Charles Anderson discovers dragonflies that cross oceans

42,678 views ใƒป 2009-12-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ofer Eyal ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:15
Actually, I come from Britain,
0
15260
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
00:18
but I've been living in Maldives for 26 years now.
1
18260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ 26 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:21
So, that's home really.
2
21260
2000
ืื–, ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
00:23
The Maldives, as I'm sure you're aware, are a chain of islands
3
23260
2000
ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื™ื™ื
00:25
off the southwest coast of India here.
4
25260
2000
ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื—ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:27
Capital, Malรฉ, where I live.
5
27260
2000
ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ืžืืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™.
00:29
Actually, sitting here today in Mysore,
6
29260
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ืจ,
00:32
we're closer to Malรฉ than we are to Delhi, for example.
7
32260
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืืœื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ืœื”ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
00:36
If you're in IT, India, obviously, is the place to be at the moment.
8
36260
3000
ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
00:39
But if you're a marine biologist, Maldives is not such a bad place to be.
9
39260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืงื•ื ื›"ื› ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
00:42
And it has been my home these years.
10
42260
2000
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
00:44
For those of you who've been there, fantastic coral reefs,
11
44260
2000
ืœืืœื• ืžื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช,
00:46
fantastic diving, fantastic snorkeling.
12
46260
2000
ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
00:48
I spend as much of my time as possible
13
48260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™
00:50
investigating the marine life.
14
50260
2000
ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื.
00:52
I study fish,
15
52260
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:54
also the bigger things, whales and dolphins.
16
54260
3000
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
00:57
This is a blue whale. We have blue whales
17
57260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
00:59
in the waters around here, off Maldives,
18
59260
3000
ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื,
01:02
around the waters of India. You can see them off Kerala.
19
62260
2000
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื ืœื™ื“ ืงืจืœื”.
01:04
And, in fact, we're very lucky in this region.
20
64260
2000
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:06
One of the best places in the world to see blue whales
21
66260
2000
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:08
is here in this region.
22
68260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:10
In Sri Lanka, if you go down to the south coast of Sri Lanka,
23
70260
3000
ื‘ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”, ืื ืืชื ืžื“ืจื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”,
01:13
during the northeast monsoon season,
24
73260
2000
ื‘ืขืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื,
01:15
you can see blue whales very, very easily.
25
75260
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืงืœื”.
01:17
It's probably the best place in the world to see them.
26
77260
2000
ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ื”ื.
01:19
Now, when I talk about the northeast monsoon season,
27
79260
3000
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
01:22
I'm sure many of you here know exactly what I mean,
28
82260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
01:24
but perhaps some of you are not quite so sure.
29
84260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™.
01:27
I need to explain a little bit about monsoons.
30
87260
2000
ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื.
01:29
Now, monsoon, the root of the word "monsoon"
31
89260
2000
ื›ืขืช, ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ"
01:31
comes from the word "season."
32
91260
2000
ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "ืขื•ื ื”" (season)
01:33
So, it's just a season. And there are two seasons in most of South Asia.
33
93260
5000
ืื–, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืขื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
01:38
And in the summer India heats up, gets very hot.
34
98260
2000
ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžืชื—ืžืžืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื” ืžืื“.
01:40
Hot air rises, and air is drawn in off the sea to replace it.
35
100260
5000
ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืฉืื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
01:45
And the way it works is, it comes from the southwest.
36
105260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘.
01:47
It comes off the ocean here and is drawn up towards India.
37
107260
3000
ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืื‘ ืžืขืœื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:50
So it comes from the southwest. It's a southwest monsoon.
38
110260
3000
ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
01:53
Picks up moisture as it crosses the ocean.
39
113260
2000
ืงื•ืœื˜ ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
01:55
That's what brings the monsoon rain.
40
115260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
01:57
And then in the winter things cool down.
41
117260
2000
ื•ืื– ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืงืจืจื™ื.
01:59
High pressure builds over India.
42
119260
2000
ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:01
And the whole system goes into reverse.
43
121260
3000
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช.
02:04
So, the wind is now coming from the northeast
44
124260
2000
ืื–, ื›ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—
02:06
out of India, across the Indian Ocean,
45
126260
2000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
02:08
this way towards Africa.
46
128260
3000
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:11
Keep that in mind.
47
131260
2000
ืฉื™ืžืจื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื›ื.
02:13
Now, I'm a marine biologist, but I'm actually
48
133260
2000
ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ืžื™. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™
02:15
a bit of an old fashioned naturalist, I suppose.
49
135260
2000
ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉืžืจืŸ, ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™.
02:17
I'm interested in all sorts of things, almost everything that moves,
50
137260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื–,
02:19
including dragonflies. And I'm actually
51
139260
2000
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™
02:21
going to talk, this afternoon, about dragonflies.
52
141260
2000
ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืื—ื”"ืฆ ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:23
This is a very beautiful species, it's called the Oriental Scarlet.
53
143260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ื”ื ืงืจื Oriental Scarlet.
02:26
And one thing you need to know about dragonflies,
54
146260
2000
ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:28
one important thing,
55
148260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:30
is that they lay their eggs in fresh water.
56
150260
2000
ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
02:32
They need fresh water to breed.
57
152260
2000
ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:34
They lay the eggs into fresh water.
58
154260
2000
ื”ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
02:36
Little larvae hatch out in fresh water.
59
156260
2000
ื–ื—ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
02:38
They feed on other little things. They feed on mosquito larvae.
60
158260
3000
ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื—ืœื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
02:41
So, they're very important.
61
161260
2000
ืื–, ื”ืŸ ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:43
They control mosquito larvae, among other things.
62
163260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืกืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื—ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
02:45
And they grow and grow by stages. And they climb out
63
165260
3000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
02:48
of the water, burst out, as the adult which we see.
64
168260
2000
ืžื”ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
02:50
And typically, there is a lot of variation,
65
170260
2000
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
02:52
but if you have a dragonfly with, say, a one year life cycle,
66
172260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉืคื™ืจื™ืช ืขื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืžืจ, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
02:55
which is quite typical, the larva, living in the fresh water,
67
175260
3000
ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ื–ื—ืœ, ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
02:58
lives for 10 or 11 months.
68
178260
3000
ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืื• 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:01
And then the adult, which comes after, lives for one or two months.
69
181260
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:04
So it's essentially a freshwater animal.
70
184260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
03:06
It really does need fresh water.
71
186260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
03:09
Now, the particular species of dragonfly
72
189260
2000
ื›ืขืช, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ืช
03:11
I want to talk about is this one,
73
191260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื”,
03:13
because most dragonflies, like the one we've just seen,
74
193260
3000
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื•,
03:16
when the adult is there for its brief one or two months of life,
75
196260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื,
03:18
it doesn't go very far. It can't travel very far.
76
198260
3000
ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง. ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง.
03:21
A few kilometers, maybe, is quite typical.
77
201260
2000
ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื™, ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
03:23
They are very good fliers, but they don't go too far.
78
203260
3000
ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื“ื™.
03:26
But this guy is an exception.
79
206260
2000
ืืš ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:28
And this is called the Globe Skimmer,
80
208260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช Globe Skimmer [ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืžืจืคืจืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช],
03:30
or Wandering Glider.
81
210260
2000
ืื• Wandering Glider (ื“ื•ืื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช).
03:32
And, as the name might suggest, it is found pretty much around the world.
82
212260
3000
ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœื” ืžืจืžื–, ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:35
It lives throughout the tropics, the Americas,
83
215260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:37
Africa, Asia, Australia, into the Pacific.
84
217260
3000
ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
03:40
And it wanders far and wide. We know that much about it.
85
220260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
03:43
But it really hasn't been studied very much.
86
223260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:45
It's a rather mediocre looking dragonfly.
87
225260
4000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืจืื” ื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:49
If you're going to study dragonflies, you want to study those really bright beautiful ones,
88
229260
3000
ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:52
like that red one. Or the really rare ones, the endemic endangered ones.
89
232260
3000
ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”. ืื• ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืื ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.
03:55
This is, it seems a bit dull you know.
90
235260
3000
ื–ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžืช.
03:58
It's sort of dull-colored. And it's fairly common.
91
238260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆื‘ืข ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
04:01
And it occurs everywhere -- you know, why bother?
92
241260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:04
But if you take that attitude, you're actually missing something rather special.
93
244260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืืชื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:07
Because this dragonfly has a rather amazing story to tell.
94
247260
3000
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืฉืคื™ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ.
04:10
And I feel very privileged to have stumbled across it
95
250260
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
04:13
living in the Maldives.
96
253260
2000
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:15
When I first went to the Maldives,
97
255260
2000
ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื
04:17
dead keen on diving, spent as much of my time
98
257260
3000
ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
04:20
as I could in and under the water.
99
260260
2000
ืฉืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
04:22
Didn't notice any dragonflies; maybe they were there, maybe they weren't.
100
262260
2000
ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช; ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
04:24
Didn't notice them.
101
264260
2000
ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
04:26
But after some time, after some months, one day
102
266260
2000
ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
04:28
as I was going out and about,
103
268260
2000
ื›ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™
04:30
suddenly I noticed hundreds of dragonflies, hundreds of dragonflies.
104
270260
4000
ืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:34
Something like this, these are all this species Globe Skimmer.
105
274260
3000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื”ืกื•ื’ Globe Skimmer.
04:37
I didn't know at the time, but I know now,
106
277260
2000
ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื–, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:39
they're Globe Skimmers, hundreds of them.
107
279260
2000
ื”ืŸ Globe Skimmers, ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
04:41
And they were there for some time. And then they were gone.
108
281260
2000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื ืขืœืžื•.
04:43
And I didn't think anything more of it until
109
283260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื ืชืชื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“
04:45
the following year, when it happened again,
110
285260
2000
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืฉื•ื‘,
04:47
and then the year after that, and then the year after that.
111
287260
3000
ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”.
04:50
And I was a bit slow, I didn't really take too much notice.
112
290260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ.
04:53
But I asked some Maldivian friends and colleagues, and yes they come every year.
113
293260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ - ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
04:55
And I asked people about them and yes,
114
295260
2000
ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืื›ืŸ,
04:57
they knew, but they didn't know anything,
115
297260
2000
ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœื•ื.
04:59
where they came from, or anything.
116
299260
2000
ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
05:01
And again I didn't think too much of it.
117
301260
3000
ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
05:04
But slowly it began to dawn on me that something
118
304260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื™, ืฉืžืฉื”ื•
05:06
rather special was happening.
119
306260
2000
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
05:08
Because dragonflies need fresh water to breed.
120
308260
3000
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
05:11
And the Maldives, and I'm sure some of you have been there --
121
311260
3000
ื•ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื --
05:14
so here is home.
122
314260
2000
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
05:16
So, Maldives, beautiful place.
123
316260
2000
ืื–, ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื˜.
05:18
(Laughter)
124
318260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:20
It's built entirely of coral reefs.
125
320260
2000
ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
05:22
And on top of the coral reefs are sand banks.
126
322260
2000
ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ.
05:24
Average height, about that much above sea level.
127
324260
3000
ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
05:27
So, global warming, sea level rise, it's a real serious issue.
128
327260
3000
ืื–, ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
05:30
But I'm not going to talk about that.
129
330260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:32
Another important point of these sand banks
130
332260
2000
ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช
05:34
is that when it rains,
131
334260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื
05:36
the rainwater soaks down into the soil. So, it's gone.
132
336260
2000
ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืื–, ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
05:38
So, it stays under the soil.
133
338260
2000
ืื–, ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข.
05:40
The trees can put their roots into it.
134
340260
2000
ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื.
05:42
Humans can dig holes and make a well.
135
342260
2000
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช.
05:44
But dragonflies -- a bit tricky.
136
344260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช - ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
05:47
There is no surface fresh water.
137
347260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:49
There are no ponds, streams, rivers, lakes,
138
349260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืื’ืžื™ื,
05:51
nothing like that.
139
351260
2000
ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
05:53
So, why is it that every year
140
353260
2000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
05:55
millions of dragonflies, millions,
141
355260
2000
ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
05:57
millions of dragonflies turn up?
142
357260
2000
ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช.
05:59
I got a little bit curious. In fact I'll stop here,
143
359260
2000
ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกืงืจืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
06:01
because I want to ask, and there is a lot of people who,
144
361260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ,
06:04
from India of course, people who grew up spending your childhood here.
145
364260
3000
ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื.
06:07
Those of you who are Indian or spent your childhood here,
146
367260
4000
ืืœื• ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื,
06:11
let me have a show of hands, who of you --
147
371260
2000
ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืžื™ ืžื›ื --
06:13
not yet, not yet!
148
373260
2000
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื!
06:15
You're too keen. You're too keen. No. Hang on. Hang on.
149
375260
2000
ืืชื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™. ืืชื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™. ืœื. ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•. ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•.
06:17
Wait for the go. I'll say go.
150
377260
4000
ื—ื›ื• ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™. ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืžืชื™.
06:21
Those of you who grew up in India,
151
381260
3000
ืื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
06:24
do you remember in your childhood, dragonflies,
152
384260
2000
ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื›ื, ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช,
06:26
swarms of dragonflies? Maybe at school,
153
386260
2000
ื ื—ื™ืœื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช? ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
06:28
maybe tying little bits of string onto them?
154
388260
2000
ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉืจืชื ืืœื™ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื?
06:30
Maybe pulling bits off? I'm not asking about that.
155
390260
2000
ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื›ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื? ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:32
You've only got to say, do you remember seeing lots of dragonflies.
156
392260
4000
ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:36
Any hands? Any hands? Yes. Thank you. Thank you.
157
396260
3000
ื™ื“ื™ื™ื? ื™ื“ื™ื™ื? ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
06:39
It's a widespread phenomenon
158
399260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”
06:41
throughout South Asia, including the Maldives.
159
401260
4000
ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
06:45
And I got a bit curious about it.
160
405260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ืกืงืจืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
06:47
In the Maldives -- now, in India there is plenty of water,
161
407260
2000
ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืขืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื,
06:49
so, dragonflies, yeah, of course. Why not?
162
409260
2000
ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื?
06:51
But in Maldives, no fresh water. So, what on Earth is going on?
163
411260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื. ืื–, ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
06:54
And the first thing I did was started recording
164
414260
3000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืขื“
06:57
when they turned up in the Maldives.
165
417260
2000
ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
06:59
And there is the answer, 21st of October.
166
419260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ.
07:01
Not every year, that's the average date.
167
421260
2000
ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
07:03
So, I've been writing it down for 15 years now.
168
423260
2000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฉื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ 15 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:05
You'd think they're coming from India. It's the closest place.
169
425260
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•. ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘.
07:07
But in October, remember, we're still in southwest monsoon,
170
427260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื–ื›ืจื•, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
07:10
Maldives is still in the southwest monsoon.
171
430260
2000
ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
07:12
But wind is, invariably, every time, is from the west.
172
432260
3000
ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘.
07:15
It's going towards India, not from India.
173
435260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:17
So, are these things, how are these things getting here?
174
437260
2000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ?
07:19
Are they coming from India against the wind?
175
439260
2000
ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—?
07:21
Seemed a bit unlikely.
176
441260
2000
ื ืจืื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:23
So, next thing I did is I got on the phone.
177
443260
2000
ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ.
07:25
Maldives is a long archipelago.
178
445260
2000
ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืืจื•ืš.
07:27
It stretches about 500 miles, of course it's India here.
179
447260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื› 500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืืŸ.
07:29
I got on the phone and emailed to friends and colleagues.
180
449260
2000
ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืื™ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
07:31
When do you see the dragonflies appear?
181
451260
3000
ืžืชื™ ืจืื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช?
07:34
And pretty soon, a picture started emerging.
182
454260
2000
ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ.
07:36
In Bangalore, a colleague there sent me
183
456260
2000
ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื— ืœื™
07:38
information for three years, average,
184
458260
2000
ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
07:40
24th of September, so late September.
185
460260
2000
24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื ื›ืš.
07:42
Down in Trivandrum, a bit later.
186
462260
2000
ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื“ืจื•ื, ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:44
Far north of Maldives, a bit later.
187
464260
2000
ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:46
Then Malรฉ, then further south.
188
466260
2000
ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืืœื”, ื•ืื– ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉื.
07:48
And then the southernmost Maldives.
189
468260
2000
ื•ืื– ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืžื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
07:50
It's pretty obvious, they're coming from India.
190
470260
3000
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:53
But they are coming 400 miles across the ocean, against the wind.
191
473260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช 640 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—.
07:56
How on Earth are they doing that?
192
476260
2000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
07:58
I didn't know.
193
478260
2000
ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™.
08:00
The next thing I did was I started counting dragonflies.
194
480260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:02
I wanted to know about their seasonality,
195
482260
2000
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
08:04
what time of year, this is when they first arrive,
196
484260
2000
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืžืชื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช,
08:06
but how long are they around for? Does that give any clues?
197
486260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืจืžื–?
08:08
So, I started a very rigorous scientific process.
198
488260
3000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื“ืขื™ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืžืื“.
08:11
I had a rigorous scientific transect.
199
491260
2000
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื“ืขื™ ืงืคื“ื ื™.
08:13
I got on my bicycle,
200
493260
2000
ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™,
08:15
and I cycled around the island of Malรฉ.
201
495260
2000
ื•ืจื›ื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ ืžืืœื”.
08:17
It's about five kilometers around,
202
497260
2000
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
08:19
counting the dragonflies as I go,
203
499260
2000
ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™,
08:21
trying not to bump into people as I'm looking in the trees.
204
501260
3000
ื ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืงืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
08:24
And they're here for a very short time,
205
504260
4000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืื“,
08:28
October, November, December. That's it.
206
508260
2000
ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
08:30
And then they tail off, there's a few, but that's it.
207
510260
2000
ื•ืื– ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื“ื•ืขื›ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉืืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
08:32
October, November, December. That is not the northeast monsoon season.
208
512260
2000
ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
08:34
That's not the southwest season.
209
514260
2000
ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
08:36
That's the inter-monsoon,
210
516260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื,
08:38
the time when the monsoon changes.
211
518260
2000
ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
08:40
Now, what I said was, you get the southwest monsoon going one way,
212
520260
3000
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“,
08:43
and then it changes and you get the northeast monsoon going the other way.
213
523260
4000
ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:47
And that sort of gives the impression you've got one air mass
214
527260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ื™ืจ ืื—ื“
08:49
going up and down, up and down. It doesn't work like that.
215
529260
2000
ื”ื ืข ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”, ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš.
08:51
What happens, actually, is there is two air masses.
216
531260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืื•ื™ืจ.
08:53
And there is a front between them, and the front moves.
217
533260
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื ืขื”.
08:56
So, if you've got India here,
218
536260
2000
ืื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ,
08:58
when the front is up above India you're into the southwest monsoon.
219
538260
2000
ื›ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
09:00
Then the front moves into the northeast monsoon.
220
540260
4000
ื•ืื– ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
09:04
And that front in the middle is not vertical,
221
544260
2000
ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช,
09:06
it's at an angle.
222
546260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ืช.
09:08
So, as it comes over towards Malรฉ
223
548260
2000
ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืขืœ ืžืืœื”
09:10
I'm standing in Malรฉ underneath the front.
224
550260
3000
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื–ื™ืช.
09:13
I can be in the southwest monsoon.
225
553260
2000
ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
09:15
But the wind above is from the northeast monsoon.
226
555260
2000
ืืš ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
09:17
So, the dragonflies are actually coming from India on the northeast monsoon,
227
557260
3000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
09:20
but at an altitude at 1,000 to 2,000 meters up in the air. Incredible.
228
560260
6000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ. ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
09:26
These little insects, it's the same ones we see out here [in India],
229
566260
3000
ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืื•ืชื ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ [ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•],
09:29
two inches long, five centimeters long,
230
569260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
09:31
flying in their millions, 400 miles across the ocean,
231
571260
4000
ื˜ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื, 640 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
09:35
at 2,000 meters up. Quite incredible.
232
575260
4000
ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:39
So, I was quite pleased with myself. I thought wow, I've tracked this one,
233
579260
3000
ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืขืฆืžื™. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืขืช, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
09:42
I know how they come here. Then I scratched my head a bit,
234
582260
2000
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ. ืื– ื’ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™,
09:44
and that's okay,
235
584260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
09:46
I know how they come here, but why do they come here?
236
586260
3000
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ?
09:49
What are millions of dragonflies doing, flying out over the ocean every year
237
589260
5000
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ืกื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
09:54
to their apparent doom?
238
594260
2000
ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืงื™ืฆืŸ?
09:56
It doesn't make sense. There is nothing for them in Maldives.
239
596260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:58
What on Earth are they doing?
240
598260
2000
ืžื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช?
10:00
Well, to cut a long story short,
241
600260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ,
10:03
they're actually flying right across the ocean.
242
603260
3000
ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
10:06
They're making it all the way across to East Africa.
243
606260
3000
ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:09
I know that because I have friends who work on fisheries' research vessels
244
609260
3000
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื”
10:12
who have sent to me reports from boats out in the ocean.
245
612260
2000
ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ื—ื• ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
10:14
I know because we have reports from Seychelles,
246
614260
2000
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืฉืœ,
10:16
which fit in as well, down here.
247
616260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”.
10:18
And I know because
248
618260
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:21
when you look at the rainfall,
249
621260
2000
ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื,
10:23
these particular insects, these Globe Skimmers
250
623260
2000
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื” Globe Skimmers
10:25
breed in temporary rain water pools.
251
625260
4000
ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
10:29
Okay, they lay their eggs where the seasonal rains are,
252
629260
2000
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
10:31
the monsoon rains.
253
631260
2000
ื’ืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
10:33
The larvae have to develop very quickly.
254
633260
3000
ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
10:36
They only take six weeks. Instead of 11 months, they're six weeks.
255
636260
2000
ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ื 6 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืžืงื•ื 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
10:38
They're up, and they're off.
256
638260
2000
ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืขืคื™ื.
10:40
Now, here we have, in case you can't read at the back,
257
640260
2000
ื›ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืœื• ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื,
10:42
the top is rainfall for India.
258
642260
2000
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
10:44
And we're starting in June. So this is the monsoon rain.
259
644260
3000
ื•ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ืื– ืืœื• ื”ื ื’ืฉืžื™ ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
10:47
By September, October, it's drying out.
260
647260
2000
ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ืžืชื™ื‘ืฉื™ื.
10:49
Nothing for these dragonflies. There is no more seasonal rain.
261
649260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื’ืฉื ืขื•ื ืชื™.
10:51
They've got to go hunting for seasonal rain.
262
651260
3000
ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™.
10:54
And they fly south. As the monsoon withdraws to the south
263
654260
3000
ื•ื”ืŸ ื˜ืกื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื•ืžื”
10:57
they come down through Karnataka, into Kerala.
264
657260
3000
ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืงืจื ื˜ืงื”, ืœืชื•ืš ืงืจืœื”.
11:00
And then they run out of land.
265
660260
2000
ื•ืื– ื ื’ืžืจืช ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
11:02
But they are incredibly good fliers. This particular species,
266
662260
2000
ืืš ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
11:04
it can fly for thousands of kilometers.
267
664260
2000
ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ืก ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
11:06
And it just keeps going. And the wind, the northeast wind
268
666260
2000
ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ื•ืก. ื•ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
11:08
swooshes it around and carries it off across the ocean to Africa,
269
668260
4000
ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืฉืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืขื“ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”,
11:12
where it's raining.
270
672260
3000
ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ืฉื.
11:15
And they are breeding in the rains of Africa.
271
675260
2000
ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:17
Now, this is southeast Africa. It makes it look like there are sort of
272
677260
2000
ื›ืขืช, ื–ื”ื• ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ
11:19
two breeding periods here. It's slightly more complicated than that.
273
679260
4000
ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ. ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
11:23
What's happening is they are breeding in the monsoon rains here.
274
683260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ.
11:26
And the dragonflies you can see today
275
686260
3000
ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
11:29
outside here, on the campus,
276
689260
2000
ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ื–ื”,
11:31
are the young of this generation.
277
691260
3000
ื”ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:34
They hatched out in India.
278
694260
2000
ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืขื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:36
They're looking for somewhere to breed. If it rains here they'll breed.
279
696260
3000
ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื™ืจื“ ื›ืืŸ ื’ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืชืจื‘ื ื”.
11:39
But most of them are going to carry on. And next stop,
280
699260
2000
ืืš ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื”. ื•ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
11:41
perhaps only four or five days away is going to be East Africa.
281
701260
3000
ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:44
The wind will swoosh them out across here.
282
704260
2000
ื”ืจื•ื— ืชื™ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื.
11:46
If they pass the Maldives they might go and have a look,
283
706260
3000
ืื ื”ืŸ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
11:49
nothing there, they'll carry on.
284
709260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื”.
11:51
Here, here, Kenya, East Africa,
285
711260
5000
ื”ื ื”, ื”ื ื”, ืงื ื™ื”, ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”
11:56
they've actually just come out of a long drought.
286
716260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื—ืœืฆื• ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื”.
11:58
Just last week the rains broke. The short rains broke
287
718260
3000
ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•
12:01
and it's raining there now.
288
721260
2000
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ืฉื•ื ืฉื.
12:03
And the dragonflies are there. I have reports from my various contacts.
289
723260
3000
ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื. ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
12:06
The dragonflies are here now. They're breeding there.
290
726260
2000
ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
12:08
When those guys, they'll lay their eggs now.
291
728260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืŸ ืชื˜ืœื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืขืช.
12:11
They'll hatch out in six weeks. By that time
292
731260
2000
ื”ืŸ ืชื‘ืงืขื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
12:13
the seasonal rains have moved on. It's not there, it's down here.
293
733260
2000
ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”.
12:15
They'll fly down here. And the clever thing is
294
735260
2000
ื”ืŸ ืชื˜ื•ืกื ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื›ืืŸ. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื
12:17
the wind is always converging to where the rain is.
295
737260
3000
ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื ืžืฆื.
12:20
The rain occurs, these are summer rains.
296
740260
2000
ื”ื’ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ืืœื• ื”ื ื’ืฉืžื™ ืงื™ืฅ.
12:22
This is a summer monsoon.
297
742260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
12:24
The sun is overhead there. Summer rains in southern Africa.
298
744260
3000
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื›ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ืขืช. ื’ืฉืžื™ ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:27
The sun is overhead, maximum heating,
299
747260
2000
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื›ื” ืžืžืขืœ, ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืื•,
12:29
maximum evaporation, maximum clouds,
300
749260
2000
ื”ื”ืชืื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืื”, ื”ืขื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืื”,
12:31
maximum rainfall,
301
751260
2000
ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืื,
12:33
maximum opportunities for reproduction.
302
753260
2000
ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื.
12:35
Not only that, because you have this convection,
303
755260
4000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ืืช, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืกืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ืืช,
12:39
you have this rising of the air
304
759260
2000
ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื”
12:41
where it's hot, air is drawn in.
305
761260
2000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื, ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื.
12:43
There's a convergence. So, wherever the rain is falling,
306
763260
3000
ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื ื•ืคืœ
12:46
the air is drawn towards it to replace the air that's rising.
307
766260
3000
ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื”.
12:49
So, the little fellow that hatches out here,
308
769260
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืงืขืช ื›ืืŸ,
12:52
he gets up into the air, he is automatically carried
309
772260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
12:54
to where the rain is falling.
310
774260
2000
ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“.
12:56
Lay their eggs, next generation, they come up,
311
776260
3000
ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช,
12:59
automatically carried to where the rain is falling.
312
779260
2000
ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“.
13:01
It's now back there. They come out, it's time to come back.
313
781260
3000
ื”ื’ืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืืŸ. ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืขื•, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
13:04
So, in four generations, one, two, three,
314
784260
2000
ื›ืš, ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
13:06
four and then back.
315
786260
2000
ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจื”.
13:08
A complete circuit of the Indian Ocean.
316
788260
3000
ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
13:11
This is a circuit of about 16,000 kilometers.
317
791260
5000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื› 16,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:16
16,000 kilometers, four generations, mind you,
318
796260
4000
16,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
13:20
for a two inch long insect. It's quite incredible.
319
800260
2000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืจืš 5 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
13:22
Those of you from North America
320
802260
2000
ืœืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
13:24
will be familiar with the Monarch butterfly.
321
804260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืจืคืจ ื”ื“ื ืื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
13:27
Which, up until now has had the longest known insect migration.
322
807260
3000
ืืฉืจ, ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื.
13:30
It's only half the length of this one.
323
810260
2000
ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื–ื•.
13:32
And this crossing here, of the ocean,
324
812260
2000
ื•ื”ื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก
13:34
is the only truly regular transoceanic crossing
325
814260
5000
ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
13:39
of any insect.
326
819260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื—ืจืง.
13:41
A quite incredible feat.
327
821260
2000
ืžื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
13:43
And I only stumbled on this because I was living in Malรฉ,
328
823260
2000
ื•ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืืœื”,
13:45
in Maldives for long enough
329
825260
2000
ื‘ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
13:47
for it to percolate into my brain
330
827260
2000
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื™
13:49
that something rather special was going on.
331
829260
4000
ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
13:53
But dragonflies are not the only creatures that make the crossing.
332
833260
2000
ืืš ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
13:55
There is more to the story.
333
835260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
13:57
I'm also interested in birds. And I'm familiar
334
837260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ
13:59
with this fellow. This is a rather special bird.
335
839260
2000
ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
14:01
It's a falcon. It's called the eastern red-footed falcon, obviously.
336
841260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื–. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ื– ืื“ื•ื-ืจื’ืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
14:04
But it's also called the Amur Falcon.
337
844260
2000
ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ื– ื”ืืžื•ืจ.
14:06
And it's called the Amur Falcon
338
846260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื” ื‘ื– ื”ืืžื•ืจ
14:08
because it breeds in Amurland.
339
848260
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืžื•ืจืœื ื“.
14:11
Which is an area along the Amur River, which is up here.
340
851260
2000
ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”.
14:13
It's the border, much of it is the border
341
853260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
14:15
between China and Russia, up here in the far east.
342
855260
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
14:18
So, Siberia, Manchuria.
343
858260
2000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื”.
14:20
And that's where it breeds.
344
860260
2000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื‘ื”.
14:22
And if you're a falcon it's quite a nice place to be in the summer.
345
862260
2000
ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื– ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ.
14:24
But it's a pretty miserable place to be in the winter.
346
864260
2000
ืืš ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืœืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
14:26
It's, well, you can imagine.
347
866260
2000
ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
14:28
So, as any sensible bird would do,
348
868260
4000
ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืขืฉื”,
14:32
he moves south. They move south. The whole population moves south.
349
872260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื ืขื” ื“ืจื•ืžื”.
14:35
But then the being sensible stopped.
350
875260
2000
ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
14:37
So, now they don't stop here, or even down here.
351
877260
2000
ืื–ื™, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
14:39
No, they turn across here.
352
879260
2000
ืœื, ื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
14:41
They have a little refueling stop in northeastern India.
353
881260
4000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื—ื ืช ืชื™ื“ืœื•ืง ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื•.
14:45
They come to the latitude of about Mumbai or Goa.
354
885260
3000
ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื‘ื™ ืื• ื’ื•ืื” ืœืขืจืš.
14:48
And then they strike out across the ocean, down to Kenya.
355
888260
2000
ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื”.
14:50
And down here, and they winter down here [in southern Africa].
356
890260
3000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” [ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”]
14:53
Incredible. This is the most extraordinary migration
357
893260
3000
ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืืžืŸ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช
14:56
of any bird of prey. A quite incredible migration.
358
896260
3000
ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืกืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
14:59
And they are not the only one that makes the crossing.
359
899260
2000
ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื.
15:01
They have the most incredible journey, but several make the crossing from India
360
901260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
15:04
to Africa. Includes this one, the hobby.
361
904260
2000
ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ [ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื–]
15:06
This fellow is a very nice bird, this is the Pied cuckoo.
362
906260
2000
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื“ ื ื—ืžื“ื”, ืงื•ืงื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื”.
15:08
Those of you from northern India will be familiar with this.
363
908260
2000
ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื”.
15:10
It comes with the monsoons.
364
910260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ืกื•ื ื™ื.
15:12
This time of year they cross back to Africa.
365
912260
3000
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
15:15
And this guy, the roller, a rather beautiful bird.
366
915260
2000
ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื—ืœ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืคื”.
15:17
It's known as the Eurasian Roller. In India it occurs in the northwest,
367
917260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื›ื—ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ืืชื™. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
15:20
so it's known as the Kashmir Roller.
368
920260
3000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื›ื—ืœ ืงืฉืžื™ืจื™.
15:23
And these birds, what I've done is I've complied all the records,
369
923260
2000
ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช,
15:25
all the available records of these birds,
370
925260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
15:27
put them together, and found out they migrate at exactly the same time
371
927260
2000
ื•ืฆื™ืจืคืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช
15:29
as the dragonflies.
372
929260
2000
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
15:31
They make use of exactly the same winds.
373
931260
2000
ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
15:33
They travel at exactly the same time with the same winds
374
933260
2000
ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช
15:35
to make the crossing. I know they travel at the same altitude.
375
935260
3000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช. ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
15:38
It's known about the Amur Falcon. This guy, unfortunately,
376
938260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื– ื”ืืžื•ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื•,
15:40
one of these met an unfortunate end.
377
940260
2000
ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืœื• ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ,
15:42
He was flying off the coast of Goa,
378
942260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ืื”,
15:45
21 years ago, 1988. October, 1988.
379
945260
3000
ืœืคื ื™ 21 ืฉื ื™ื, 1988, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1988.
15:48
An Indian Navy jet was flying off Goa,
380
948260
2000
ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื˜ืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืื”,
15:50
bang! In the middle of the night. Fortunately, a two engine jet
381
950260
3000
ื‘ื ื’, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžื–ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื“ื• ืžื ื•ืขื™,
15:53
got back to base, and they pulled the remains of one of these [Eurasian Rollers] out.
382
953260
3000
ื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืœื• [ื”ื›ื—ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ืืชื™]
15:56
Flying at night over the Indian Ocean 2,424 meters.
383
956260
4000
ื˜ืก ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2,424 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
16:00
Same height as the dragonflies go.
384
960260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ืกื•ืช.
16:02
So, they are using the same winds.
385
962260
2000
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
16:04
And the other thing, the other important factor
386
964260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจ
16:06
for all these birds, all medium sized fellows,
387
966260
3000
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
16:09
and this includes the next slide as well, which is a bee-eater.
388
969260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืจืงืจืง.
16:12
Bee-eaters eat bees. This one has a nice blue cheek.
389
972260
2000
ืฉืจืงืจืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืคื”.
16:14
It's a Blue-cheeked Bee-eater.
390
974260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืจืงืจืง ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™.
16:17
And every one of these birds that makes the crossing
391
977260
2000
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืฆื•ืช
16:19
from India to East Africa
392
979260
2000
ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
16:21
eats insects, large insects,
393
981260
3000
ืื•ื›ืœืช ื—ืจืงื™ื, ื—ืจืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
16:24
the size of dragonflies. Thank you very much.
394
984260
3000
ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:27
(Applause)
395
987260
5000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7