Military robots and the future of war | P.W. Singer

233,615 views ・ 2009-04-03

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I thought I'd begin with a scene of war.
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There was little to warn of the danger ahead.
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The Iraqi insurgent had placed the IED,
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an Improvised Explosive Device,
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along the side of the road with great care.
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By 2006, there were more than 2,500
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of these attacks every single month,
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and they were the leading cause of
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casualties among American soldiers
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and Iraqi civilians.
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The team that was hunting for this IED
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is called an EOD team—
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Explosives Ordinance Disposal—and
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they're the pointy end of the spear in the
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American effort to suppress these roadside bombs.
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Each EOD team goes out on about
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600 of these bomb calls every year,
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defusing about two bombs a day.
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Perhaps the best sign of how valuable they
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are to the war effort, is that
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the Iraqi insurgents put a $50,000 bounty
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on the head of a single EOD soldier.
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Unfortunately, this particular call
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would not end well.
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By the time the soldier advanced close
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enough to see the telltale wires
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of the bomb, it exploded in a wave of flame.
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Now, depending how close you are
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and how much explosive has been packed
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into that bomb, it can cause death
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or injury. You have to be as far as
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50 yards away to escape that.
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The blast is so strong it can even break
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your limbs, even if you're not hit.
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That soldier had been on top of the bomb.
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And so when the rest of the team advanced
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they found little left. And that night the unit's
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commander did a sad duty, and he wrote
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a condolence letter back to the United
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States, and he talked about how hard the
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loss had been on his unit, about the fact
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that they had lost their bravest soldier,
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a soldier who had saved their lives
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many a time.
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And he apologized
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for not being able to bring them home.
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But then he talked up the silver lining
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that he took away from the loss.
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"At least," as he wrote, "when a robot dies,
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you don't have to write a letter
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to its mother."
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That scene sounds like science fiction,
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but is battlefield reality already.
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The soldier in that case
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was a 42-pound robot called a PackBot.
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The chief's letter went, not to some
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farmhouse in Iowa like you see
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in the old war movies, but went to
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the iRobot Company, which is
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named after the Asimov novel
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and the not-so-great Will Smith movie,
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and... um... (Laughter)...
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if you remember that
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in that fictional world, robots started out
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carrying out mundane chores, and then
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they started taking on life-and-death decisions.
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That's a reality we face today.
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What we're going to do is actually just
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flash a series of photos behind me that
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show you the reality of robots used in war
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right now or already at the prototype stage.
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It's just to give you a taste.
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Another way of putting it is you're not
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going to see anything that's powered
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by Vulcan technology, or teenage
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wizard hormones or anything like that.
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This is all real. So why don't we
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go ahead and start those pictures.
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Something big is going on in war today,
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and maybe even the history of humanity
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itself. The U.S. military went into Iraq with
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a handful of drones in the air.
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We now have 5,300.
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We went in with zero unmanned ground
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systems. We now have 12,000.
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And the tech term "killer application"
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takes on new meaning in this space.
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And we need to remember that we're
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talking about the Model T Fords,
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the Wright Flyers, compared
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to what's coming soon.
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That's where we're at right now.
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One of the people that I recently met with
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was an Air Force three-star general, and he
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said basically, where we're headed very
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soon is tens of thousands of robots
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operating in our conflicts, and these
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numbers matter, because we're not just
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talking about tens of thousands of today's
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robots, but tens of thousands of these
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prototypes and tomorrow's robots, because
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of course, one of the things that's operating
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in technology is Moore's Law,
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that you can pack in more and more
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computing power into those robots, and so
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flash forward around 25 years,
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if Moore's Law holds true,
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those robots will be close to a billion times
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more powerful in their computing than today.
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And so what that means is the kind of
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things that we used to only talk about at
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science fiction conventions like Comic-Con
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have to be talked about in the halls
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of power and places like the Pentagon.
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A robots revolution is upon us.
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Now, I need to be clear here.
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I'm not talking about a revolution where you
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have to worry about the Governor of
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California showing up at your door,
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a la the Terminator. (Laughter)
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When historians look at this period, they're
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going to conclude that we're in a different
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type of revolution: a revolution in war,
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like the invention of the atomic bomb.
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But it may be even bigger than that,
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because our unmanned systems don't just
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affect the "how" of war-fighting,
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they affect the "who" of fighting
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at its most fundamental level.
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That is, every previous revolution in war, be
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it the machine gun, be it the atomic bomb,
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was about a system that either shot faster,
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went further, had a bigger boom.
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That's certainly the case with robotics, but
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they also change the experience of the warrior
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and even the very identity of the warrior.
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Another way of putting this is that
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mankind's 5,000-year-old monopoly
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on the fighting of war is breaking down
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in our very lifetime. I've spent
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the last several years going around
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meeting with all the players in this field,
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from the robot scientists to the science
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fiction authors who inspired them to the
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19-year-old drone pilots who are fighting
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from Nevada, to the four-star generals
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who command them, to even the Iraqi
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insurgents who they are targeting and what
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they think about our systems, and
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what I found interesting is not just
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their stories, but how their experiences
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point to these ripple effects that are going
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outwards in our society, in our law
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and our ethics, etc. And so what I'd like
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to do with my remaining time is basically
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flesh out a couple of these.
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So the first is that the future of war,
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even a robotics one, is not going to be
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purely an American one.
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The U.S. is currently ahead in military
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robotics right now, but we know that in
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technology there's no such thing as
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a permanent first move or advantage.
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In a quick show of hands, how many
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people in this room still use
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Wang Computers? (Laughter)
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It's the same thing in war. The British and
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the French invented the tank.
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The Germans figured out how
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to use it right, and so what we have to
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think about for the U.S. is that we are
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ahead right now, but you have
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43 other countries out there
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working on military robotics, and they
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include all the interesting countries like
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Russia, China, Pakistan, Iran.
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And this raises a bigger worry for me.
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How do we move forward in this revolution
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given the state of our manufacturing
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and the state of our science and
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mathematics training in our schools?
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Or another way of thinking about this is,
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what does it mean to go to war increasingly
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with soldiers whose hardware is made
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in China and software is written in India?
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But just as software has gone open-source,
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so has warfare.
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Unlike an aircraft carrier or an atomic bomb,
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you don't need a massive manufacturing
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system to build robotics. A lot of it is
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off the shelf. A lot of it's even do-it-yourself.
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One of those things you just saw flashed
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before you was a raven drone, the handheld
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tossed one. For about a thousand dollars,
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you can build one yourself, equivalent to
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what the soldiers use in Iraq.
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That raises another wrinkle when it comes
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to war and conflict. Good guys might play
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around and work on these as hobby kits,
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but so might bad guys.
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This cross between robotics and things like
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terrorism is going to be fascinating
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and even disturbing,
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and we've already seen it start.
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During the war between Israel, a state,
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and Hezbollah, a non-state actor,
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the non-state actor flew
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four different drones against Israel.
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There's already a jihadi website
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that you can go on and remotely
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detonate an IED in Iraq while sitting
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at your home computer.
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And so I think what we're going to see is
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two trends take place with this.
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First is, you're going to reinforce the power
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of individuals against governments,
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but then the second is that
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we are going to see an expansion
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in the realm of terrorism.
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The future of it may be a cross between
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al Qaeda 2.0 and the
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next generation of the Unabomber.
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And another way of thinking about this
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is the fact that, remember, you don't have
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to convince a robot that they're gonna
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receive 72 virgins after they die
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to convince them to blow themselves up.
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But the ripple effects of this are going to go
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out into our politics. One of the people that
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I met with was a former Assistant Secretary of
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Defense for Ronald Reagan, and he put it
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this way: "I like these systems because
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they save American lives, but I worry about
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more marketization of wars,
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more shock-and-awe talk,
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to defray discussion of the costs.
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People are more likely to support the use
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of force if they view it as costless."
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Robots for me take certain trends
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that are already in play in our body politic,
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and maybe take them to
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their logical ending point.
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We don't have a draft. We don't
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have declarations of war anymore.
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We don't buy war bonds anymore.
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And now we have the fact that we're
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converting more and more of our American
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soldiers that we would send into harm's
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way into machines, and so we may take
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those already lowering bars to war
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and drop them to the ground.
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But the future of war is also going to be
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a YouTube war.
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That is, our new technologies don't merely
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remove humans from risk.
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They also record everything that they see.
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So they don't just delink the public:
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they reshape its relationship with war.
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There's already several thousand
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video clips of combat footage from Iraq
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on YouTube right now,
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most of it gathered by drones.
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Now, this could be a good thing.
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It could be building connections between
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the home front and the war front
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as never before.
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But remember, this is taking place
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in our strange, weird world, and so
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inevitably the ability to download these
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video clips to, you know, your iPod
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or your Zune gives you
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the ability to turn it into entertainment.
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Soldiers have a name for these clips.
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They call it war porn.
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The typical one that I was sent was
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an email that had an attachment of
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video of a Predator strike taking out
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an enemy site. Missile hits,
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bodies burst into the air with the explosion.
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It was set to music.
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It was set to the pop song
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"I Just Want To Fly" by Sugar Ray.
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This ability to watch more
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but experience less creates a wrinkle
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in the public's relationship with war.
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I think about this with a sports parallel.
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It's like the difference between
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watching an NBA game, a professional
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basketball game on TV, where the athletes
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are tiny figures on the screen, and
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being at that basketball game in person
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and realizing what someone seven feet
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really does look like.
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But we have to remember,
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these are just the clips.
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These are just the ESPN SportsCenter
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version of the game. They lose the context.
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They lose the strategy.
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They lose the humanity. War just
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becomes slam dunks and smart bombs.
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Now the irony of all this is that
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while the future of war may involve
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more and more machines,
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it's our human psychology that's driving
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all of this, it's our human failings
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that are leading to these wars.
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So one example of this that has
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big resonance in the policy realm is
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how this plays out on our very real
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war of ideas that we're fighting
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against radical groups.
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What is the message that we think we are
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sending with these machines versus what
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is being received in terms of the message.
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So one of the people that I met was
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a senior Bush Administration official,
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who had this to say about
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our unmanning of war:
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"It plays to our strength. The thing that
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scares people is our technology."
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But when you go out and meet with people,
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for example in Lebanon, it's a very
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different story. One of the people
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12:11
I met with there was a news editor, and
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12:13
we're talking as a drone is flying above him,
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2000
12:15
and this is what he had to say.
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2002
12:17
"This is just another sign of the coldhearted
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1998
12:19
cruel Israelis and Americans,
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12:22
who are cowards because
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1992
12:24
they send out machines to fight us.
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2006
12:26
They don't want to fight us like real men,
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1992
12:28
but they're afraid to fight,
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12:30
so we just have to kill a few of their soldiers
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1991
12:32
to defeat them."
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12:35
The future of war also is featuring
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2007
12:37
a new type of warrior,
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1977
12:39
and it's actually redefining the experience
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12:42
of going to war.
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12:44
You can call this a cubicle warrior.
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12:46
This is what one Predator drone pilot
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2007
12:48
described of his experience fighting
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2007
12:50
in the Iraq War while never leaving Nevada.
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2989
12:53
"You're going to war for 12 hours,
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2005
12:55
shooting weapons at targets,
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1991
12:57
directing kills on enemy combatants,
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13:00
and then you get in the car
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2006
13:02
and you drive home and within 20 minutes,
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1982
13:04
you're sitting at the dinner table
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1991
13:06
talking to your kids about their homework."
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1993
13:08
Now, the psychological balancing
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1991
13:10
of those experiences is incredibly tough,
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1993
13:12
and in fact those drone pilots have
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13:15
higher rates of PTSD than many
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2008
13:17
of the units physically in Iraq.
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3005
13:20
But some have worries that this
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1992
13:22
disconnection will lead to something else,
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1994
13:24
that it might make the contemplation of war
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13:26
crimes a lot easier when you have
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2005
13:28
this distance. "It's like a video game,"
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13:30
is what one young pilot described to me
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1999
13:32
of taking out enemy troops from afar.
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1960
13:34
As anyone who's played Grand Theft Auto
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2995
13:37
knows, we do things in the video world
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3000
13:40
that we wouldn't do face to face.
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2996
13:43
So much of what you're hearing from me
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1998
13:45
is that there's another side
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1993
13:47
to technologic revolutions,
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2008
13:49
and that it's shaping our present
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1994
13:51
and maybe will shape our future of war.
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3001
13:54
Moore's Law is operative,
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2001
13:56
but so's Murphy's Law.
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1998
13:58
The fog of war isn't being lifted.
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2005
14:00
The enemy has a vote.
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2010
14:02
We're gaining incredible new capabilities,
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1989
14:04
but we're also seeing and experiencing
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2006
14:06
new human dilemmas. Now,
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2000
14:08
sometimes these are just "oops" moments,
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1999
14:10
which is what the head of a robotics
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1992
14:12
company described it, you just have
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2011
14:14
"oops" moments. Well, what are
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2000
14:16
"oops" moments with robots in war?
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1996
14:18
Well, sometimes they're funny. Sometimes,
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2001
14:20
they're like that scene from the
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2002
14:22
Eddie Murphy movie "Best Defense,"
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862168
2001
14:24
playing out in reality, where they tested out
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864169
2001
14:26
a machine gun-armed robot, and during
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1988
14:28
the demonstration it started spinning
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2001
14:30
in a circle and pointed its machine gun
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3009
14:33
at the reviewing stand of VIPs.
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2995
14:36
Fortunately the weapon wasn't loaded
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1993
14:38
and no one was hurt, but other times
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2010
14:40
"oops" moments are tragic,
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1992
14:42
such as last year in South Africa, where
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2002
14:44
an anti-aircraft cannon had a
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2999
14:47
"software glitch," and actually did turn on
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2999
14:50
and fired, and nine soldiers were killed.
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3004
14:53
We have new wrinkles in the laws of war
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2997
14:56
and accountability. What do we do
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1997
14:58
with things like unmanned slaughter?
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2010
15:00
What is unmanned slaughter?
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1998
15:02
We've already had three instances of
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902164
2000
15:04
Predator drone strikes where we thought
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904164
2000
15:06
we got bin Laden, and it turned out
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1994
15:08
not to be the case.
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2002
15:10
And this is where we're at right now.
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2008
15:12
This is not even talking about armed,
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2000
15:14
autonomous systems
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1989
15:16
with full authority to use force.
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2013
15:18
And do not believe that that isn't coming.
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1994
15:20
During my research I came across
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920164
2007
15:22
four different Pentagon projects
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1985
15:24
on different aspects of that.
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2012
15:26
And so you have this question:
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2002
15:28
what does this lead to issues like
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1993
15:30
war crimes? Robots are emotionless, so
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1992
15:32
they don't get upset if their buddy is killed.
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3012
15:35
They don't commit crimes of rage
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1994
15:37
and revenge.
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2007
15:39
But robots are emotionless.
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2997
15:42
They see an 80-year-old grandmother
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1999
15:44
in a wheelchair the same way they see
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2000
15:46
a T-80 tank: they're both
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3002
15:49
just a series of zeroes and ones.
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2993
15:52
And so we have this question to figure out:
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3003
15:55
How do we catch up our 20th century
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2003
15:57
laws of war, that are so old right now
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1989
15:59
that they could qualify for Medicare,
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3008
16:02
to these 21st century technologies?
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3008
16:05
And so, in conclusion, I've talked about
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2987
16:08
what seems the future of war,
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3011
16:11
but notice that I've only used
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1990
16:13
real world examples and you've only seen
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2012
16:15
real world pictures and videos.
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2001
16:17
And so this sets a great challenge for
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2000
16:19
all of us that we have to worry about well
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979171
1986
16:21
before you have to worry about your
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2009
16:23
Roomba sucking the life away from you.
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2001
16:25
Are we going to let the fact that what's
437
985167
1999
16:27
unveiling itself right now in war
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3000
16:30
sounds like science fiction and therefore
439
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2991
16:33
keeps us in denial?
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2005
16:35
Are we going to face the reality
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2004
16:37
of 21st century war?
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1993
16:39
Is our generation going to make the same
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2001
16:41
mistake that a past generation did
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2009
16:43
with atomic weaponry, and not deal with
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1998
16:45
the issues that surround it until
446
1005167
1995
16:47
Pandora's box is already opened up?
447
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2007
16:49
Now, I could be wrong on this, and
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1998
16:51
one Pentagon robot scientist told me
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2004
16:53
that I was. He said, "There's no real
450
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1994
16:55
social, ethical, moral issues when it comes
451
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1995
16:57
to robots.
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1998
16:59
That is," he added, "unless the machine
453
1019158
2001
17:01
kills the wrong people repeatedly.
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3010
17:04
Then it's just a product recall issue."
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2989
17:07
And so the ending point for this is
456
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3011
17:10
that actually, we can turn to Hollywood.
457
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5002
17:15
A few years ago, Hollywood gathered
458
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1996
17:17
all the top characters and created
459
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3006
17:20
a list of the top 100 heroes and
460
1040173
1997
17:22
top 100 villains of all of Hollywood history,
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2990
17:25
the characters that represented the best
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2006
17:27
and worst of humanity.
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1992
17:29
Only one character made it onto both lists:
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4015
17:33
The Terminator, a robot killing machine.
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2996
17:36
And so that points to the fact that
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1988
17:38
our machines can be used
467
1058157
2013
17:40
for both good and evil, but for me
468
1060170
1999
17:42
it points to the fact that there's a duality
469
1062169
1996
17:44
of humans as well.
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3000
17:47
This week is a celebration
471
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1998
17:49
of our creativity. Our creativity
472
1069163
1999
17:51
has taken our species to the stars.
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1998
17:53
Our creativity has created works of arts
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2007
17:55
and literature to express our love.
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2996
17:58
And now, we're using our creativity
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1078163
1998
18:00
in a certain direction, to build fantastic
477
1080161
1993
18:02
machines with incredible capabilities,
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2987
18:05
maybe even one day
479
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2009
18:07
an entirely new species.
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2997
18:10
But one of the main reasons that we're
481
1090162
2005
18:12
doing that is because of our drive
482
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1998
18:14
to destroy each other, and so the question
483
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3000
18:17
we all should ask:
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1994
18:19
is it our machines, or is it us
485
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2000
18:21
that's wired for war?
486
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2007
18:23
Thank you. (Applause)
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2098
About this website

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