Helping humans and animals live together | Jane Goodall

68,012 views ใƒป 2008-09-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:19
Good afternoon, good evening, whatever.
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ืขืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
00:23
We can go, jambo, guten Abend, bonsoir,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ื’'ืžื‘ื•, ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ืกื•ืืจ,
00:28
but we can also ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh.
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ื•ื’ื -- ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•, ืื•.
00:38
That is the call that chimpanzees make
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
00:41
before they go to sleep in the evening.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘.
00:43
You hear it going from one side of the valley to the other,
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืง ืืœ ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:47
from one group of nests to the next.
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ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืช ืœื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื”.
00:51
And I want to pick up with my talk this evening
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
00:54
from where Zeray left off yesterday.
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื–ืจืื™ ืกื™ื™ื ืืชืžื•ืœ.
00:59
He was talking about this amazing, three-year-old Australopithecine child, Selam.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ืชืงื•ืก ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืกืืœืื.
01:05
And we've also been hearing about the history, the family tree, of mankind
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
01:12
through DNA genetic profiling.
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ื“ืจืš ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™.ืืŸ.ืื™ื™..
01:15
And it was a paleontologist, the late Louis Leakey,
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ื”ืคืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’, ืœื•ืื™ืก ืœื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—,
01:20
who actually set me on the path for studying chimpanzees.
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ืกืœืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
01:24
And it was pretty extraordinary, way back then.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
01:27
It's kind of commonplace now,
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—.
01:29
but his argument was -- because he'd been searching
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ
01:32
for the fossilized remains of early humans in Africa.
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ืืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:37
And you can tell an awful lot
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ
01:40
about what those beings looked like from the fossils,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
01:43
from the shape of the muscle attachments,
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
01:46
something about the way they lived
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:48
from the various artifacts found with them.
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ืžื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืื™ืชื.
01:51
But what about how they behaved? That's what he wanted to know.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื? ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช.
01:55
And of course, behavior doesn't fossilize.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื ืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
01:57
He argued -- and it's now a fairly common theory --
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ -- ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช --
02:00
that if we found behavior patterns similar or the same
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ืฉืื ื ืžืฆื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:07
in our closest living relatives, the great apes, and humans today,
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ืงื•ืคื™-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
02:11
then maybe those behaviors were present in the ape-like,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื
02:15
human-like ancestor some seven million years ago.
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืงื•ืคื™-ื”ืขืœ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื ื™ 7 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:19
And therefore, perhaps we had brought those characteristics with us
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืขื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:23
from that ancient, ancient past.
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ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
02:25
Well, if you look in textbooks today that deal with human evolution,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:31
you very often find people speculating about how early humans
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ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
02:35
may have behaved, based on the behavior of chimpanzees.
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
02:39
They are more like us than any other living creature,
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ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืื—ืจ,
02:43
and we've heard about that during this TED Conference.
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ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ TED.
02:46
So it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees
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ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
02:51
are so like us, in certain aspects of their behavior.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
02:57
Every chimpanzee has his or her own personality.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืื• ืžืฉืœื”.
03:00
Of course, I gave them names. They can live to be 60 years or more,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 60 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:04
although we think most of them probably don't make it to 60 in the wild.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™, ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ 60 ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:09
Mr. Wurzel. The female has her first baby when she's 11 or 12.
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ืžืจ ื•ื•ืจืฆืœ. ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืžืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11 ืื• 12.
03:15
Thereafter, she has one baby only every five or six years,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืจืง ืื—ืช ืœ-5 ืื• 6 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:19
a long period of childhood dependency when the child is nursing,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืชื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืง,
03:24
sleeping with the mother at night, and riding on her back.
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ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ืืžื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื”.
03:28
And we believe that this long period of childhood
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:31
is important for chimpanzees, just as it is for us, in relation to learning.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืœืฉื ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
03:36
As the brain becomes ever more complex
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:38
during evolution in different forms of animals,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:42
so we find that learning plays an ever more important role
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:45
in an individual's life history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
03:48
And young chimpanzees spend a lot of time watching what their elders do.
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
03:52
We know now that they're capable of imitating behaviors that they see.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื.
03:58
And we believe that it's in this way
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”
04:01
that the different tool-using behaviors -- that have now been seen
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ-ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฆืคื•
04:04
in all the different chimpanzee populations studied in Africa --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” --
04:08
how these are passed from one generation to the next,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ
04:11
through observation, imitation and practice,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช, ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ,
04:14
so that we can describe these tool-using behaviors as primitive culture.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ-ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
04:19
Chimpanzees don't have a spoken language. We've talked about that.
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ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
04:23
They do have a very rich repertoire of postures and gestures,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ืช,
04:27
many of which are similar, or even identical, to ours
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.
04:31
and formed in the same context. Greeting chimpanzees embracing.
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:35
They also kiss, hold hands, pat one another on the back.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืชื ืฉืงื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘.
04:38
And they swagger and they throw rocks.
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ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืกืœืขื™ื.
04:42
In chimpanzee society, we find many, many examples of compassion,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”,
04:48
precursors to love and true altruism.
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ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
04:51
Unfortunately, they, like us, have a dark side to their nature.
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•, ืฆื“ ืืคืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื.
04:55
They're capable of extreme brutality, even a kind of primitive war.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื™ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:00
And these really aggressive behaviors, for the most part,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ,
05:03
are directed against individuals of the neighboring social group.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื›ื ื”.
05:07
They are very territorially aggressive.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช.
05:12
Chimpanzees, I believe, more than any other living creature,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืื—ืจ,
05:16
have helped us to understand that, after all, there is no sharp line
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื• ื—ื“ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“
05:20
between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
05:23
It's a very blurry line, and it's getting more blurry all the time
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ
05:27
as we make even more observations.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
05:30
The study that I began in 1960 is still continuing to this day.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื›ืขืช.
05:35
And these chimpanzees, living their complex social lives in the wild,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
05:40
have helped -- more than anything else --
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• -- ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ --
05:43
to make us realize we are part of, and not separated from,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ืœืง, ื•ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื,
05:47
the amazing animals with whom we share the planet.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืžืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
05:50
So it's pretty sad to find that chimpanzees,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
05:53
like so many other creatures around the world, are losing their habitats.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:57
This is just one photograph from the air,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืื—ื“,
06:00
and it shows you the forested highlands of Gombe.
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ื‘ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžื‘ื”.
06:04
And it was when I flew over the whole area, about 16 years ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืกืชื™ ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-16 ืฉื ื™ื,
06:10
and realized that outside the park, this forest,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืืจืง, ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:13
which in 1960 had stretched almost unbroken
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ืฉื‘-1960 ื”ืฉืชืจืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื”
06:16
along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื˜ื ื’ื ื™ืงื”,
06:19
which is where the tiny, 30-square-mile Gombe National Park lies,
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ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื’ื•ืžื‘ื”, ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 80 ืงืž"ืจ,
06:24
that a question came to my mind.
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ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืืœื” --
06:27
"How can we even try to save these famous chimpanzees,
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"ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:31
when the people living around the National Park are struggling to survive?"
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“?"
06:35
More people are living there than the land could possibly support.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœ.
06:39
The numbers increased by refugees pouring in from Burundi
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ืžืกืคืจื ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ื ื“ื™
06:43
and over the lake from Congo.
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ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื’ื ืžืงื•ื ื’ื•.
06:45
And very poor people -- they couldn't afford to buy food from elsewhere.
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:52
This led to a program, which we call TACARE.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื TACARE.
06:55
It's a very holistic way of improving the lives
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
07:00
of the people living in the villages around the park.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืืจืง.
07:03
It started small with 12 villages. It's now in 24.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื 12 ื›ืคืจื™ื. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœ-24.
07:07
There isn't time to go into it, but it's including things like tree nurseries,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืชืœื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื,
07:12
methods of farming most suitable to this now very degraded,
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ืœื“ืœืช,
07:16
almost desert-like land up in these mountains.
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ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:19
Ways of controlling, preventing soil erosion.
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืกื—ืฃ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืชื•.
07:23
Ways of reclaiming overused farmland,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืขืงื‘ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื™ืชืจ
07:26
so that within two years they can again be productive.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:29
Working to help the villagers obtain fresh water from wells.
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ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช.
07:35
Perhaps build some schoolrooms.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ.
07:38
Most important of all, I believe,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:41
is working with small groups of women,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื,
07:45
providing them with opportunities for micro-credit loans.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืฉืจืื™.
07:49
And we've got, as is the case around the world,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
07:52
about 95 percent of all loans returned.
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ื›-95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.
07:56
Empowering women, working with education,
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ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
08:01
providing scholarships for girls so they can finish secondary school,
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ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:07
in the clear understanding that, all around the world,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:10
as women's education improves, family size drops.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืจืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
08:15
We provide information about family planning and about HIV/AIDS.
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ืกื™ืคืงื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
08:20
And as a result of this program,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
08:24
something's happening for conservation.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
08:26
What's happening for conservation is that the farmers living in these 24 villages,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘-24 ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:32
instead of looking on us as a bunch of white people
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
08:35
coming to study a whole bunch of monkeys --
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ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืงื•ืคื™ื --
08:38
and by the way, many of the staff are now Tanzanian --
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื˜ื ื–ื ื™,
08:42
but when we began the TACARE program,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-TACARE,
08:45
it was a Tanzanian team going into the villages.
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืคืจื™ื.
08:48
It was a Tanzanian team talking to the villagers,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื,
08:51
asking what they were interested in.
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ื•ื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
08:53
Were they interested in conservation? Absolutely not.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ? ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืœื.
08:56
They were interested in health; they were interested in education.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
08:59
And as time went on, and as their situation began to improve,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ,
09:06
they began to understand ever more about the need for conservation.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
09:11
They began to understand
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:13
that as the upper levels of the hills were denuded of trees,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช,
09:16
so you've got this terrible soil erosion and mudslides.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื—ืฃ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื.
09:20
Today, we are developing what we call the Greater Gombe Ecosystem.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžื‘ื”".
09:25
This is an area way outside the National Park,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
09:28
stretching out into all these very degraded lands.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
09:32
And as these villages have a better standard of life,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื”,
09:36
they are actually agreeing to put
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ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ
09:38
between 10 percent and 20 percent of their land in the highlands aside,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ืœ-20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช,
09:43
so that once again, as the trees grow back,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
09:47
the chimpanzees will have leafy corridors
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ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื
09:49
through which they can travel to interact --
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ื“ืจื›ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ --
09:52
as they must for genetic viability --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช --
09:55
with other remnant groups outside the National Park.
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ืขื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
09:58
So TACARE is a success.
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TACARE ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
10:02
We're replicating it in other parts of Africa,
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ืื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:05
around other wilderness areas
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ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
10:07
which are faced with extreme population pressure.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
10:10
The problems in Africa, however, as we've been discussing
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื•
10:15
for the whole of these first couple of days of TED,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED,
10:19
are major problems.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
10:22
There is a great deal of poverty.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
10:24
And when you get large numbers of people
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:28
living in land that is not that fertile,
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ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ืจื™ื”,
10:32
particularly when you cut down trees,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
10:34
and you leave the soil open to the wind for erosion,
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ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœืจื•ื— ื•ืœืกื—ืฃ,
10:39
as desperate populations cut down more and more trees,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืจืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆื™ื
10:42
so that they can try and grow food for themselves and their families,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
10:46
what's going to happen? Something's got to give.
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”? ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
10:49
And the other problems -- in not only Africa,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช -- ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:55
but the rest of the developing world and, indeed, everywhere --
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
10:59
what are we doing to our planet?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
11:02
You know, the famous scientist, E. O. Wilson
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ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื. ื. ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ
11:05
said that if every person on this planet
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ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”
11:08
attains the standard of living of the average European or American,
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
11:12
we need three new planets.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:14
Today, they are saying four. But we don't have them. We've got one.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ื“.
11:20
And what's happened? I mean, the question here is, here we are,
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื”? ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•,
11:26
arguably the most intelligent being that's ever walked planet Earth,
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ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:31
with this extraordinary brain,
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
11:33
capable of the kind of technology
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ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
11:36
that is so well illustrated by these TED Conferences,
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื” ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ TED.
11:40
and yet we're destroying the only home we have.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
11:44
The indigenous people around the world,
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ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:47
before they made a major decision,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
11:49
used to sit around and ask themselves,
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ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
11:52
"How does this decision affect our people seven generations ahead?"
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"ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ื• 7 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”?"
11:56
Today, major decisions -- and I'm not particularly talking about Africa here,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช -- ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืืŸ,
12:01
but the developed world --
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— --
12:03
major decisions involving millions of dollars,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
12:06
and millions of people, are often based on,
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ
12:08
"How will this affect the next shareholders' meeting?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช?"
12:11
And these decisions affect Africa.
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ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:13
As I began traveling around Africa
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
12:15
talking about the problems faced by chimpanzees and their vanishing forests,
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
12:20
I realized more and more how so many of Africa's problems
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
12:23
could be laid at the door of previous colonial exploitation.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืงืฃ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
12:28
So I began traveling outside Africa, talking in Europe,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
12:31
talking in the United States, going to Asia.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืืกื™ื”.
12:34
And everywhere there were these terrible problems.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:37
And you know the kind I'm talking about. I'm talking about pollution.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช. ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ --
12:41
The air that we breathe that often poisons us.
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ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
12:44
The earth is poisoning our foods.
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืจืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:46
The water -- water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues
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ื”ืžื™ื -- ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:50
that we're going to face in this century --
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
12:53
and everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
12:56
industrial and household chemicals
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
12:59
that still are being sprayed around the world,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:02
seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience.
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ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
13:07
The mangroves are being cut down;
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ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื™ื,
13:10
the effects of things like the tsunami get worse.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:13
We've talked about the soil erosion.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืกื—ืฃ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
13:15
We have the reckless burning of fossil fuels
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
13:19
along with other greenhouse gasses, so called,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:22
leading to climate change.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื.
13:24
Finally, all around the world, people have begun to believe
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
13:28
that there is something going on very wrong with our climate.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:31
All around the world climates are mixed up.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
13:34
And it's the poor people who are affected worse.
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
13:37
It's Africa that already is affected.
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
13:40
In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the droughts are so much worse.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื”ืจื” ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:44
And when the rain does come, it so often leads to flooding
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“, ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืฆืคื•ืช
13:47
and added distress, and the cycle of poverty and hunger and disease.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
13:54
And the numbers of people living in an area that the land cannot support,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื,
14:00
who are too poor to buy food,
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ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
14:03
who can't move away because the whole land is degraded.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื“ื•ืœื“ืœืช.
14:06
And so you get desertification -- creeping, creeping, creeping --
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ -- ื–ื•ื—ืœ, ื–ื•ื—ืœ, ื–ื•ื—ืœ --
14:12
as the last of the trees are cut down.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื™ื.
14:14
And this kind of thing is not just in Africa. It's all over the world.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:20
So it wasn't surprising to me
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™
14:24
that as I was traveling around the world
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ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:26
I met so many young people who seemed to have lost hope.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
14:30
We seem to have lost wisdom, the wisdom of the indigenous people.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
14:35
I asked a question. "Why?"
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื” -- "ืœืžื”?"
14:38
Well, do you think there could be some kind of disconnect
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืชืง
14:42
between this extraordinarily clever brain,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
14:45
the kind of brain that the TED technologies exemplify,
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ TED ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช,
14:51
and the human heart? Talking about it in the non-scientific term,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™? ืื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืœื ืžื“ืขื™.
14:55
in terms of love and compassion. Is there some disconnect?
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื ืชืง?
15:00
And these young people, when I talk to them,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืื™ืชื,
15:04
basically they were either depressed or apathetic,
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ื ืจืื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืื• ืืคืืชื™ื™ื,
15:07
or bitter and angry. And they said more or less the same thing,
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ืื• ืžืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื. ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
15:11
"We feel this way because we feel you've compromised our future
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื™ื›ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
15:14
and there's nothing we can do about it."
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”."
15:17
We have compromised their future.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
15:19
I've got three little grandchildren, and every time I look at them
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื”ื
15:22
and I think how we've harmed this beautiful planet since I was their age,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืš ืคื’ืขื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื,
15:27
I feel this desperation.
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
15:29
And that led to this program we call Roots and Shoots,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" ("ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื"),
15:32
which began right here in Tanzania
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”
15:35
and has now spread to 97 countries around the world.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœ-97 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:39
It's symbolic. Roots make a firm foundation.
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ื–ื” ืกืžืœื™. ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ืฆืง.
15:42
Shoots seem tiny; to reach the sun they can break through a brick wall.
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ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ --
15:46
See the brick wall as all these problems we've inflicted on the planet,
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ืงื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:50
environmental and social. It's a message of hope.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
15:53
Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world
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ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:56
can break through and can make this a better world for all living things.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:01
The most important message of Roots and Shoots:
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" -
16:04
every single one of us makes a difference, every single day.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื.
16:09
We have a choice. Every one of us in this room,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
16:13
we have a choice as to what kind of difference we want to make.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœืœ.
16:18
The very poor have no choice. It's up to us to change things
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ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:23
so that the poor have choice as well.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
16:26
The Roots and Shoots groups all choose three projects.
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ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
16:30
It depends on how old they are, and which country,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืœื, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
16:34
whether they're in a city or rural, as to what kinds of projects.
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
16:38
But basically, we have programs now from preschool right through university,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
16:42
with more and more adults starting their own Roots and Shoots groups.
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
16:48
And every group chooses, between them,
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ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
16:51
three different kinds of project to make this a better world,
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ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:54
recognizing that all these different problems are interconnected
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ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
16:58
and impinge on each other.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื–ื•.
17:00
So one of their projects will be to help their own human community.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
17:03
And then, if they're able, they may raise money to help communities
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
17:07
in other parts of the world.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:09
One of their projects will be to help animals -- not just wildlife,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช -- ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ,
17:13
domestic animals as well.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
17:15
And one of their projects will be to help the environment that we all share.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื.
17:19
And woven throughout all of this is a message
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ื•ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกืจ
17:23
of learning to live in peace and harmony within ourselves,
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ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•,
17:28
in our families, in our communities, between nations, between cultures,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
17:32
between religions and between us and the natural world.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:36
We need the natural world. We cannot go on destroying it at the rate we are.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
17:41
We not do have more than this one planet.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
17:45
Just picking one or two of the projects right here in Africa
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
17:49
that the Roots and Shoots groups are doing,
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ืฉ"ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
17:52
one or two projects only -- in Tanzania, in Uganda, Kenya,
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื - ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืงื ื™ื”,
17:57
South Africa, Congo-Brazzaville, Sierra Leone, Cameroon
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ืจื–ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ, ืงืžืจื•ืŸ
18:02
and other groups. And as I say, it's in 97 countries around the world.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘-97 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:06
Of course, they're planting trees. They're growing organic vegetables.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
18:10
They're working in the refugee camps, with chickens
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืขื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
18:13
and selling the eggs for a little amount of money,
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืœ,
18:15
or just using them to feed their families,
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ืื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
18:18
and feeling a sense of pride and empowerment,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื”
18:21
because they're no longer helpless and depending on others
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ืฉืข ื•ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื
18:23
with their vegetables and their chickens.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
18:26
It's being used in Uganda
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
18:28
to give some psychological help to ex-child soldiers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืกื™ื•ืข ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
18:33
Doing projects like this is bringing them out of themselves.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขืฆืžื.
18:36
Once again, they're useful members of society.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
18:39
We have this program in prisons as well.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืฆื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ื”ืจ.
18:42
So, there's no time for more Roots and Shoots now.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก" ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
18:45
But -- oh, they're also working on HIV/AIDS.
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ืื‘ืœ -- ืื•ื”, ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
18:49
That's a very important component of Roots and Shoots,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก",
18:52
with older kids talking to younger ones.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:54
And unwanted pregnancies and things like that,
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื
18:57
which young people listen to better from other youth, rather than adults.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
19:03
Hope. That's the question I get asked as I'm going around the world:
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ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื”,
19:08
"Jane, you've seen so many terrible things,
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"ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื,
19:10
you've seen your chimpanzees decrease in number
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ืจืื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื
19:13
from about one million, at the turn of the century,
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ืžื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื”
19:15
to no more than 150,000 now, and the same with so many other animals.
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ืœืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150,000 ื›ืขืช. ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
19:20
Forests disappearing, deserts where once there was forest.
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
19:24
Do you really have hope?" Well, yes.
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชืงื•ื•ื”?" ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ.
19:28
You can't come to a conference like TED and not have hope, can you?
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ TED ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
19:32
And of course, there's hope. One is this amazing human brain.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช.
19:36
And I mean, think of the technologies.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
19:38
And I've just been so thrilled, finally, to come to people talking about compost latrines.
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜.
19:45
It's one of my hobbyhorses.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™.
19:47
We just flush all this water down the lavatory, it's terrible.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื.
19:51
And then talking about renewable energy -- desperately important.
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ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช - ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.
19:56
Do we care about the planet for our children?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•?
19:59
How many of us have children or grandchildren, nieces, nephews?
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื• ื ื›ื“ื™ื, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื?
20:02
Do we care about their future?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ื?
20:05
And if we care about their future, we, as the elite around the world,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
20:10
we can do something about it. We can make choices as to how we live each day.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื.
20:14
What we buy. What we wear.
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
20:16
And choose to make these choices with the question,
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื”,
20:21
how will this affect the environment around me?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™?
20:24
How will it affect the life of my child when he or she grows up?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•?
20:29
Or my grandchild, or whatever it is.
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ืื• ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœื™, ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
20:31
So the human brain, coupled with the human heart,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ --
20:36
and we join hands around the world.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
20:38
And that's what TED is helping so well with, and Google who help us,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉ-TED ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื, ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื•,
20:42
and Esri are helping us with mapping in Gombe National Park.
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ื•-ESRI ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืžื‘ื”.
20:47
All of these technologies we can use.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
20:49
Now let's link them, and it's beginning to happen, isn't it?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ืœื ื›ืŸ?
20:52
You've heard about it this afternoon. It's beginning to happen.
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
20:56
This change, this change. To see change
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”; ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
20:58
that we must have if we care about the future.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื ืื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
21:01
And the next reason for hope -- nature is amazingly resilient.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืงื•ื•ื” -- ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
21:05
You can take an area that's absolutely destroyed,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจื•ืก ืœื’ืžืจื™ --
21:08
with time and perhaps some help it can regenerate.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขื ืงืฆืช ืขื–ืจื” - ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ.
21:11
And an example is the TACARE program.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ TACARE.
21:14
I told you, where a seemingly dead tree stump --
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ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
21:17
if you stop hacking them for firewood,
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ืื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืงืฆืฅ ืื•ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืงื”,
21:19
which you don't need to because you have wood lots,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืขืฆื™ื,
21:21
then in five years you can have a 30-foot tree.
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ืื– ืชื•ืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืขืฅ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 10 ืžื˜ืจ.
21:25
And animals, almost on the brink of extinction,
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
21:28
can be given a second chance. That's my next book.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
21:31
It's inspiring. And it brings me to my last category of hope,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ --
21:35
and we've heard about this so much in the last two days:
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื:
21:38
this indomitable human spirit. This determination of people,
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—ืช. ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
21:42
the resilience of the human spirit,
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ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
21:44
So that people who you would think would be battered by poverty,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื ื™,
21:48
or disease, or whatever, can pull themselves up out of it,
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
21:53
sometimes with a helping hand, and take their part in society,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื˜ืช ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
21:59
and take their part in changing the world.
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ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
22:02
And just to think of one or two people out of Africa who are just really inspiring.
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ื•ืื ืจืง ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื”.
22:06
We could make a very long list,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
22:09
but obviously Nelson Mandela, emerging from 17 years
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืž-17 ืฉื ื™ื
22:12
of hard physical labor, 23 years of imprisonment,
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืงืฉื”, 23 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื,
22:15
with this amazing ability to forgive, so that he could lead his nation
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœืกืœื•ื— ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขืžื•
22:19
out the evil regime of apartheid without a bloodbath.
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ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืœืœื ืžืจื—ืฅ ื“ืžื™ื.
22:23
Ken Saro-Wiwa, in Nigeria, who took on the giant oil companies,
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ืงืŸ ืกืืจื•-ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื,
22:28
and although people around the world tried their best, was executed.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื, ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
22:33
People like this are so inspirational.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื”
22:37
People like this are the role models we need for young Africans.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
22:41
And we need some environmental role models as well,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ืœื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช,
22:45
and I've been hearing some of them today.
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
22:47
So I'm really grateful for this opportunity to share this message
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ืื ื™ ืืกื™ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื”
22:52
again, with everyone at TED.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘-TED.
22:54
And I hope that some of us can get together and talk about some of these things,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
22:59
especially the Roots and Shoots program.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก".
23:01
And just a last word on that --
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ื•ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื --
23:03
the young woman who's running this entire conference center,
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ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
23:06
I met her today.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
23:08
She came up so excited, with her certificate. She was [in] Roots and Shoots.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืœืืช ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘"ืจื•ื˜ืก&ืฉื•ื˜ืก".
23:13
She was in the leadership in Dar es Salaam.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืืจ ื-ืกืืœื.
23:15
She said it's helped her to do what she's doing.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
23:18
And it was very, very exciting for me to meet her
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”
23:21
and see just one example of how young people,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
23:24
when they are empowered, given the opportunity to take action,
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
23:30
to make the world a better place,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
23:32
truly are our hope for tomorrow.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื—ืจ.
23:34
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
23:37
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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