Ed Boyden: A light switch for neurons

143,158 views ・ 2011-05-17

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Bianca Lee κ²€ν† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
μž μ‹œλ™μ•ˆ ν•˜λ£¨μΌκ³Όλ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:16
Think about your day for a second.
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00:17
You woke up, felt fresh air on your face as you walked out the door,
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μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³ , 문을 κ±Έμ–΄λ‚˜μ˜€λ©° 얼꡴에 μƒμΎŒν•œ 곡기λ₯Ό 느끼고,
00:20
encountered new colleagues and had great discussions
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ™λ£Œλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ‚˜ 토둠을 ν•˜κ³ ,
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ 경외감을 느끼죠.
00:23
and felt in awe when you found something new.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 였늘 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 것이 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κ±°λΌ ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
But I bet there's something you didn't think about today,
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μ§‘μ—μ„œ λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 것이라
00:28
something so close to home,
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자주 생각쑰차 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
00:29
you probably don't think about it very often at all.
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λͺ¨λ“  감각, λŠλ‚Œ, κ²°μ •κ³Ό 행동은
00:32
And that's that all those sensations, feelings, decisions and actions
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 머리속에 μžˆλŠ”
λ‡ŒλΌλŠ” 컴퓨터에 μ˜ν•΄
00:35
are mediated by the computer in your head
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μ‘°μ •λœλ‹€λŠ” 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
called your brain.
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00:38
Now, the brain may not look like much from the outside --
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λ‡ŒλŠ” κ²‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€β€”
νšŒλΆ„ν™μƒ‰μ˜, ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ—†λŠ” 1, 2 νŒŒμš΄λ“œμ˜
00:41
a couple pounds of pinkish-gray flesh,
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λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄μ£ .
00:43
amorphous.
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00:44
But the last 100 years of neuroscience have allowed us to zoom in on the brain
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μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡λ°±λ…„μ˜ μ‹ κ²½ 과학은
μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄ 이런 λ‡Œλ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ν•΄,
00:48
and to see the intricacy of what lies within.
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μ•ˆμ— 무엇이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•¨μ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
And they've told us that this brain is an incredibly complicated circuit
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그리고 λ‡ŒλŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”
μˆ˜μ–΅, μˆ˜λ°±κ°€μ§€μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„
00:54
made out of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons.
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믿을 수 μ—†κ²Œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ νšŒλ‘œλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Now, unlike a human-designed computer,
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적은 숫자의 μ—¬λŸ¬ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„,
01:01
where there's a fairly small number of different parts,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ§Œλ“  μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œβ€”
μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ””μžμΈν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, μž‘λ™μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό 잘 μ•Œκ³ μžˆμ£  –
01:04
and we know how they work because we humans designed them,
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01:06
the brain is made out of thousands of different kinds of cells,
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λ‡ŒλŠ” μˆ˜μ²œκ°€μ§€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μˆ˜λ§Œκ°€μ§€μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² κ΅°μš”.
01:10
maybe tens of thousands.
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01:11
They come in different shapes; they're made out of different molecules;
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세포듀은 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μžλ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
λ˜ν•œ, 각각 λ‡Œμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄에 κ³„νšλ˜μ–΄ μ—°κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
they project and connect to different brain regions.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§ˆλ³‘ μƒνƒœμ— 따라 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 바꾸기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
They also change in different ways in different disease states.
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더 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μžλ©΄
01:20
Let's make it concrete.
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01:21
There's a class of cells,
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λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—λŠ” ν•œ λΆ€λ₯˜μ˜,
01:23
a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.
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μž‘κ³ , μ£Όλ³€ 세포λ₯Ό μ§„μ •μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ–΅μ œ 세포가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ •μ‹  λΆ„μ—΄μ¦μ—μ„œ 처럼 μœ„μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 세포 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄μ£ .
01:27
It's one of the cells that seems to be atrophied
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01:29
in disorders like schizophrenia.
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01:30
It's called the basket cell.
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λ°”κ΅¬λ‹ˆμ„Έν¬λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
And this cell is one of the thousands of kinds of cell
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이 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 배우고 μžˆλŠ”
μˆ˜μ²œκ°€μ§€μ˜ 세포 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
that we're learning about.
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01:36
New ones are being discovered every day.
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맀일 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포가 발견되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μ˜ˆμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
01:39
As just a second example:
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01:40
these pyramidal cells, large cells, can span a significant fraction
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이 ν”ΌλΌλ―Έλ“œμ˜, κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 세포듀은,
λ‡Œμ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄에 자리작고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
of the brain.
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ν₯λΆ„μ„± μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
They're excitatory.
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λ˜ν•œ 이 세포듀은 κ°„μ§ˆ 같은 병에선
01:47
And these are some of the cells that might be overactive
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μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ ν™œλ™μ μΌ λ•Œλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
in disorders such as epilepsy.
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이런 세포듀 λͺ¨λ‘
01:52
Every one of these cells is an incredible electrical device.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ μ „κΈ° μž₯치인 μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
01:56
They receive inputs from thousands of upstream partners
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그것듀은 μœ„μ— μžˆλŠ” 수천개의 μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μž…λ ₯을 λ°›μ•„μ„œ
κ·Έλ“€ 슀슀둜의 μ „κΈ° 결과물을 μ‚°μΆœν•΄λ‚΄,
01:59
and compute their own electrical outputs,
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02:01
which then, if they pass a certain threshold,
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νŠΉμ • 경계선을 λ„˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄, 밑에 μžˆλŠ”
λ‹€λ₯Έ 수천개의 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ 전달할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
will go to thousands of downstream partners.
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100λΆ„μ˜ 1μ΄ˆμ •λ„ μ†Œμš”λ˜λŠ” 이 과정은,
02:06
And this process, which takes just a millisecond or so,
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02:08
happens thousands of times a minute in every one of your 100 billion cells,
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당신이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ³ , μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ ,
λŠλΌλŠ” ν•œ, λͺΈ μ†μ˜
02:12
as long as you live and think and feel.
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1000μ–΅κ°œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ
1λΆ„λ™μ•ˆ 수천번 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
So how are we going to figure out what this circuit does?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 νšŒλ‘œκ°€ 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•ŒκΉŒμš”?
μ΄μƒμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, 이 νšŒλ‘œμ— κ°œμž…ν•΄
02:21
Ideally, we could go through this circuit
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포듀을 μΌœκ±°λ‚˜ κΊΌμ„œ
02:23
and turn these different kinds of cell on and off
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02:25
and see whether we could figure out
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μ–΄λ–€ 세포가 νŠΉμ • κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜κ³ ,
02:27
which ones contribute to certain functions
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νŠΉμ • 병에선 μ–΄λ–€ 것이
02:29
and which ones go wrong in certain pathologies.
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잘λͺ»λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§Œμ•½ 세포듀을 ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, μ–΄λ–€ 힘으둜 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜,
02:32
If we could activate cells, we could see what powers they can unleash,
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무엇이 세포λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μ§€μ†ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
what they can initiate and sustain.
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λ§Œμ•½ 세포듀을 μ°¨λ‹¨μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λ©΄,
02:37
If we could turn them off,
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02:38
then we could try and figure out what they're necessary for.
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그것듀이 무엇에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 지λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것이 μ œκ°€ 였늘 λ§ν•˜λ €λŠ” 이야기 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
And that's the story I'm going to tell you about today.
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μ†”μ§νžˆ, μ§€λ‚œ 11λ…„λ™μ•ˆμ€,
02:44
And honestly, where we've gone through over the last 11 years,
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λ‡Œμ˜ 회둜, 세포,
02:47
through an attempt to find ways
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02:48
of turning circuits and cells and parts and pathways of the brain
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각쒅 λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό κ²½λ‘œλ“€μ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”, λ˜λŠ” λΉ„ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
방법을 μ°ΎκΈ°μœ„ν•œ
02:51
on and off,
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μ‹œλ„λ“€μ„ 톡해, 과학을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ ,
02:53
both to understand the science
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02:54
and also to confront some of the issues that face us all as humans.
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μ „ 인λ₯˜κ°€ λŒ€λ©΄ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μ΄μŠˆλ“€μ„
μ§λ©΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Now, before I tell you about the technology,
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이제 μ œκ°€ κΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κΈ° 전에,
03:03
the bad news is that a significant fraction of us in this room,
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이 방에 계신 λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μΌλΆ€λŠ”,
λ§Œμ•½ 였래 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
03:07
if we live long enough,
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03:08
will encounter, perhaps, a brain disorder.
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λ‡Œ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ κ°–κ²Œλ μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이미, 10μ–΅λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
03:11
Already, a billion people have had some kind of brain disorder
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νŠΉμ • μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ•“μ•„
정상적인 μƒν™œμ΄ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
that incapacitates them.
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03:16
The numbers don't do it justice, though.
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžλŠ” κ³΅ν‰ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
These disorders -- schizophrenia, Alzheimer's,
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이런 μ§ˆν™˜λ“€ – μ •μ‹  뢄열증, μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έ,
우울증, 쀑독 –
03:21
depression, addiction --
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03:22
they not only steal away our time to live,
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이것듀은 우리의 생λͺ…λ§Œ μ•—μ•„κ°ˆ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 우리의 μ‘΄μž¬μ‘°μ°¨λ„ λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
they change who we are.
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03:25
They take our identity and change our emotions
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우리의 정체성을 κ°€μ Έκ°€ 감정을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ ,
03:27
and change who we are as people.
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우리λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
Now, in the 20th century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ°μ—λŠ”,
λ‡Œμ§ˆν™˜λ“€μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
03:34
there was some hope that was generated
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03:36
through the development of pharmaceuticals for treating brain disorders.
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μ•½μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬λ‘œ 인해 생긴 희망이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‡Œμ§ˆν™˜ 증상듀을 μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 약듀이
03:40
And while many drugs have been developed
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03:42
that can alleviate symptoms of brain disorders,
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λ°œμ „λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—λ„, μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 약도
μ™„μ „νžˆ 치료λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
practically none of them can be considered to be cured.
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03:47
In part, that's because, if you think about it,
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뢀뢄적인 μ΄μœ λ‘œλŠ”, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 화학물에 μ„Έμ²™ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
we're bathing the brain in a chemical --
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이 μˆ˜μ²œκ°€μ§€μ˜
03:51
this elaborate circuit, made of thousands of different kinds of cell --
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 이루어진 μ •κ΅ν•œ νšŒλ‘œλŠ”
ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— μ„Έμ²™λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
is being bathed in a substance.
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03:56
That's also why most of the drugs, not all, on the market
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 이것이, μ‹œμ€‘μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 약물이 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€
μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ λ™λ°˜ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ˜ μ΄μœ μΌμˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
can present some kind of serious side effect too.
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λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‡Œμ— 심어진
04:02
Now some people have gotten some solace from electrical stimulators
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μ „μž 자극μž₯μΉ˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μœ„μ•ˆμ„ 얻기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
that are implanted in the brain,
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04:07
for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants.
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νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨ 병에선,
λ‹¬νŒ½μ΄κ΄€ 이식은
04:11
These have indeed been able to bring some kind of remedy
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이 병을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 해결책을
04:14
to people with certain kinds of disorders.
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κ°€μ Έλ‹€μ£Όκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
But electricity also will go in all directions --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „κΈ°λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ°©ν–₯으둜 μž‘μš©ν•΄,
04:19
the path of least resistance --
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μžκΈ°κ°€ μ™”λ˜,
04:21
which is where that phrase, in part, comes from,
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κ°€μž₯ 적은 μ €ν•­μ˜ 길둜 κ°€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
and will also affect normal circuits,
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이것은 정상 νšŒλ‘œμ— 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 고치고자 ν•˜λŠ” 비정상적인 것도 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
as well as the abnormal ones you want to fix.
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λ˜λ‹€μ‹œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄ˆμ •λ°€ μ‘°μ’…μ˜ 문제둜
04:27
So again, we're sent back to the idea of ultraprecise control:
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였게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
Could we dial in information precisely where we want it to go?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보내고 μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 곳으둜 μ •ν™•νžˆ 정보λ₯Ό 보낼 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
μ œκ°€ 11λ…„ 전에 μ‹ κ²½ 과학을 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
04:35
So, when I started in neuroscience 11 years ago --
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04:38
I had trained as an electrical engineer and a physicist --
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μ „κΈ° κ³΅ν•™μžμ™€ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ ν›ˆλ ¨ 받은 λ’€,
04:41
the first thing I thought about was,
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첫번째둜 μƒκ°ν•œ 것은
04:43
if these neurons are electrical devices,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ΄ μ „κΈ° 기기듀이라면,
04:45
all we need to do is to find some way of driving those electrical changes
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ•Όν•  것은 거리λ₯Ό 두고
μ „κΈ° 변화듀을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
at a distance.
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λ§Œμ•½ 주변은 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ , 세포 ν•˜λ‚˜μ—λ§Œ
04:50
If we could turn on the electricity in one cell but not its neighbors,
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μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μΌ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
04:53
that'd give us the tool to activate and shut down these different cells
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각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀을 ν™œμ„±, λ˜λŠ” λΉ„ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ–»κ²Œ 되,
각 세포가 ν•˜λŠ” 일과 그것듀이 속해 μžˆλŠ” λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—
04:57
to figure out what they do
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04:58
and how they contribute to the networks in which they're embedded.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œκ²Œ λ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ˜ν•œ μ΄ˆμ •λ°€ 쑰쒅을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄ κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ λΉ—λ‚˜κ°”λ˜
05:01
It would also allow us to have the ultraprecise control we need
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회둜 계산을 λ°”λ‘œμž‘μ„ 수 있게
05:04
to fix the circuit computations that have gone awry.
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ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
Now, how are we going to do that?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이걸 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:09
Well, there are many molecules that exist in nature
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μžμ—°μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λΆ„μžκ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³ ,
그것듀은 빛을 μ „κΈ°λ‘œ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
which are able to convert light into electricity.
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νƒœμ–‘ 전지같은 μž‘μ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄λΌ
05:15
You can think of them as little proteins that are like solar cells.
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생각할 수 있죠.
05:18
If we install these molecules in neurons somehow,
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λ§Œμ•½ 이런 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μ£Όμž…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
05:21
then these neurons would become electrically drivable with light,
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이 λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ„ 빛을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ „κΈ°λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
and their neighbors, which don't have this molecule, would not.
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이런 λΆ„μžκ°€ μ—†λŠ” μ£Όλ³€ 세포듀은 그렇지 λͺ»ν•˜κ² μ£ .
05:27
There's one other magic trick you need to make this happen:
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이런 것이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„  λ‹€λ₯Έ 비결이 ν•„μš”ν•œλ°,
λ‡Œ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 빛을 λΉ„μΆ”κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
the ability to get light into the brain.
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05:32
The brain doesn't feel pain.
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이것을 μœ„ν•΄μ„ , λ‡ŒλŠ” 고톡을 λŠλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ,
05:35
Taking advantage of all the effort
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인터넷과 톡신같은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νˆ¬μ—¬λœ
05:36
that's gone into the internet, telecommunications, etc.,
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λ…Έλ ₯의 μž₯점을 μ΄μš©ν•΄, λ‰΄λŸ°μ„ ν™œμ„±μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”
05:39
you can put optical fibers connected to lasers
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λ ˆμ΄μ €κ°€ μ—°κ²°λœ κ΄‘μ„¬μœ λ₯Ό λ„£μœΌλ©΄,
05:41
to activate -- in animal models, for example, in preclinical studies --
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μž„μƒ 연ꡬ 전에 동물 λͺ¨λΈμ— λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
05:45
these neurons and see what they do.
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연ꡬ할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λŠλƒ?
05:48
So how do we do this?
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05:49
Around 2004, in collaboration with Georg Nagel and Karl Deisseroth,
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2004λ…„ 즈음,
게λ₯΄ν•˜λ₯΄νŠΈ λ‚˜κ²”κ³Ό μΉΌ λ””μ €λ‘œμŠ€μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯으둜,
05:53
this vision came to fruition.
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이 비전은 결싀을 λ§Ίμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
There's a certain alga that swims in the wild,
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μ•Όμƒμ—μ„œ ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λŠ” νŠΉμ • μ‘°λ₯˜(θ—»ι‘ž)κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
05:58
and it needs to navigate towards light in order to photosynthesize optimally.
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이듀이 졜적으둜 κ΄‘ν•©μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„ 
빛을 ν–₯ν•΄ λ°©ν–₯을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
And it senses light with a little eyespot,
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빛을 μž‘μ€ 눈ꡬ멍으둜 κ°μ§€ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
06:04
which works not unlike how our eye works.
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이 λˆˆμ€ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ λˆˆκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘λ™λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
In its membrane, or its boundary,
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세포막 μ•ˆ, λ˜λŠ” κ²½κ³„μ„ μ—λŠ”,
06:09
it contains little proteins
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μž‘μ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μžˆμ–΄
빛을 μ „κΈ°λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
that indeed can convert light into electricity.
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이런 λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ±„λ„λ‘œλ•μ‹ μŠ€ (channelrhodospins) 이라 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
These molecules are called channelrhodopsins.
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06:18
And each of these proteins acts just like that solar cell
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각각의 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ μ œκ°€ λ§ν•œ νƒœμ–‘ μ „μ§€μ²˜λŸΌ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
that I told you about.
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νŒŒλž€ 빛을 쬐면, μž‘μ€ ꡬ멍이 μ—΄λ €
06:22
When blue light hits it,
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06:23
it opens a little hole and allows charged particles to enter the eyespot;
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μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό 띀 μž…μžκ°€ 눈ꡬ멍으둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그러면 λˆˆκ΅¬λ©μ€ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 되 마치
06:27
that allows this eyespot to have an electrical signal,
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νƒœμ–‘ 전지가 배터리λ₯Ό μΆ©μ „ν•˜λŠ” 것 처럼 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
just like a solar cell charging a battery.
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06:31
So what we need to do is take these molecules
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것은 이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄
λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
and somehow install them in neurons.
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06:35
And because it's a protein,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ 이루어진 이상,
06:37
it's encoded for in the DNA of this organism.
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μƒλ¬Όμ˜ DNA에 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ˜ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
So all we've got to do is take that DNA,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ DNAλ₯Ό κ°€μ Έκ°€,
06:42
put it into a gene therapy vector, like a virus,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°™μ€ μœ μ „μž 치료의 λ§€κ°œμ²΄μ— μ£Όμž…ν•œ ν›„,
06:45
and put it into neurons.
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ•ˆμ— μ£Όμž…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
And this was a very productive time in gene therapy,
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이 방법은 μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€, ν•¨κ»˜ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μͺ½μœΌλ‘ 
06:51
and lots of viruses were coming along,
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ꡉμž₯히 생산적인 λ•Œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
so this turned out to be fairly simple.
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ꡉμž₯히 κ°„νŽΈν•œ 방법이 λ˜μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”.
06:55
Early in the morning one day in the summer of 2004,
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2004λ…„ 여름, μ–΄λŠ 이λ₯Έ 아침에
06:58
we gave it a try, and it worked on the first try.
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μ‹œλ„ν•΄μ„œ, 첫 번째 μ‹œλ„μ—μ„œ 효과λ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
DNAλ₯Ό 가지고 λ‰΄λŸ°μ— μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
You take this DNA and put it into the neuron.
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07:03
The neuron uses its natural protein-making machinery
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ€ μ›λž˜ 있던 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 생산 쑰직을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
07:06
to fabricate these little light-sensitive proteins
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빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ 생산해,
λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀 λͺ¨λ‘μ— μ„€μΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
and install them all over the cell, like putting solar panels on a roof.
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마치 지뢕에 νƒœμ–‘ μ „μ§€νŒμ„ λ†“λŠ”κ²ƒ μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
07:12
And the next thing you know,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—”,
07:14
you have a neuron which can be activated with light.
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빛에 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ꡉμž₯히 λ§‰κ°•ν•˜μ£ .
07:17
So this is very powerful.
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07:18
One of the tricks you have to do is figure out how to deliver these genes
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것은
μ›ν•˜λŠ” 세포에 μœ μ „μžλ“€μ„ 전달할 방법을 μ°Ύκ³ 
07:22
to the cells you want and not all the other neighbors.
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μ£Όλ³€ μ„Έν¬μ—λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ„ μ‘°μ’…ν•΄
07:25
And you can do that;
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07:26
you can tweak the viruses so they hit some cells and not others.
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ μ„Έν¬λ§Œ κ±΄λ“€κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
빛에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” 세포λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:29
And there's other genetic tricks you can play
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ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ μ „μ  방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
in order to get light-activated cells.
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이 λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” κ΄‘μœ μ „ν•™μ΄λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
07:34
This field has now come to be known as "optogenetics."
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07:37
And just as one example of the kind of thing you can do,
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μ‰¬μš΄ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄, λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„,
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό λ°€μ§‘λœ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— μžˆλŠ”
07:40
you can take a complex network,
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07:41
use one of these viruses to deliver the gene
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ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œ
μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 데에 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
just to one kind of cell in this dense network.
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07:46
And then when you shine light on the entire network,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 전체에 빛을 λΉ„μΆ”λ©΄,
07:48
just that cell type will be activated.
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μœ μ „μžκ°€ μ „λ‹¬λœ μ„Έν¬λ§Œ ν™œμ„±λ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
For example, let's consider that basket cell I told you about earlier,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ œκ°€ 전에 λ§ν•œ λ°”κ΅¬λ‹ˆ 세포λ₯Ό 생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
μ •μ‹  λΆ„μ—΄μ¦μ—μ„œ μœ„μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”
07:54
the one that's atrophied in schizophrenia
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μ–΅μ œ μ„Έν¬λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
and the one that is inhibitory.
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λ§Œμ•½ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 이 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ 전달할 수 있고,
07:58
If we can deliver that gene to these cells --
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λ¬Όλ‘  μœ μ „μžμ˜ ν‘œμΆœλ‘œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ λ°”λ€Œμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” ν•œμ—μ„œ,
08:00
they won't be altered by the expression of the gene, of course --
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λ‡Œμ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— νŒŒλž€ 빛을 λΉ„μΆ˜λ‹€λ©΄
08:03
then flash blue light over the entire brain network,
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08:05
just these cells are going to be driven.
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λ°”κ΅¬λ‹ˆ μ„Έν¬λ“€λ§Œ 뢀각될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 빛을 끄면, 이 세포듀은 λ‹€μ‹œ μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€,
08:08
And when the light turns off, these cells go back to normal;
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빛에 κ±°λΆ€λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이지 μ•Šκ² μ£ .
08:10
there don't seem to be adverse events.
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08:12
Not only can you study what these cells do,
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이 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯μ—λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
08:14
what their power is in computing in the brain,
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯,
그리고 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ ν™œλ™κ³Όλ„ 연관지을 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
you can also use this to try to figure out
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세포듀이 μœ„μΆ•λ˜λŠ” ν•œμ—μ„œμš”.
08:19
if we could jazz up the activity of these cells
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세포듀이 μœ„μΆ•λ˜λŠ” ν•œμ—μ„œμš”.
08:21
if indeed, they're atrophied.
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08:22
I want to tell you some short stories about how we're using this
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이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 과학적, μž„μƒμ ,
그리고 μž„μƒ μ „μ˜ 단계 λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ
08:25
both at the scientific clinical and preclinical levels.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό ν• κΉŒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
One of the questions that we've confronted is:
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저희가 λŒ€λ©΄ν–ˆλ˜ 질문 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”,
08:31
What signals in the brain mediate the sensation of reward?
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λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 보상심리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄λƒλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
Because if you could find those,
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κ·Έ 해닡을 μ•Œκ²Œλ˜λ©΄,
08:36
those would be some of the signals that could drive learning;
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배움을 μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ•Œκ²Œ 될 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
λ‡ŒλŠ” 무슨 보상을 λ°›λ˜μ§€ 계속 ν• κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
the brain will do more of what got that reward.
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그리고 쀑독같은 μ§ˆν™˜μ—μ„  λΉ—λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
These are also signals that go awry in disorders such as addiction.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ κ·Έ 세포듀이 무엇인지 μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
08:44
So if we could figure out what cells they are, we could maybe find new targets
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„
μ–΄λ–€ 약을 μ œμž‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ°€λ €λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€,
08:48
for which drugs can be designed or screened against
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄
08:50
or maybe places where electrodes could be put in
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전극을 놓을 수 μžˆλŠ” 곳에 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
for people who have severe disability.
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08:54
To do that, we came up with a very simple paradigm
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μ΄λŸ°κ²ƒμ„ μœ„ν•΄, μ €ν¬λŠ” ν”Όμ˜€λ λΌ 그룹과의 ν˜‘λ ₯으둜
κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
08:57
in collaboration with the Fiorillo group,
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이 μž‘μ€ λ°•μŠ€ 쀑 ν•œ 곳에,
08:59
where, if the animal goes to one side of this little box,
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동물이 κ°€κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄, κ·Έ 동물은 λΉ›μ˜ νŒŒλ™μ„ λ°›μ•„
09:01
it gets a pulse of light.
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각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‡Œμ„Έν¬κ°€ 빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
And we'll make different cells in the brain sensitive to light.
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κ·Έ 세포듀은 보상을 μ‘°μ •ν•΄,
09:06
If these cells can mediate reward, the animal should go there more and more.
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κ·Έ 동물은 계속 κ·Έ 곳으둜 ν–₯ν• κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이것이 νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„μ˜ ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
And that's what happens.
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09:10
The animal goes to the right-hand side and pokes his nose there
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이 동물은 였λ₯Έμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°„ λ’€ μ½”λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ°€ 것이고,
κ·Έ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ νŒŒλž€λΉ›μ„ λ°›κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
and gets a flash of blue light every time he does it.
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이 과정을 수백번 ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
He'll do that hundreds of times.
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό λ‰΄λŸ°μ΄λž€ 것이 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
09:17
These are the dopamine neurons,
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μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λΆ„ 쀑 λͺ‡λΆ„κ»˜μ„  λ‡Œμ˜ μΎŒλ½μ€‘μΆ”μ— κ΄€ν•΄ 듀어보신 적이 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
in some of the pleasure centers in the brain.
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ 저희가 이 짧은 ν™œμ„±ν™”λ‘œ
09:21
We've shown that a brief activation of these is enough to drive learning.
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배움을 μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄κΈ° μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ Έμ£ .
이제 이것을 λ³΄νŽΈν™”ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
Now we can generalize the idea.
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λ‡Œμ˜ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„ λŒ€μ‹ ,
09:27
Instead of one point in the brain, we can devise devices that span the brain,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œμ— μžλ¦¬μž‘λŠ” κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό κ³ μ•ˆν•΄,
3차원 νŒ¨ν„΄μœΌλ‘œ 빛을 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:31
that can deliver light into three-dimensional patterns --
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즉, κ΄‘μ„¬μœ  λ°°μ—΄λ‘œ 된,
09:33
arrays of optical fibers,
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각각이 λ…μžμ μΈ μΆ•μ†Œλœ λΉ›μ˜ κ·Όμ›μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ νŒ¨ν„΄λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
each coupled to its own independent miniature light source.
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그리고 μ ‘μ‹œμ—μ„œλ§Œ ν•΄μ™”λ˜ 것듀을
09:37
Then we can try to do things in vivo
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μ²΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄,
09:39
that have only been done to date in a dish,
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09:41
like high-throughput screening throughout the entire brain
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λ‡Œ 전체에 걸쳐 νŠΉμ • 일을 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 높은 μ²˜λ¦¬λŸ‰ 같은 것을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:44
for the signals that can cause certain things to happen
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이런 것은 λ‡Œμ§ˆν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ 쒋은
09:47
or that could be good clinical targets for treating brain disorders.
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μž„μƒ λŒ€μƒμ΄ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³ ν”ˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것은
09:50
One story I want to tell you about is:
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 외상 ν›„ 슀트레슀λ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ νƒ€κ²Ÿμ„ μ°ΎλŠ”κ°€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
How can we find targets for treating post-traumatic stress disorder,
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κ·Έ μ§ˆν™˜μ€ μ–΅μ œλ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λΆˆμ•ˆκ³Ό 곡포λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³ μžˆμ£ .
09:55
a form of uncontrolled anxiety and fear?
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저희가 ν•œ 것 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
09:58
One of the things that we did was to adopt a very classical model of fear.
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곡포의 고전적인 사둀λ₯Ό νƒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
This goes back to the Pavlovian days.
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νŒŒλΈ”λ‘œλΈŒ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
10:05
It's called Pavlovian fear conditioning, where a tone ends with a brief shock.
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νŒŒλΈ”λ‘œλΈŒ 곡포 쑰건화라고 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ΄ 짧은 자극으둜 λλ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
The shock isn't painful, but it's a little annoying.
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이 μžκ·Ήμ€ κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ½μ§„ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ μ„±κ°€μ‹œμ£ .
그리고 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œβ€”μ΄ 상황에선,
10:12
And over time -- in this case, a mouse,
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보톡 이런 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  λ•Œ 쒋은 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ λ˜λŠ” μ₯κ°€ –
10:14
which is a good animal model, commonly used in such experiments --
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μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ— 곡포λ₯Ό 느끼게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
the animal learns to fear the tone.
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μ₯λŠ” λͺΈμ΄ μ–Όμ–΄λΆ™λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μΌκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
It will react by freezing, sort of like a deer in the headlights.
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μ „μ‘°λ“± μ•žμ— μ„  μ‚¬μŠ΄μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
10:21
Now the question is: What targets in the brain can we find
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μƒκΈ°λŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€, λ‡Œμ— μ–΄λ–€ νƒ€κ²Ÿμ„ μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ
10:24
that allow us to overcome this fear?
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이런 곡포λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ„,
10:27
So we play that tone again, after it's been associated with fear.
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곡포λ₯Ό 느끼게 ν•œ ν›„ λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λ²ˆμ—” μ œκ°€ μ•„κΉŒ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦°
10:31
But we activate different targets in the brain,
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κ΄‘μ„¬μœ  배열을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄, λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œμ— νƒ€κ²Ÿμ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ λ’€,
10:33
using that optical fiber array I showed on the previous slide,
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μ–΄λ–€ νƒ€κ²Ÿμ΄ λ‡Œκ°€ 곡포λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λ˜ κΈ°μ–΅μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
10:36
in order to try and figure out
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10:37
which targets can cause the brain to overcome that memory of fear.
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κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 짧은 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λŠ”
10:41
This brief video shows you one of these targets
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저희가 ν˜„μž¬ μž‘μ—…ν•˜λŠ” νƒ€κ²Ÿ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
that we're working on now.
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10:44
This is an area in the prefrontal cortex, a region where we can use cognition
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μ΄λŠ” 전두엽 ν”Όμ§ˆ μ•ˆ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ,
이 뢀뢄은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 인식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ 혐였적 κ°μ •μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λ €ν•˜λŠ” κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
to try to overcome aversive emotional states.
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동물이 μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ„ λ“£κ²Œλ  것이고, 섬광이 μ €κΈ°μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€μš”.
10:50
The animal hears a tone. A flash of light occurs.
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μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ•ˆλ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ, 동물이 κ΅³μ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
There's no audio, but you see that the animal freezes --
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이 μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ€ μ•ˆμ’‹μ€ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ˜λ―Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
the tone used to mean bad news.
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μ•„λž˜μ— μ™Όμͺ½ λͺ¨μ„œλ¦¬μ— μž‘μ€ μ‹œκ³„κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
10:56
There's a little clock in the lower left-hand corner.
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μ € μ₯κ°€ 2λΆ„λ™μ•ˆ μ΄λž¬λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
You can see the animal is about two minutes into this.
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λ‹€μŒ 클립은 8λΆ„ν›„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
This next clip is just eight minutes later.
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λ‹€μŒ 클립은 8λΆ„ν›„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
And the same tone is going to play, and the light is going to flash again.
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같은 μ‹ ν˜ΈμŒμ΄ 울릴 것이고, 빛이 λ‹€μ‹œ λΉ„μΆ°μ§ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ˜€μΌ€μ΄, μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆμš”.
11:08
OK, there it goes. Right ... now.
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ 10λΆ„λ™μ•ˆ,
11:11
And now you can see, just 10 minutes into the experiment,
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저희가 μ₯μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό κ΄‘ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨
11:14
that we've equipped the brain, by photoactivating this area,
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곡포의 기얡을 κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
to overcome the expression of this fear memory.
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곡포의 기얡을 κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡λ…„κ°„, μ €ν¬λŠ” 생λͺ…λ‚˜λ¬΄(tree of life)둜 λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€,
11:21
Over the last couple years, we've gone back to the tree of life,
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λ‡Œμ˜ 회둜λ₯Ό λ„λŠ” 방법을 찾고자 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
because we wanted to find ways to turn circuits in the brain off.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄, νš¨κ³Όκ°€ 막강할 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
If we could do that, this could be extremely powerful.
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11:29
If you can delete cells for a few milliseconds or seconds,
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λ§Œμ•½ 1초, λ˜λŠ”1000λΆ„μ˜ 1μ΄ˆκ°„ 세포λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
11:32
you can figure out what role they play in the circuits in which they're embedded.
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그것이 νšŒλ‘œμ—μ„œ ν•˜λŠ” 일이
무엇인지 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
We surveyed organisms from all over the tree of life --
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그리고 μ €ν¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— 걸친 생물듀을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³΄λŠ”, 동물을 μ œμ™Έν•œ μ‚Άμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
every kingdom of life but animals; we see slightly differently.
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄, ν• λ‘œλ‘œλ„μŠ€ν•€μŠ€ (halorhodopsins) λ˜λŠ” μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ‘œλ„νμ‹ μŠ€ (archaerhodopsins) 이라 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
11:42
We found molecules called halorhodopsins or archaerhodopsins,
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰κ³Ό λ…Έλž€μƒ‰ λΆˆμ— λ°˜μ‘ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
that respond to green and yellow light.
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11:46
And they do the opposite of the molecule I told you about before,
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그런 λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ œκ°€ μ•„κΉŒ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œ νŒŒλž€ λΆˆλΉ›μ˜ ν™œμ„±μ²΄μΈ
μ±„λ„λ‘œλ•μ‹  (channelrhodopsin) κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
with the blue light activator, channelrhodopsin.
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11:52
Let's give an example of where we think this is going to go.
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이것에 κ΄€ν•œ 예λ₯Ό λ§ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
Consider, for example, a condition like epilepsy,
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κ°„μ§ˆκ³Ό 같이, λ‡Œκ°€ κ³Όλ„ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œλ™μ μΈ 상황을
11:58
where the brain is overactive.
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생각해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
12:00
Now, if drugs fail in epileptic treatment,
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λ§Œμ•½ 약물이 κ°„μ§ˆ 치료λ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
12:02
one of the strategies is to remove part of the brain,
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λŒ€μ•ˆ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 되돌릴 수 μ—†κ³ , λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ λ™λ°˜ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
but that's irreversible, and there could be side effects.
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό μž κΉλ™μ•ˆ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ •μ§€μ‹œμΌœ,
12:07
What if we could just turn off that brain for the brief amount of time
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λ°œμž‘μ΄ λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ λ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€λ§Œ,
12:11
until the seizure dies away,
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12:12
and cause the brain to be restored to its initial state,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 초기의 μƒνƒœλ‘œ 되돌리게 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
12:15
like a dynamical system that's being coaxed down into a stable state?
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κΌ­ μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ˜λŠ” 역학적인 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
이 μ• λ‹ˆλ©”μ΄μ…˜μ€ μ € 세포듀이 λΆˆμ„ 끔에 따라
12:19
This animation tries to explain this concept
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12:21
where we made these cells sensitive to being turned off with light,
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민감해지고, λ‹€μ‹œ 빛을 쬐면, κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ
저희가 끄길 μ›ν•˜λŠ”
12:24
and we beam light in,
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12:25
and just for the time it takes to shut down a seizure,
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λ°œμž‘λ„ λ©ˆμΆ°μ§€κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ”
κ°œλ…μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:28
we're hoping to be able to turn it off.
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비둝 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” μžλ£ŒλŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
12:30
We don't have data to show you on this front,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 ν₯λΆ„λœ μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
but we're very excited about this.
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12:33
I want to close on one story, which we think is another possibility,
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이야기 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 마무리λ₯Ό μ§€μœΌλ € ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°€λŠ₯성에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
which is that maybe these molecules, if you can do ultraprecise control,
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λ§Œμ•½ 저희가 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ΄ˆμ •λ°€ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄,
λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 빛을 μ΄μš©ν•œ
12:40
can be used in the brain itself to make a new kind of prosthetic,
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인곡 κΈ°κ΄€ μ’…λ₯˜λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
an optical prosthetic.
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μ œκ°€ 이미 μ „μž 자극μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” ν”ν•œκ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
12:45
I already told you that electrical stimulators are not uncommon.
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7만 5천λͺ…μ˜ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ λ‡Œμ† κΉŠμˆ™νžˆ 자극μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μ‹¬μ–΄μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
Seventy-five thousand people
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12:49
have Parkinson's deep-brain stimulators implanted,
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 10만λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ“£λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
12:51
maybe 100,000 people have cochlear implants, which allow them to hear.
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λ‹¬νŒ½μ΄κ΄€ μ΄μ‹μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν–ˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹€λ₯Έ 사싀 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ£Όμž…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
Another thing -- you've got to get these genes into cells.
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그리고 μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œμ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œλ‘œμš΄ 희망이 점차둜 λ°œμ „ν–ˆλ“ λ°
12:58
A new hope in gene therapy has been developed,
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13:00
because viruses like the adeno-associated virus --
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λΆ„λΉ„μ„  κ΄€λ ¨ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ“€μ€,
μ•„λ§ˆ 이 μž₯μ†Œμ— μžˆλŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ€‘ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 가지고 μžˆμ„κ²ƒμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ³ ,
13:03
which probably most of us around this room have;
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아무 증상도 λ™λ°˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
13:05
it doesn't have any symptoms --
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수백λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈ λ˜λŠ” λ‡Œ μ†μœΌλ‘œ
13:07
have been used in hundreds of patients
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13:08
to deliver genes into the brain or the body.
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
And so far, there have not been serious adverse events
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ”, 이 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ κ΄€λ ¨ 뢀정적 사건듀은
ν•œλ²ˆλ„ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:13
associated with the virus.
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13:14
There's one last elephant in the room: the proteins themselves,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 이 μž₯μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, μ‘°λ₯˜μ™€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„,
13:17
which come from algae, bacteria and funguses
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 온 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμžμ²΄λ“€μ€
13:19
and all over the tree of life.
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생λͺ…λ‚˜λ¬΄ 전체에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
Most of us don't have funguses or algae in our brains,
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우리 쀑 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ λ‡Œμ— κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λ‚˜ μ‘°λ₯˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
λ§Œμ•½ 그런 것을 λ‡Œμ— μ£Όμž…ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
13:24
so what will our brain do if we put that in?
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세포듀이 κ²¬λŽŒλ‚ΌκΉŒμš”? 면역체계가 λ°˜μ‘ν• κΉŒμš”?
13:26
Will the cells tolerate it? Will the immune system react?
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μ˜ˆμ „μ—”, μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 이런 것이 행해지지 μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
13:28
It's early -- these haven't been done in humans yet --
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μ§€κΈˆ μ €ν¬λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ μžˆκ³ 
13:31
but we're working on a variety of studies to examine this.
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μ‘°μ‚¬μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό 빛에 쬀을 λ•Œ
13:34
So far, we haven't seen overt reactions of any severity
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κ²©ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ€
13:37
to these molecules
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13:38
or to the illumination of the brain with light.
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저희가 λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ˜ˆμ „ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ†”μ§νžˆ, μ €ν¬λŠ” λ“€λœ¬ μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:42
So it's early days, to be upfront, but we're excited about it.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ μ–˜κΈ°λ§Œ λ”ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
I wanted to close with one story,
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13:46
which we think could potentially be a clinical application.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이것이 잠재적으둜
μž„μƒμ  κΈ°λŠ₯이 될거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:50
Now, there are many forms of blindness
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λ§Ήλͺ©μ—” μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
빛을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€
13:53
where the photoreceptors -- light sensors in the back of our eye --
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우리의 눈 뒀에 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ μ—†μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
are gone.
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13:57
And the retina is a complex structure.
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λ¬Όλ‘  망막은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰둜 λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:59
Let's zoom in on it so we can see it in more detail.
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이 뢀뢄을 ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ, κ·Έκ±Έ 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄ 세포듀은 μœ—λΆ€λΆ„μ— μžˆλŠ”λ°,
14:02
The photoreceptor cells are shown here at the top.
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14:04
The signals that are detected by the photoreceptors are transformed
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄λ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ°μ§€λœ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 계산을 톡해
ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ³€ν˜•ν•΄, λ°‘μ—μ„œ 세포측인,
14:08
via various computations
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μ‹ κ²½μ ˆ 세포측이 λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄
14:09
until finally, the layer of cells at the bottom, the ganglion cells,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈμ‹ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œλ‘œ
14:12
relay the information to the brain,
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정보λ₯Ό 보내어 κ΅μ²΄ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
where we see that as perception.
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μƒ‰μ†Œμ„± λ§λ§‰μ—Όμ΄λ‚˜
14:16
In many forms of blindness, like retinitis pigmentosa
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14:18
or macular degeneration,
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μ‹œλ ₯감퇴와 같은 λ§Žμ€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ§Ήλͺ©μ€
14:20
the photoreceptor cells have atrophied or been destroyed.
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κ΄‘μˆ˜μš©μ²΄ 세포듀이 μœ„μΆ•λ˜ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ μ†μƒλ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:23
Now, how could you repair this?
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이것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ³ μΉ κΉŒμš”?
14:25
It's not even clear that a drug could cause this to be restored,
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약물이 이런 증상을 νšŒλ³΅μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒλ„ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ°μš”,
14:28
since there's nothing for the drug to bind to.
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약물이 λ¬Άμ—¬μžˆμ„ λ§Œν•œ 것이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
On the other hand, light can still get into the eye.
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λ°˜λ©΄μ—, 빛은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ λˆˆμ†μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
빛은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 투λͺ…ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έκ±Έ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 듀여보낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
The eye is still transparent and you can get light in.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλƒ₯ 이 μ±„λ„λ‘œλ•μ‹  (channelrhodopsins) κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ
14:36
So what if we could take these channelrhodopsins and other molecules
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λ‚¨λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀에 놓아 이듀을 μ„€μΉ˜μ‹œμΌœμ„œ
14:39
and install them on some of these other spared cells
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μΉ΄λ©”λΌμ²˜λŸΌ λ°”κΏ€μˆ˜ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”.
14:41
and convert them into little cameras?
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눈 μ•ˆμ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ λ§Žμ€ 세포가 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
14:43
And because there are so many of these cells in the eye,
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잠재적으둜 그듀은 κ³ ν™”μ§ˆ 카메라가 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
potentially, they could be very high-resolution cameras.
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이것이 저희가 ν•˜κ³ μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ—…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:48
This is some work that we're doing,
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저희와 곡동 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” USC의
14:50
led by one of our collaborators, Alan Horsager at USC,
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μ•¨λŸ° ν™€μƒˆκ±°μ”¨κ°€ κ°λ…ν•˜κ³  있고,
14:53
and being sought to be commercialized by a start-up company, Eos Neuroscience,
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NIHμ—μ„œ μžκΈˆμ„ λ°›μ•„ μ°½μ—… νšŒμ‚¬μΈ 이였슀 λ‰΄λ‘œμ‚¬μ΄μ–ΈμŠ€ (Eos Neuroscience) κ°€
μƒμ—…ν™”ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:57
which is funded by the NIH.
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14:58
What you see here is a mouse trying to solve a six-arm maze.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 μ₯κ°€ 미둜λ₯Ό νƒˆμΆœν•˜λ € ν•˜λŠ” μž₯λ©΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
6λ°©ν–₯ λ―Έλ‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έλ‘œμ—” μ•½κ°„μ˜ 물이 μžˆμ–΄
15:01
There's a bit of water to motivate the mouse to move or he'll just sit there.
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μ₯λ₯Ό μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ₯λŠ” κ·Έλƒ₯ μ•‰μ•„μžˆκ² μ£ .
λ¬Όλ‘ , 미둜 λμ—λŠ” λ¬Όμ—μ„œ λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ–΄
15:05
The goal of this maze is to get out of the water
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μœ„μ— λΉ›λ‚˜λŠ” 포트 밑에 μžˆλŠ”
15:07
and go to a little platform that's under the lit top port.
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μž‘μ€ ν”Œλž«νΌμœΌλ‘œ 갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ₯λŠ” λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄μ„œ, κ²°κ΅­ 미둜λ₯Ό λ‚˜κ°€κ²Œ λ˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
15:11
Mice are smart, so this one solves the maze eventually,
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15:13
but he does a brute-force search.
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λ™λ¬Όμ μœΌλ‘œ 쑰사λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:15
He's swimming down every avenue until he finally gets to the platform.
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λͺ¨λ“  길을 일일히 헀엄쳐 ν”Œλž«νΌκΉŒμ§€ κ°€κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
15:18
He's not using vision to do it.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ‹œλ ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έκ±Έ ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§„ μ•ŠλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
15:20
These different mice are different mutations
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이 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ₯λŠ” λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μΈλ°,
μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” λ§Ήλͺ©κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
that recapitulate different kinds of blindness that affect humans.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λ ˆ 연ꡬ해,
15:26
So we're being careful in trying to look at these different models
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λ³΄νŽΈν™”λœ 접근에 이λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
so we come up with a generalized approach.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이것을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠλƒ?
15:31
So how can we solve this?
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κ·Έ μ „ μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμ—μ„œ 보인 것과 κ°™κ²Œ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
We'll do exactly what we outlined in the previous slide.
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이 ν‘Έλ₯ΈλΉ› 감광μž₯치λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
15:35
We'll take these blue light photo sensors
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눈 뒀에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ λ§λ§‰μ˜
15:37
and install them onto a layer of cells
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쀑앙에 μžˆλŠ” 세포막에 놓아
15:39
in the middle of the retina in the back of the eye
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15:41
and convert them into a camera --
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μΉ΄λ©”λΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ 놓을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
just like installing solar cells all over those neurons
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λ‰΄λŸ°λ“€μ„ 빛에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
νƒœμ–‘ 전지λ₯Ό μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜λ“―μ΄ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
15:46
to make them light-sensitive.
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15:47
Light is converted to electricity on them.
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κ·Έλ“€λ‘œ 인해 빛은 μ „κΈ°λ‘œ λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:49
So this mouse was blind a couple weeks before this experiment
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이 μ₯λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜ μ „ λͺ‡μ£Όκ°„ 눈이 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
15:52
and received one dose of this photosensitive molecule on a virus.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ•ˆμ— λ„£μ–΄λ‘” 빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ£Όμž…λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이제 λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ₯λŠ” 벽을 ν”Όν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
15:56
And now you can see, the animal can indeed avoid walls
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μž‘μ€ ν”Œλž«νΌμœΌλ‘œ κ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜
15:58
and go to this little platform
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λˆˆμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:00
and make cognitive use of its eyes again.
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μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 강점을 λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄,
16:03
And to point out the power of this:
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이 동물듀은 그듀이 μ‚΄μ•„μ˜€λ©° λ³Έ λ™λ¬Όλ“€λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜
16:05
these animals can get to that platform
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16:06
just as fast as animals that have seen their entire lives.
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ν”Œλž«νΌμ— λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 도달할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μž„μƒ μ „ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”, 제 생각엔,
16:09
So this preclinical study, I think, bodes hope
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ— λ°”λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ˜
16:11
for the kinds of things we're hoping to do in the future.
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쒋은 징쑰가 될 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
결둠적으둜, μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜κ³  싢은 것은 μ €ν¬λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ 기술의
16:15
We're also exploring new business models for this new field of neurotechnology.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 일을 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—¬λŸ¬ 도ꡬ듀을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
16:20
We're developing tools and sharing them freely
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ κ·Έλ£Ήκ³Ό 무료둜 κ³΅μœ ν•΄, 갖가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„
16:22
with hundreds of groups all over the world
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:24
for them to study and try to treat different disorders.
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μ €ν¬μ˜ 희망은, λ‡Œ 회둜λ₯Ό 저희가 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ³ 
16:26
Our hope is that by figuring out brain circuits
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μ œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄,
16:29
at a level of abstraction that lets us repair them and engineer them,
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μ œκ°€ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆλ˜ 닀루기 νž˜λ“  μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€,
16:32
we can take some of these intractable disorders I mentioned earlier,
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 병듀을 가지고,
16:35
practically none of which are cured,
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21μ„ΈκΈ°μ—” 그것듀을 과거둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ² λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:37
and in the 21st century, make them history.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€!
16:39
Thank you.
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16:40
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
16:53
Juan Enriquez: So some of this stuff is a little dense.
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ν›„μ•ˆ μ—”λ¦¬ν€˜μ¦ˆ: 이것듀쀑 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ’€ λ‚œν•΄ν•˜κ΅°μš”.
16:56
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜
16:59
But the implications of being able to control seizures or epilepsy
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μ•½λŒ€μ‹  λΉ›μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμž‘μ΄λ‚˜ κ°„μ§ˆμ„ μ‘°μ •ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄
17:03
with light instead of drugs
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것과
17:05
and being able to target those specifically
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ“€λ§Œμ„ νŠΉμ •ν•˜κ²Œ νƒ€κ²ŸμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
17:08
is a first step.
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μ•”μ‹œλŠ” 첫번째 λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:10
The second thing that I think I heard you say
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제 생각에 μ œκ°€ 말을 듀은 λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 이제 λ‡Œλ₯Ό
17:12
is you can now control the brain in two colors,
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두가지 μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ’…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것 κ°™μ€λ°μš”.
켜고 λ„λŠ” μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
17:17
like an on-off switch.
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μ—λ“œ 보이덴: λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:18
Ed Boyden: That's right.
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ν›„μ•ˆ: 그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μžκ·Ήμ€ λ‡Œ μ†μœΌλ‘œ 2진 λΆ€ν˜Έλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ² κ΅¬μš”.
17:20
JE: Which makes every impulse going through the brain a binary code.
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μ—λ“œ: λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μš”.
17:23
EB: Right.
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17:24
With blue light, we can drive information, and it's in the form of a one.
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νŒŒλž€ λΉ›μœΌλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정보λ₯Ό 얻을 수 있고, 1의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 있게되죠.
더 λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ²Œ λ°”κΎΈλ©΄, μ•„λ§ˆ 0 이 λ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
17:28
And by turning things off, it's more or less a zero.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ €ν¬μ˜ 희망은 κ²°κ΅­ λ‡Œμ˜ 보쑰 처리기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
17:30
Our hope is to eventually build brain coprocessors that work with the brain
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λ‡Œμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘λ™ν•΄,
μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ”ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:34
so we can augment functions in people with disabilities.
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17:36
JE: And in theory, that means that, as a mouse feels, smells, hears, touches,
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ν›„μ•ˆ: 그리고 이둠으둠,
μ₯κ°€ 느끼고, λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑고,
λ“£κ³ , λ§Œμ§€κ²Œ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ,
17:42
you can model it out as a string of ones and zeros.
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당신이 κ·Έκ±Έ 1κ³Ό 0의 μ—΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
17:45
EB: Yeah. We're hoping to use this as a way of testing
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μ—λ“œ: λ¬Όλ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €ν¬λŠ” 이것을 μ–΄λ–€ μ‹ κ²½ μ½”λ“œκ°€
νŠΉμ •ν•œ 행동과 생각, 감정을 μœ λ°œμ‹œν‚€λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
17:48
what neural codes can drive certain behaviors
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄,
17:50
and certain thoughts and certain feelings
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ’€ 더 이해할 수 있게 희망을 κ±Έκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:52
and use that to understand more about the brain.
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17:54
JE: Does that mean that someday you could download memories
411
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ν›„μ•ˆ: 그럼 μ–Έμ  κ°„ 기얡을 λ‹€μš΄λ‘œλ“œν•΄μ„œ,
17:57
and maybe upload them?
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또 μ—…λ‘œλ“œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬μΈκ°€μš”?
17:59
EB: That's something we're starting to work on very hard.
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μ—λ“œ: 음. 그건 저희가 μ§€κΈˆ μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ μΌν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μ•Όλžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €ν¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ λ…ΉμŒν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ”λΆˆμ–΄
18:02
We're now working on trying to tile the brain with recording elements, too,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό νƒ€μΌλ§ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:05
so we can record information and then drive information back in --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 정보λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ λΉΌλ‚Ό 수 있게 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:08
sort of computing what the brain needs
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마치 λ‡Œμ˜ 정보 과정을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‡Œκ°€
18:10
in order to augment its information processing.
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무엇을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것 처럼 λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
18:12
JE: Well, that might change a couple things. Thank you.
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ν›„μ•ˆ: 흠, 그건 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈκ² κ΅°μš”. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ—λ“œ: κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.)
18:15
EB: Thank you.
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(짝짝짝)
18:16
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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