
trying not to bump into people as I'm looking in the trees.
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incercand sa nu dau peste oameni in timp ce ma uitam in copaci.
08:24
And they're here for a very short time,
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Si am descoperit ca sunt aici pentru foarte putin timp,
08:28
October, November, December. That's it.
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octombrie, noiembrie, decembrie. Atat.
08:30
And then they tail off, there's a few, but that's it.
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Apoi isi iau zborul, mai raman cateva, dar atat.
08:32
October, November, December. That is not the northeast monsoon season.
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Octombrie, noiembrie, decembrie. Si nu este sezonul musonului de nord-est.
08:34
That's not the southwest season.
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Nu este sezonul musonului de sud-vest.
08:36
That's the inter-monsoon,
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Este sezonul inter-musonic,
08:38
the time when the monsoon changes.
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perioada in care musonul se schimba.
08:40
Now, what I said was, you get the southwest monsoon going one way,
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Acum, ce am spus este ca musonul de sud-vest merge intr-o directie,
08:43
and then it changes and you get the northeast monsoon going the other way.
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si apoi isi schimba directia si avem musonul de nord-est care merge in cealalta directie.
08:47
And that sort of gives the impression you've got one air mass
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Si asta iti da impresia ca avem o masa de aer
08:49
going up and down, up and down. It doesn't work like that.
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care circula in sus si in jos. Nu asa functioneaza.
08:51
What happens, actually, is there is two air masses.
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Ce se intampla, in realitate, este ca exista doua mase de aer.
08:53
And there is a front between them, and the front moves.
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Si exista un front intre ele, iar frontul se misca.
08:56
So, if you've got India here,
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Asa ca daca avem India aici,
08:58
when the front is up above India you're into the southwest monsoon.
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cand frontul este deasupra Indiei suntem in sezonul musonului de sud-vest.
09:00
Then the front moves into the northeast monsoon.
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Apoi frontul se misca in musonul de nord-est.
09:04
And that front in the middle is not vertical,
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Iar frontul din mijloc nu este vertical,
09:06
it's at an angle.
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ci sub un unghi.
09:08
So, as it comes over towards Malé
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Asa ca atunci cand ajunge inspre Male
09:10
I'm standing in Malé underneath the front.
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stau in Male sub front.
09:13
I can be in the southwest monsoon.
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Pot fi in musonul de sud-vest.
09:15
But the wind above is from the northeast monsoon.
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Dar vantul de deasupra este din musonul de nord-est.
09:17
So, the dragonflies are actually coming from India on the northeast monsoon,
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Deci libelulele vin de fapt din India cu musonul de nord-est.
09:20
but at an altitude at 1,000 to 2,000 meters up in the air. Incredible.
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Dar la o altitudine de 1,000 - 2,000 de metri in aer. Incredibil.
09:26
These little insects, it's the same ones we see out here [in India],
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Aceste micute insecte, aceleasi pe care le vedem aici [in India],
09:29
two inches long, five centimeters long,
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de 2 inchi lungime, 5 centimetri,
09:31
flying in their millions, 400 miles across the ocean,
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zburand cu milioanele, 400 de mile deasupra oceanului,
09:35
at 2,000 meters up. Quite incredible.
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la 2,000 de metri altitudine. Incredibil.
09:39
So, I was quite pleased with myself. I thought wow, I've tracked this one,
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Asa ca am fost foarte multumit de mine insumi. M-am gandit, wow, i-am dat de capat,
09:42
I know how they come here. Then I scratched my head a bit,
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stiu cum vin aici. Apoi m-am scarpinat in cap putin,
09:44
and that's okay,
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si e in regula,
09:46
I know how they come here, but why do they come here?
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stiu cum vin aici, dar de ce vin aici?
09:49
What are millions of dragonflies doing, flying out over the ocean every year
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Ce cauta milioane de libelule, care zboara pe deasupra oceanului in fiecare an
09:54
to their apparent doom?
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catre ceea ce pare sfarsitul lor?
09:56
It doesn't make sense. There is nothing for them in Maldives.
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Nu are logica. Nu e nimic pentru ele in Maldive.
09:58
What on Earth are they doing?
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Ce cauta?
10:00
Well, to cut a long story short,
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Ei bine, pentru a scurta povestea,
10:03
they're actually flying right across the ocean.
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ele zboara exact deasupra oceanului.
10:06
They're making it all the way across to East Africa.
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Zboara pana in Africa de Est.
10:09
I know that because I have friends who work on fisheries' research vessels
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Stiu acest lucru pentru ca am prieteni care lucreaza pe vase de cercetare a vietii marine
10:12
who have sent to me reports from boats out in the ocean.
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care mi-au trimis rapoarte din vapoare aflate in mijlocul oceanului.
10:14
I know because we have reports from Seychelles,
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Stiu pentru ca am rapoarte din Seychelles,
10:16
which fit in as well, down here.
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ceea ce se potriveste la fel de bine, aici jos.
10:18
And I know because
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Si stiu pentru ca
10:21
when you look at the rainfall,
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atunci cand te uiti la ploi,
10:23
these particular insects, these Globe Skimmers
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aceste inecte, aceste Globe Skimmers
10:25
breed in temporary rain water pools.
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se inmultesc in balti temporare produse de ploaie.
10:29
Okay, they lay their eggs where the seasonal rains are,
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OK, isi depun ouale unde sunt ploile sezoniere,
10:31
the monsoon rains.
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ploile musonice.
10:33
The larvae have to develop very quickly.
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Larvele trebuie sa se dezvolte foarte rapid.
10:36
They only take six weeks. Instead of 11 months, they're six weeks.
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Le ia doar 6 saptamani. In loc de 11 luni le ajung 6 saptamani,
10:38
They're up, and they're off.
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se maturizeaza si isi iau zborul.
10:40
Now, here we have, in case you can't read at the back,
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Acum, aici avem, in caz ca nu puteti citi din ultimul rand al salii,
10:42
the top is rainfall for India.
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valoarea maxima este ploaia din India.
10:44
And we're starting in June. So this is the monsoon rain.
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Si incepem in iunie. Deci aceasta este ploaia musonica.
10:47
By September, October, it's drying out.
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Pana in septembrie - octombrie se usuca.
10:49
Nothing for these dragonflies. There is no more seasonal rain.
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Nimic pentru aceste libelule. Nu mai e ploaie sezoniera.
10:51
They've got to go hunting for seasonal rain.
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Trebuie sa se duca la vanatoare de ploaie sezoniera.
10:54
And they fly south. As the monsoon withdraws to the south
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Si zboara in sud. Pe masura ce musonul se retrage spre sud
10:57
they come down through Karnataka, into Kerala.
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ele coboara prin Karnataka, in Kerala.
11:00
And then they run out of land.
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Si apoi se termina continentul.
11:02
But they are incredibly good fliers. This particular species,
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Dar ele sunt zburatoare incredibil de bune. Aceasta specie
11:04
it can fly for thousands of kilometers.
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poate zbura mii de kilometri.
11:06
And it just keeps going. And the wind, the northeast wind
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Si continua sa zboare. Iar vantul de nord-est
11:08
swooshes it around and carries it off across the ocean to Africa,
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le poarta peste ocean in Africa,
11:12
where it's raining.
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unde ploua.
11:15
And they are breeding in the rains of Africa.
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Si se inmultesc in ploile din Africa.
11:17
Now, this is southeast Africa. It makes it look like there are sort of
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Aceasta este Africa de sud-est. Se pare ca sunt
11:19
two breeding periods here. It's slightly more complicated than that.
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doua perioade de inmultire aici. Este putin mai complicat decat atat.
11:23
What's happening is they are breeding in the monsoon rains here.
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Ce se intampla este ca se inmultesc in ploile musonice de aici.
11:26
And the dragonflies you can see today
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Iar libelulele pe care le vedeti azi
11:29
outside here, on the campus,
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aici afara, in campus,
11:31
are the young of this generation.
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sunt generatia tanara.
11:34
They hatched out in India.
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Au eclozat in India.
11:36
They're looking for somewhere to breed. If it rains here they'll breed.
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Cauta un loc unde sa se inmulteasca. Daca ploua aici se vor inmulti.
11:39
But most of them are going to carry on. And next stop,
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Dar multe dintre ele isi vor continua drumul. Iar urmatoarea oprire,
11:41
perhaps only four or five days away is going to be East Africa.
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poate peste numai 4 sau 5 zile va fi Africa de Est.
11:44
The wind will swoosh them out across here.
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Vantul le va purta aici.
11:46
If they pass the Maldives they might go and have a look,
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Daca trec de Maldive se pot opri sa arunce o privire,
11:49
nothing there, they'll carry on.
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nimic aici, vor continua drumul.
11:51
Here, here, Kenya, East Africa,
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Aici, aici, Kenya, Africa de Est
11:56
they've actually just come out of a long drought.
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tocmai au iesit dintr-o seceta lunga.
11:58
Just last week the rains broke. The short rains broke
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Saptamana trecuta ploile deja au rabufnit. Ploile scurte au inceput
12:01
and it's raining there now.
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si acum ploua acolo.
12:03
And the dragonflies are there. I have reports from my various contacts.
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Iar libelulele sunt acolo. Am informatii de la diferitele mele contacte.
12:06
The dragonflies are here now. They're breeding there.
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Libelulele sunt aici acum. Se inmultesc acolo.
12:08
When those guys, they'll lay their eggs now.
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Isi vor depune ouale acum.
12:11
They'll hatch out in six weeks. By that time
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Vor ecloza in 6 saptamani. Pana la acea data
12:13
the seasonal rains have moved on. It's not there, it's down here.
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ploile sezoniere se vor deplasa. Nu mai sunt acolo, sunt aici.
12:15
They'll fly down here. And the clever thing is
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Vor zbura aici. Iar lucrul inteligent este
12:17
the wind is always converging to where the rain is.
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ca vantul bate intotdeauna inspre locul unde ploua.
12:20
The rain occurs, these are summer rains.
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Ploaia apare, acestea sunt ploi de vara.
12:22
This is a summer monsoon.
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Acesta este un muson de vara.
12:24
The sun is overhead there. Summer rains in southern Africa.
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Soarele este aici. Ploi de vara in Africa de Sud.
12:27
The sun is overhead, maximum heating,
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Soarele este aici, caldura maxima,
12:29
maximum evaporation, maximum clouds,
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evaporare maxima, nori maximi,
12:31
maximum rainfall,
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ploaia maxima,
12:33
maximum opportunities for reproduction.
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oportunitati maxime de reproducere.
12:35
Not only that, because you have this convection,
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Nu doar asta, dar datorita acestei miscari de aer,
12:39
you have this rising of the air
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avem aceasta miscare de ridicare a aerului
12:41
where it's hot, air is drawn in.
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unde este cald, iar aerul rece este atras dedesubt.
12:43
There's a convergence. So, wherever the rain is falling,
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Este o convergenta. Asadar, de fiecare data cand ploua
12:46
the air is drawn towards it to replace the air that's rising.
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aerul este atras inspre acea zona pentru a inlocui aerul care se ridica.
12:49
So, the little fellow that hatches out here,
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Deci micutul care eclozeaza aici,
12:52
he gets up into the air, he is automatically carried
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se ridica in aer si este automat dus de vant
12:54
to where the rain is falling.
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in zonele unde ploua.
12:56
Lay their eggs, next generation, they come up,
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Isi depun ouala, iar urmatoarea generatie, cum apare,
12:59
automatically carried to where the rain is falling.
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este automat dusa de vant in zonele unde ploua.
13:01
It's now back there. They come out, it's time to come back.
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Acum este aici. Ies din oua, este timpul sa se intoarca.
13:04
So, in four generations, one, two, three,
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Deci, in patru generatii, unu, doi, trei,
13:06
four and then back.
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patru si apoi inapoi.
13:08
A complete circuit of the Indian Ocean.
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Un circuit complet al Oceanului Indian.
13:11
This is a circuit of about 16,000 kilometers.
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Este un circuit de aproape 16,000 de kilometri.
13:16
16,000 kilometers, four generations, mind you,
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16,000 kilometri, 4 generatii,
13:20
for a two inch long insect. It's quite incredible.
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pentru o insecta de 5 cm. Este incredibil.
13:22
Those of you from North America
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Aceia dintre voi care sunteti din America de Nord
13:24
will be familiar with the Monarch butterfly.
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sunteti familiari cu fluturele Monarh.
13:27
Which, up until now has had the longest known insect migration.
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Care, pana acum, a fost insecta cu cea mai lunga migratie.
13:30
It's only half the length of this one.
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Dar este doar jumatate din lungimea calatoriei libelulei.
13:32
And this crossing here, of the ocean,
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Iar aceasta traversare a oceanului
13:34
is the only truly regular transoceanic crossing
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este singura traversare adevarata a oceanului
13:39
of any insect.
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din partea unei insecte.
13:41
A quite incredible feat.
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O fapta incredibila.
13:43
And I only stumbled on this because I was living in Malé,
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Si m-am lovit de acest lucru doar pentru ca locuiam in Male,
13:45
in Maldives for long enough
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Maldive, pentru o perioada suficient de lunga
13:47
for it to percolate into my brain
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pentru a-mi trece prin minte
13:49
that something rather special was going on.
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ca ceva special se intampla.
13:53
But dragonflies are not the only creatures that make the crossing.
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Dar libelulele nu sunt singulele creaturi care fac aceasta calatorie.
13:55
There is more to the story.
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Povestea continua.
13:57
I'm also interested in birds. And I'm familiar
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Sunt de asemenea interesat de pasari. Si sunt familiarizat
13:59
with this fellow. This is a rather special bird.
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cu aceasta pasare. Este o pasare speciala.
14:01
It's a falcon. It's called the eastern red-footed falcon, obviously.
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Este un vultur. Este numit vulturul estic cu picioare rosii, evident.
14:04
But it's also called the Amur Falcon.
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Dar este numit si vulturul Amur.
14:06
And it's called the Amur Falcon
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Si poarta acest nume pentru ca
14:08
because it breeds in Amurland.
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se inmulteste in regiunea Amur.
14:11
Which is an area along the Amur River, which is up here.
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Aceasta este o zona de-a lungul raului Amur, care se afla aici.
14:13
It's the border, much of it is the border
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Cea mai mare partea a lui este granita
14:15
between China and Russia, up here in the far east.
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dintre China si Rusia, aici sus, in estul indepartat.
14:18
So, Siberia, Manchuria.
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Asadar, Siberia, Manciuria.
14:20
And that's where it breeds.
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Si aici se inmulteste.
14:22
And if you're a falcon it's quite a nice place to be in the summer.
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Si daca esti vultur, este un loc frumos unde sa fii pe durata verii.
14:24
But it's a pretty miserable place to be in the winter.
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Dar este un loc mizerabil in care te poti afla pe durata iernii.
14:26
It's, well, you can imagine.
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Va dati seama cum este.
14:28
So, as any sensible bird would do,
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Deci, asa cum ar face orice pasare inteligenta,
14:32
he moves south. They move south. The whole population moves south.
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migreaza spre sud. Se muta in sud. Intreaga populatie se muta in sud.
14:35
But then the being sensible stopped.
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Dar apoi inteligenta lor inceteaza.
14:37
So, now they don't stop here, or even down here.
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As ca acum nu se mai opresc aici, nici macar aici.
14:39
No, they turn across here.
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Nu, traverseaza aici.
14:41
They have a little refueling stop in northeastern India.
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Opresc pentru o scurta realimentare in nord-estul Indiei.
14:45
They come to the latitude of about Mumbai or Goa.
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Ajung la latitudinea oraselor Mumbai sau Goa.
14:48
And then they strike out across the ocean, down to Kenya.
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Apoi pornesc deasupra oceanului, pana in Kenya.
14:50
And down here, and they winter down here [in southern Africa].
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Si aici, apoi petrec iarna aici jos [in Africa de sud].
14:53
Incredible. This is the most extraordinary migration
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Incredibil. Este cea mai senzationala migratie
14:56
of any bird of prey. A quite incredible migration.
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a oricarei pasari de prada. O migratie incredibila.
14:59
And they are not the only one that makes the crossing.
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Si nu sunt singurii care fac aceasta calatorie.
15:01
They have the most incredible journey, but several make the crossing from India
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Au cea mai incredibila calatorie, dar sunt altii care fac traversarea din India
15:04
to Africa. Includes this one, the hobby.
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catre Africa. Inclusiv acesta, Hobby.
15:06
This fellow is a very nice bird, this is the Pied cuckoo.
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Aceasta este o pasare draguta, acesta este cucul Pied.
15:08
Those of you from northern India will be familiar with this.
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Aceia dintre voi din India de nord il cunosc.
15:10
It comes with the monsoons.
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Vine odata cu musonul.
15:12
This time of year they cross back to Africa.
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In aceasta perioada a anului se intorc in Africa.
15:15
And this guy, the roller, a rather beautiful bird.
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Iar acest tip, numit Roller, este o pasare foarte frumoasa.
15:17
It's known as the Eurasian Roller. In India it occurs in the northwest,
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Este cunoscut drept Roller Eurasian. In India se gaseste in nord-vest,
15:20
so it's known as the Kashmir Roller.
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asa ca este cunoscut drept Kashmir Roller.
15:23
And these birds, what I've done is I've complied all the records,
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Iar ce am facut cu privire la aceste pasari a fost sa compilez toate rapoartele
15:25
all the available records of these birds,
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toate rapoartele existente despre aceste pasari,
15:27
put them together, and found out they migrate at exactly the same time
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sa le pun cap la cap si am descoperit ca migreaza in aceeasi perioada
15:29
as the dragonflies.
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cu libelulele.
15:31
They make use of exactly the same winds.
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Folosesc exact aceleasi vanturi.
15:33
They travel at exactly the same time with the same winds
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Calatoresc in exact aceeasi perioada si cu aceleasi vanturi
15:35
to make the crossing. I know they travel at the same altitude.
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pentru a traversa oceanul. Stiu ca zboara la aceeasi altitudine.
15:38
It's known about the Amur Falcon. This guy, unfortunately,
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Se stie despre vulturul Amur. Acest tip, din pacate,
15:40
one of these met an unfortunate end.
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unul dintre acestia a avut un sfarsit nefericit.
15:42
He was flying off the coast of Goa,
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Zbura langa coasta din Goa,
15:45
21 years ago, 1988. October, 1988.
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acum 21 de ani, 1988, octombrie 1988.
15:48
An Indian Navy jet was flying off Goa,
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Un avion al marinei indiene zbura din Goa,
15:50
bang! In the middle of the night. Fortunately, a two engine jet
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bang, in miezul noptii, din fericire avionul cu doua motoare
15:53
got back to base, and they pulled the remains of one of these [Eurasian Rollers] out.
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a reusit sa se intoarca la baza si au scos din el ramasitele acestui Eurasian Roller.
15:56
Flying at night over the Indian Ocean 2,424 meters.
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Zbura noaptea peste oceanul Indian la 2,424 metri.
16:00
Same height as the dragonflies go.
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Aceeasi altitudine ca si libelulele.
16:02
So, they are using the same winds.
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Deci folosesc aceleasi vanturi.
16:04
And the other thing, the other important factor
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Si celalalt lucru, celalalt factor important
16:06
for all these birds, all medium sized fellows,
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pentru toate aceste pasari este ca toate au marime medie,
16:09
and this includes the next slide as well, which is a bee-eater.
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si asta include si urmatorul slide, care este un mancator de albine (Bee-eater).
16:12
Bee-eaters eat bees. This one has a nice blue cheek.
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Aceste pasari mananca albine. Aceasta are un frumos obraz albastru.
16:14
It's a Blue-cheeked Bee-eater.
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Este un mancator de albine cu obraz albastru.
16:17
And every one of these birds that makes the crossing
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Si fiecare dintre aceste pasari care traverseaza
16:19
from India to East Africa
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din India catre Africa de Est
16:21
eats insects, large insects,
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mananca insecte, insecte mari,
16:24
the size of dragonflies. Thank you very much.
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de marimea libelulelor. Multumesc.
16:27
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
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