Military robots and the future of war | P.W. Singer

Traducător: Aura Raducan Corector: Ruxandra Taleanu

I thought I'd begin with a scene of war.

M-am gândit să încep cu o scenă de război.

There was little to warn of the danger ahead.

Nimic nu anunța pericolul iminent.

The Iraqi insurgent had placed the IED,

Insurgentul irakian plasase

an Improvised Explosive Device,

bomba artizanală

along the side of the road with great care.

la marginea șoselei, cu mare grijă.

By 2006, there were more than 2,500

Până în 2006 aveau loc mai mult de 2.500

of these attacks every single month,

de astfel de atacuri, lunar,

and they were the leading cause of

ele fiind cauza principală a

casualties among American soldiers

victimelor din rândul soldaților americani

and Iraqi civilians.

și a civililor irakieni.

The team that was hunting for this IED

Echipa care căuta această bombă

is called an EOD team—

era o echipă IDE -

Explosives Ordinance Disposal—and

(Înlăturarea Dispozitivelor Explozive) -

they're the pointy end of the spear in the

ei sunt cei aflați în avangarda

American effort to suppress these roadside bombs.

efortului american de a înlătura acest tip de bombă.

Each EOD team goes out on about

Fiecare echipă IDE răspunde la circa

600 of these bomb calls every year,

600 de apeluri cu bombă pe an,

defusing about two bombs a day.

dezamorsând două bombe pe zi.

Perhaps the best sign of how valuable they

Valoarea acestor echipe în război

are to the war effort, is that

e demonstrată de faptul că

the Iraqi insurgents put a $50,000 bounty

insurgenții irakieni oferă o recompensă de $50.000

on the head of a single EOD soldier.

pe capul unui soldat din echipa IDE.

Unfortunately, this particular call

Din păcate, această misiune

would not end well.

nu s-a încheiat cu bine.

By the time the soldier advanced close

Până ce soldatul să se apropie destul

enough to see the telltale wires

încât să vadă firele bombei,

of the bomb, it exploded in a wave of flame.

aceasta a explodat într-un val de flăcări.

Now, depending how close you are

Depinzând de distanță

and how much explosive has been packed

și de cantitatea de explozibil conţinută de bombă

into that bomb, it can cause death

aceasta poate cauza moarte

or injury. You have to be as far as

sau leziuni. Trebuie să fii la cel puțin

50 yards away to escape that.

45 de metri depărtare pentru a scăpa.

The blast is so strong it can even break

Forța exploziei e atât de mare încât îți poate rupe

your limbs, even if you're not hit.

membrele chiar în absența impactului.

That soldier had been on top of the bomb.

Acel soldat era deasupra bombei.

And so when the rest of the team advanced

Când restul echipei a avansat

they found little left. And that night the unit's

nu au găsit prea multe rămășițe. În acea noapte,

commander did a sad duty, and he wrote

comandantul a avut sarcina dificilă de a scrie

a condolence letter back to the United

o scrisoare de condoleanțe în Statele Unite

States, and he talked about how hard the

și a vorbit despre cât de dureroasă

loss had been on his unit, about the fact

a fost pierderea pentru unitatea lui,

that they had lost their bravest soldier,

că au pierdut cel mai curajos soldat al lor,

a soldier who had saved their lives

un soldat care le salvase viețile

many a time.

de nenumărate ori.

And he apologized

Apoi comandatul a cerut iertare

for not being able to bring them home.

pentru că nu putea să-l aducă acasă.

But then he talked up the silver lining

Dar apoi a vorbit despre lecția

that he took away from the loss.

primită în urma pierderii.

"At least," as he wrote, "when a robot dies,

„Cel puțin, când un robot moare,

you don't have to write a letter

nu trebuie să scrii o scrisoare

to its mother."

mamei sale”.

That scene sounds like science fiction,

Scena pare desprinsă dintr-un SF,

but is battlefield reality already.

dar e realitatea câmpului de luptă.

The soldier in that case

În acel caz, soldatul

was a 42-pound robot called a PackBot.

era un robot de 19 kg numit PackBot.

The chief's letter went, not to some

Scrisoarea nu era destinată

farmhouse in Iowa like you see

vreunei ferme din Iowa cum vedem

in the old war movies, but went to

în filmele vechi de război, ci companiei

the iRobot Company, which is

iRobot,

named after the Asimov novel

numită după romanul lui Asimov

and the not-so-great Will Smith movie,

şi după mai puţin reuşitul film cu Will Smith,

and... um... (Laughter)...

şi... ăăă... (Râsete)...

if you remember that

Dacă vă amintiţi,

in that fictional world, robots started out

în literatură, roboţii au început prin a îndeplini

carrying out mundane chores, and then

sarcini obișnuite și abia apoi

they started taking on life-and-death decisions.

au luat decizii de viață și de moarte.

That's a reality we face today.

Asta e realitatea de azi.

What we're going to do is actually just

Vom arăta o serie

flash a series of photos behind me that

de fotografii în spatele meu

show you the reality of robots used in war

despre roboții folosiți în războaie

right now or already at the prototype stage.

acum sau care sunt în stadiul de prototip -

It's just to give you a taste.

ca să vă faceți o idee.

Another way of putting it is you're not

Nu veți vedea nimic

going to see anything that's powered

operat de

by Vulcan technology, or teenage

tehnologia Vulcan sau

wizard hormones or anything like that.

hormoni adolescentini sau orice altceva.

This is all real. So why don't we

E real. Să-i dăm drumul

go ahead and start those pictures.

și să vedem fotografiile.

Something big is going on in war today,

Ceva important are loc în război azi

and maybe even the history of humanity

și posibil în istoria umanității.

itself. The U.S. military went into Iraq with

Trupele SUA au mers în Irak cu

a handful of drones in the air.

câteva drone.

We now have 5,300.

Acum avem 5.300.

We went in with zero unmanned ground

Nu aveam niciun sistem operat automat.

systems. We now have 12,000.

Acum avem 12.000.

And the tech term "killer application"

Termenul de „aplicație mortală”

takes on new meaning in this space.

are alt sens în acest context.

And we need to remember that we're

Să ținem minte că

talking about the Model T Fords,

vorbim de modelul Ford T,

the Wright Flyers, compared

o variantă depășită

to what's coming soon.

în comparație cu cele din viitor.

That's where we're at right now.

Aici ne aflăm acum.

One of the people that I recently met with

Am făcut cunoștință recent cu

was an Air Force three-star general, and he

un general al Forțelor Aeriene triplu decorat, care

said basically, where we're headed very

a spus că în curând

soon is tens of thousands of robots

mii de roboți

operating in our conflicts, and these

vor lua parte la conflicte.

numbers matter, because we're not just

Aceste cifre contează fiindcă nu vorbim doar

talking about tens of thousands of today's

de zeci de mii de roboți de azi,

robots, but tens of thousands of these

ci despre zeci de mii de prototipuri

prototypes and tomorrow's robots, because

și roboți de mâine, fiindcă

of course, one of the things that's operating

una dintre regulile valabile

in technology is Moore's Law,

în tehnologie e legea lui Moore -

that you can pack in more and more

poți introduce tot mai multă

computing power into those robots, and so

putere de procesare în roboți, astfel încât

flash forward around 25 years,

în 25 de ani,

if Moore's Law holds true,

dacă legea lui Moore e valabilă,

those robots will be close to a billion times

acești roboți vor avea de un miliard de ori

more powerful in their computing than today.

mai multă putere de procesare decât azi.

And so what that means is the kind of

Asta înseamnă că lucrurile

things that we used to only talk about at

dezbătute doar la convenții

science fiction conventions like Comic-Con

de SF, gen Comic-Con,

have to be talked about in the halls

vor fi discutate pe coridoarele

of power and places like the Pentagon.

unor locuri precum Pentagonul.

A robots revolution is upon us.

Revoluția roboților e iminentă.

Now, I need to be clear here.

Vreau să mă înțelegeți bine.

I'm not talking about a revolution where you

Nu vorbesc despre o revoluție

have to worry about the Governor of

în care guvernatorul

California showing up at your door,

Californiei apare la ușa voastră,

a la the Terminator. (Laughter)

à la Terminator. (Râsete)

When historians look at this period, they're

Când istoricii vor studia această perioadă

going to conclude that we're in a different

vor concluziona ca experimentăm o altfel

type of revolution: a revolution in war,

de revoluție: o revoluție a războiului,

like the invention of the atomic bomb.

de magnitudinea inventării bombei atomice.

But it may be even bigger than that,

Dar s-ar putea să fie și mai măreață,

because our unmanned systems don't just

fiidncă sistemele operate automat nu

affect the "how" of war-fighting,

influențează desfășurarea războaielor

they affect the "who" of fighting

ci și pe combatanți

at its most fundamental level.

la un nivel profund.

That is, every previous revolution in war, be

Fiecare revoluție militară din trecut, fie că e vorba

it the machine gun, be it the atomic bomb,

de apariția mitralierei sau a bombei atomice

was about a system that either shot faster,

aducea ceva care trăgea mai repede,

went further, had a bigger boom.

mergea mai departe sau exploda mai tare.

That's certainly the case with robotics, but

Așa e și în robotică, dar ea schimbă

they also change the experience of the warrior

și experiența războinicului,

and even the very identity of the warrior.

și identitatea acestuia.

Another way of putting this is that

Altfel spus,

mankind's 5,000-year-old monopoly

monopolul de 5000 de ani al omenirii

on the fighting of war is breaking down

asupra războiului dispare

in our very lifetime. I've spent

sub ochii noștri.

the last several years going around

În ultimii ani, i-am întâlnit

meeting with all the players in this field,

pe toți actorii din domeniu:

from the robot scientists to the science

oamenii de știință din robotică,

fiction authors who inspired them to the

autorii de SF care i-au inspirat,

19-year-old drone pilots who are fighting

până la piloții de 19 ani ai dronelor

from Nevada, to the four-star generals

ce luptă din Nevada și generalii de 4 stele

who command them, to even the Iraqi

care-i comandă, precum și

insurgents who they are targeting and what

pe insurgenții irakieni care erau ţinta și

they think about our systems, and

care îmi spuneau ce cred despre sistemele noastre.

what I found interesting is not just

Mi se pare interesant

their stories, but how their experiences

cum experiențele lor

point to these ripple effects that are going

au creat acest efect de domino

outwards in our society, in our law

în societatea noastră, în legislație,

and our ethics, etc. And so what I'd like

etică etc.

to do with my remaining time is basically

În timpul rămas, vreau să ilustrez

flesh out a couple of these.

o parte din aceste efecte.

So the first is that the future of war,

În primul rând, viitorul războiului,

even a robotics one, is not going to be

fie și unul robotic, nu va fi

purely an American one.

unul eminamente american.

The U.S. is currently ahead in military

În prezent, SUA conduc

robotics right now, but we know that in

în robotică militară, dar știm că

technology there's no such thing as

în tehnologie nu există

a permanent first move or advantage.

avantajul primei mutări.

In a quick show of hands, how many

Să ridice mâna

people in this room still use

cei care mai folosesc

Wang Computers? (Laughter)

calculatoarele Wang? (Râsete)

It's the same thing in war. The British and

Așa e și în război. Britanicii

the French invented the tank.

și francezii au inventat tancul.

The Germans figured out how

Germanii și-au dat seama

to use it right, and so what we have to

cum să îl folosească eficient.

think about for the U.S. is that we are

SUA dețin deocamdată avantajul,

ahead right now, but you have

dar există alte

43 other countries out there

43 de țări

working on military robotics, and they

care dezvoltă robotică militară,

include all the interesting countries like

inclusiv țări „interesante” precum

Russia, China, Pakistan, Iran.

Rusia, China, Pakistan, Iran.

And this raises a bigger worry for me.

Tocmai asta mă îngrijorează.

How do we move forward in this revolution

Cum să avansăm în această revoluţie

given the state of our manufacturing

dat fiind nivelul producției

and the state of our science and

și pregătirea științifică

mathematics training in our schools?

și matematică din școlile noastre?

Or another way of thinking about this is,

Altfel spus,

what does it mean to go to war increasingly

ce înseamnă să mergi la război

with soldiers whose hardware is made

cu soldați al căror hardware e făcut

in China and software is written in India?

în China, iar softul e scris în India?

But just as software has gone open-source,

Tot așa cum softurile sunt open-source,

so has warfare.

așa e și războiul.

Unlike an aircraft carrier or an atomic bomb,

Spre deosebire de un portavion sau o bombă atomică,

you don't need a massive manufacturing

nu ai nevoie de sisteme de producție mari

system to build robotics. A lot of it is

ca să construiești roboți. Materialele

off the shelf. A lot of it's even do-it-yourself.

pot fi cumpărate și asamblate de oricine.

One of those things you just saw flashed

Tocmai ați văzut pe ecran

before you was a raven drone, the handheld

o dronă Raven, ce poate fi lansată

tossed one. For about a thousand dollars,

cu mâna. Pentru o mie de dolari,

you can build one yourself, equivalent to

poți să construiești una,

what the soldiers use in Iraq.

similară celor folosite în Irak.

That raises another wrinkle when it comes

Asta ridică altă problemă când vine vorba de război și conflict.

to war and conflict. Good guys might play

Băieții buni se pot juca cu dronele,

around and work on these as hobby kits,

ca hobby,

but so might bad guys.

dar la fel pot face și băieții răi.

This cross between robotics and things like

Legătura din robotică și terorism

terrorism is going to be fascinating

va fi fascinantă,

and even disturbing,

dar mai ales îngrijorătoare.

and we've already seen it start.

Am văzut deja ce se întâmplă.

During the war between Israel, a state,

În războiul dintre Israel, un stat

and Hezbollah, a non-state actor,

și Hezbollah, un actor nestatal,

the non-state actor flew

al doilea a trimis

four different drones against Israel.

4 drone în Israel.

There's already a jihadi website

Există un site fundamentalist,

that you can go on and remotely

de unde poți detona

detonate an IED in Iraq while sitting

o bombă artizanală în Irak,

at your home computer.

din fața propriului PC.

And so I think what we're going to see is

Cred că vor apărea

two trends take place with this.

două tendințe.

First is, you're going to reinforce the power

Prima: puterea indivizilor

of individuals against governments,

asupra guvernelor va crește.

but then the second is that

Dar vom asista

we are going to see an expansion

la o exacerbare

in the realm of terrorism.

a terorismului.

The future of it may be a cross between

Terorismul viitorului poate fi

al Qaeda 2.0 and the

o combinație dintre Al-Qaeda 2.0

next generation of the Unabomber.

și viitoarea generație Unabomber.

And another way of thinking about this

Să reținem că

is the fact that, remember, you don't have

nu trebuie

to convince a robot that they're gonna

să convingi un robot

receive 72 virgins after they die

că va primi 72 de virgine după ce moare

to convince them to blow themselves up.

ca să se arunce în aer.

But the ripple effects of this are going to go

Efectele se vor vedea

out into our politics. One of the people that

și în politică. M-am întâlnit

I met with was a former Assistant Secretary of

cu un fost secretar adjunct de la Apărare

Defense for Ronald Reagan, and he put it

de pe vremea lui Reagan, care mi-a spus:

this way: "I like these systems because

"Îmi plac sistemele astea fiindcă

they save American lives, but I worry about

salvează viețile soldaților, dar mă îngrijorează

more marketization of wars,

comercializarea războaielor,

more shock-and-awe talk,

discursurile care produc frică

to defray discussion of the costs.

pentru a evita discuțiile despre costuri.

People are more likely to support the use

Oamenii tind să susțină folosirea

of force if they view it as costless."

forței dacă o percep ca fiind gratuită.”

Robots for me take certain trends

Roboții ilustrează câteva tendințe

that are already in play in our body politic,

deja vizibile printre politicieni,

and maybe take them to

și poate vor pune capăt

their logical ending point.

acestor tendințe.

We don't have a draft. We don't

Nu mai recrutăm soldați.

have declarations of war anymore.

Nu mai există declarații de război.

We don't buy war bonds anymore.

Nu mai cumpărăm obligațiuni de război.

And now we have the fact that we're

Și acum,

converting more and more of our American

din ce în ce mai mulți soldați americani

soldiers that we would send into harm's

care ar fi trimiși să înfrunte pericolul

way into machines, and so we may take

sunt înlocuiți de mașini.

those already lowering bars to war

Am putea să luăm armele

and drop them to the ground.

și să le punem jos.

But the future of war is also going to be

Dar războiul viitorului va fi

a YouTube war.

unul pe Youtube.

That is, our new technologies don't merely

Noile tehnologii nu doar că

remove humans from risk.

nu mai pun oamenii în pericol,

They also record everything that they see.

ele înregistrează tot ce văd.

So they don't just delink the public:

Nu numai că îndepărtează publicul,

they reshape its relationship with war.

ele redefinesc relația lui cu războiul.

There's already several thousand

Există deja câteva mii

video clips of combat footage from Iraq

de înregistrări ale luptelor din Irak

on YouTube right now,

disponibile pe YouTube,

most of it gathered by drones.

majoritatea strânse de drone.

Now, this could be a good thing.

Ar putea fi un lucru bun.

It could be building connections between

S-ar putea crea o legătură

the home front and the war front

cu totul nouă

as never before.

între acasă și front.

But remember, this is taking place

Dar totul are loc

in our strange, weird world, and so

în lumea noastră bizară

inevitably the ability to download these

și posibilitatea de a descărca

video clips to, you know, your iPod

videoclipurile pe iPod

or your Zune gives you

sau pe Zune le transformă

the ability to turn it into entertainment.

într-o formă de amuzament.

Soldiers have a name for these clips.

Soldații numesc aceste imagini

They call it war porn.

„pornografie de război”.

The typical one that I was sent was

Am primit un videoclip tipic

an email that had an attachment of

ataşat unui email -

video of a Predator strike taking out

un videoclip cu o dronă Predator atacând

an enemy site. Missile hits,

inamicul. Rachete explodează,

bodies burst into the air with the explosion.

bucăți din corp zboară în aer.

It was set to music.

Totul pe un fond sonor,

It was set to the pop song

era un cântec pop,

"I Just Want To Fly" by Sugar Ray.

„I Just Want To Fly” - „Vreau doar să zbor”, al lui Sugar Ray.

This ability to watch more

Posibilitatea de a vedea mai mult

but experience less creates a wrinkle

și a experimenta mai puțin

in the public's relationship with war.

denaturează percepția asupra războiului.

I think about this with a sports parallel.

Să facem o paralelă cu sportul.

It's like the difference between

E ca și cum vezi

watching an NBA game, a professional

un meci profesionist de baschet

basketball game on TV, where the athletes

din NBA la televizor, unde atleții

are tiny figures on the screen, and

sunt nişte siluete mici pe ecran,

being at that basketball game in person

dar dacă urmărești meciul din sală

and realizing what someone seven feet

îți dai seama cum arată

really does look like.

cineva de 2 metri.

But we have to remember,

Trebuie să ne amintim

these are just the clips.

că astea sunt doar niște videoclipuri.

These are just the ESPN SportsCenter

E versiunea ESPN SportsCentre

version of the game. They lose the context.

a jocului. Contextul se pierde.

They lose the strategy.

Strategia dispare.

They lose the humanity. War just

Latura umană dispare.

becomes slam dunks and smart bombs.

Războiul se rezumă la marcarea unui gol și bombe inteligente.

Now the irony of all this is that

Ironia e că

while the future of war may involve

în timp ce războiul poate implica

more and more machines,

din ce în ce mai multe mașini,

it's our human psychology that's driving

psihologia umană e cea care

all of this, it's our human failings

îl declașează, eșecurile oamenilor

that are leading to these wars.

duc la aceste războaie.

So one example of this that has

Un exemplu care

big resonance in the policy realm is

rezonează puternic în politică

how this plays out on our very real

e modul în care ne conducem

war of ideas that we're fighting

războiul ideologic

against radical groups.

împotriva grupărilor fundamentaliste.

What is the message that we think we are

Ce mesaj transmitem când

sending with these machines versus what

trimitem aceste mașini versus

is being received in terms of the message.

ce mesaj e primit?

So one of the people that I met was

M-am întâlnit cu un fost

a senior Bush Administration official,

oficial al administrației Bush

who had this to say about

care mi-a spus asta

our unmanning of war:

despre automatizarea războiului:

"It plays to our strength. The thing that

„E un punct forte pentru noi. Oamenii

scares people is our technology."

se sperie de tehnologia noastră.”

But when you go out and meet with people,

Dar când întâlnești oamenii,

for example in Lebanon, it's a very

în Liban de exemplu, e o altă poveste.

different story. One of the people

Unul dintre oamenii

I met with there was a news editor, and

cu care m-am întâlnit era redactor

we're talking as a drone is flying above him,

și discutam, în timp ce o dronă zbura deasupra.

and this is what he had to say.

Mi-a zis:

"This is just another sign of the coldhearted

cruel Israelis and Americans,

who are cowards because

they send out machines to fight us.

They don't want to fight us like real men,

but they're afraid to fight,

so we just have to kill a few of their soldiers

to defeat them."

The future of war also is featuring

a new type of warrior,

and it's actually redefining the experience

of going to war.

You can call this a cubicle warrior.

This is what one Predator drone pilot

described of his experience fighting

in the Iraq War while never leaving Nevada.

"You're going to war for 12 hours,

shooting weapons at targets,

directing kills on enemy combatants,

and then you get in the car

and you drive home and within 20 minutes,

you're sitting at the dinner table

talking to your kids about their homework."

Now, the psychological balancing

of those experiences is incredibly tough,

and in fact those drone pilots have

higher rates of PTSD than many

of the units physically in Iraq.

But some have worries that this

disconnection will lead to something else,

that it might make the contemplation of war

crimes a lot easier when you have

this distance. "It's like a video game,"

is what one young pilot described to me

of taking out enemy troops from afar.

As anyone who's played Grand Theft Auto

knows, we do things in the video world

that we wouldn't do face to face.

So much of what you're hearing from me

is that there's another side

to technologic revolutions,

and that it's shaping our present

and maybe will shape our future of war.

Moore's Law is operative,

but so's Murphy's Law.

The fog of war isn't being lifted.

The enemy has a vote.

We're gaining incredible new capabilities,

but we're also seeing and experiencing

new human dilemmas. Now,

sometimes these are just "oops" moments,

which is what the head of a robotics

company described it, you just have

"oops" moments. Well, what are

"oops" moments with robots in war?

Well, sometimes they're funny. Sometimes,

they're like that scene from the

Eddie Murphy movie "Best Defense,"

playing out in reality, where they tested out

a machine gun-armed robot, and during

the demonstration it started spinning

in a circle and pointed its machine gun

at the reviewing stand of VIPs.

Fortunately the weapon wasn't loaded

and no one was hurt, but other times

"oops" moments are tragic,

such as last year in South Africa, where

an anti-aircraft cannon had a

"software glitch," and actually did turn on

and fired, and nine soldiers were killed.

We have new wrinkles in the laws of war

and accountability. What do we do

with things like unmanned slaughter?

What is unmanned slaughter?

We've already had three instances of

Predator drone strikes where we thought

we got bin Laden, and it turned out

not to be the case.

And this is where we're at right now.

This is not even talking about armed,

autonomous systems

with full authority to use force.

And do not believe that that isn't coming.

During my research I came across

four different Pentagon projects

on different aspects of that.

And so you have this question:

what does this lead to issues like

war crimes? Robots are emotionless, so

they don't get upset if their buddy is killed.

They don't commit crimes of rage

and revenge.

But robots are emotionless.

They see an 80-year-old grandmother

in a wheelchair the same way they see

a T-80 tank: they're both

just a series of zeroes and ones.

And so we have this question to figure out:

How do we catch up our 20th century

laws of war, that are so old right now

that they could qualify for Medicare,

to these 21st century technologies?

And so, in conclusion, I've talked about

what seems the future of war,

but notice that I've only used

real world examples and you've only seen

real world pictures and videos.

And so this sets a great challenge for

all of us that we have to worry about well

before you have to worry about your

Roomba sucking the life away from you.

Are we going to let the fact that what's

unveiling itself right now in war

sounds like science fiction and therefore

keeps us in denial?

Are we going to face the reality

of 21st century war?

Is our generation going to make the same

mistake that a past generation did

with atomic weaponry, and not deal with

the issues that surround it until

Pandora's box is already opened up?

Now, I could be wrong on this, and

one Pentagon robot scientist told me

that I was. He said, "There's no real

social, ethical, moral issues when it comes

to robots.

That is," he added, "unless the machine

kills the wrong people repeatedly.

Then it's just a product recall issue."

And so the ending point for this is

that actually, we can turn to Hollywood.

A few years ago, Hollywood gathered

all the top characters and created

a list of the top 100 heroes and

top 100 villains of all of Hollywood history,

the characters that represented the best

and worst of humanity.

Only one character made it onto both lists:

The Terminator, a robot killing machine.

And so that points to the fact that

our machines can be used

for both good and evil, but for me

it points to the fact that there's a duality

of humans as well.

This week is a celebration

of our creativity. Our creativity

has taken our species to the stars.

Our creativity has created works of arts

and literature to express our love.

And now, we're using our creativity

in a certain direction, to build fantastic

machines with incredible capabilities,

maybe even one day

an entirely new species.

But one of the main reasons that we're

doing that is because of our drive

to destroy each other, and so the question

we all should ask:

is it our machines, or is it us

that's wired for war?

Thank you. (Applause)