Helping humans and animals live together | Jane Goodall

譯者: Chih-Yuan Huang 審譯者: Po-Chih Tsai

Good afternoon, good evening, whatever.

午安，晚安，或者

We can go, jambo, guten Abend, bonsoir,

我們可以這樣說，晚安(東非語)，晚安(德語)，晚安(法語)

but we can also ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh.

但我們也可以 ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh

That is the call that chimpanzees make

這是黑猩猩的叫聲

before they go to sleep in the evening.

在晚上他們要去睡覺前

You hear it going from one side of the valley to the other,

你可以聽到叫聲由這個山谷的這端傳到另一端

from one group of nests to the next.

從這一窩黑猩猩傳到下一窩黑猩猩

And I want to pick up with my talk this evening

我今晚的演說要接著

from where Zeray left off yesterday.

從昨天理拉(Zeray)談到的地方開始。

He was talking about this amazing, three-year-old Australopithecine child, Selam.

他談論到關於這個神奇的三歲靈長類小孩 – 西蘭(Selam)

And we've also been hearing about the history, the family tree, of mankind

你們也曾聽過透過基因輪廓比對

through DNA genetic profiling.

而認識到的人類歷史、與族譜圖

And it was a paleontologist, the late Louis Leakey,

已故的古生物學者路易思.李奇(Louis Leakey)

who actually set me on the path for studying chimpanzees.

是他引領我走上研究黑猩猩之路

And it was pretty extraordinary, way back then.

在那個時代，此種研究方法是相當特殊的。

It's kind of commonplace now,

現在則已經是廣為接受的做法

but his argument was -- because he'd been searching

但他最想知道的是，因為他曾持續研究

for the fossilized remains of early humans in Africa.

非洲早期人類的化石

And you can tell an awful lot

從化石你可以推敲出非常多的事

about what those beings looked like from the fossils,

比如從這些化石看出他們的長相

from the shape of the muscle attachments,

或者從那些肌肉衍生物的形狀上來看出長相

something about the way they lived

從一起出土的各式的手製器具去觀察

from the various artifacts found with them.

去猜他們生存的方式

But what about how they behaved? That's what he wanted to know.

但是他們的行為呢? 這是他想知道的

And of course, behavior doesn't fossilize.

當然行為從化石之中是看不出來的

He argued -- and it's now a fairly common theory --

當時他提出一個現在已經被普遍接受的論點

that if we found behavior patterns similar or the same

如果我們能在現存與我們最接近的遠親--人猿身上

in our closest living relatives, the great apes, and humans today,

找到與今日人類一樣或類似的行為模式

then maybe those behaviors were present in the ape-like,

也許這些行為就會被表現在七百萬年前

human-like ancestor some seven million years ago.

當時的人猿或者我們的祖先身上

And therefore, perhaps we had brought those characteristics with us

因此，也許這些特質已經一路

from that ancient, ancient past.

從古代就跟著我們到現在

Well, if you look in textbooks today that deal with human evolution,

好的，假如你看了今日談及人類進化的教科書

you very often find people speculating about how early humans

你會經常看到人們依據黑猩猩的行為模式

may have behaved, based on the behavior of chimpanzees.

來推測早期人類的行為

They are more like us than any other living creature,

他們是如此地與我們相似，勝過其它任何的生物

and we've heard about that during this TED Conference.

在這場TED會議之前我們都已經知道了

So it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees

所以我要接續這個論點來討論黑猩猩

are so like us, in certain aspects of their behavior.

在某些方面是多麼地與我們相似

Every chimpanzee has his or her own personality.

每一隻黑猩猩都有他或者她獨特的個性。

Of course, I gave them names. They can live to be 60 years or more,

當然，我會給牠們取名字。牠們可以活到六十歲或者更久

although we think most of them probably don't make it to 60 in the wild.

僅管我們不認為大部份的牠們可以在野外生存至六十歲

Mr. Wurzel. The female has her first baby when she's 11 or 12.

這是瓦力(Wurzel)。在母黑猩猩十一或十二歲之時便會生下牠第一個小孩

Thereafter, she has one baby only every five or six years,

在那之後每五到六年期間她不會再生小孩

a long period of childhood dependency when the child is nursing,

當小黑猩猩攝取母乳時，那是一段長時間的孩童依賴期，

sleeping with the mother at night, and riding on her back.

晚上與小黑猩猩睡在一起、讓小黑猩猩騎在背上。

And we believe that this long period of childhood

我們相信這段長時間的孩童依賴期

is important for chimpanzees, just as it is for us, in relation to learning.

對黑猩猩非常的重要，就與我們人類一樣, 因為這與學習有關。

As the brain becomes ever more complex

當大腦在生物不同的演化時期

during evolution in different forms of animals,

持續地變得更為複雜

so we find that learning plays an ever more important role

我們發現"學習"在獨立個體的生命歷史裡

in an individual's life history.

扮演著越來越重要的角色

And young chimpanzees spend a lot of time watching what their elders do.

年輕的黑猩猩花很多時間觀察長輩的行為。

We know now that they're capable of imitating behaviors that they see.

我們現在知道牠們有能力模仿他們看到的行為。

And we believe that it's in this way

並且我們相信這就是為什麼

that the different tool-using behaviors -- that have now been seen

我們會在不同的非洲黑猩猩族群裡

in all the different chimpanzee populations studied in Africa --

看到不同的使用工具的方式--

how these are passed from one generation to the next,

也正是透過觀察、模仿與嘗試這些行為

through observation, imitation and practice,

這些技能得以一代代地傳下去

so that we can describe these tool-using behaviors as primitive culture.

所以我們就能夠推斷這些使用工具的行為是源自於遠古文化。

Chimpanzees don't have a spoken language. We've talked about that.

黑猩猩們沒有口說的語言。我們曾經說過這件事。

They do have a very rich repertoire of postures and gestures,

但他們擁有非常豐富的肢體語言

many of which are similar, or even identical, to ours

其中有許多跟我們類似甚至一模一樣的肢體語言

and formed in the same context. Greeting chimpanzees embracing.

而且跟我們認識的意義相同。比方用擁抱來歡迎對方。

They also kiss, hold hands, pat one another on the back.

他們也會互相親吻對方、握手、拍另一個黑猩猩的背。

And they swagger and they throw rocks.

他們也會傲慢囂張，也會亂扔石頭。

In chimpanzee society, we find many, many examples of compassion,

在黑猩猩的社會之中，我們可以發現許多許多的例子

precursors to love and true altruism.

是基於同理心、由愛出發的體貼以及真正的利他行為。

Unfortunately, they, like us, have a dark side to their nature.

不幸的是，就像我們人類一樣，牠們也有天生的黑暗面。

They're capable of extreme brutality, even a kind of primitive war.

牠們可以非常地殘暴，就像原始的鬥爭行為。

And these really aggressive behaviors, for the most part,

而這些非常激烈的行為，大部分來說，

are directed against individuals of the neighboring social group.

都是源於與鄰近社群的對抗。

They are very territorially aggressive.

牠們有非常強烈的地域觀念。

Chimpanzees, I believe, more than any other living creature,

我相信黑猩猩們，比起其它的生物，

have helped us to understand that, after all, there is no sharp line

已經讓我們認識到，我們與動物世界之間

between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom.

並沒有一條明顯的界線。

It's a very blurry line, and it's getting more blurry all the time

這條界線其實非常的模糊，而且在我們做了更多的觀察之後

as we make even more observations.

它變得甚至更加的模糊。

The study that I began in 1960 is still continuing to this day.

從1960年起到現在我一直持續著這些研究。

And these chimpanzees, living their complex social lives in the wild,

而這些生活在野外的複雜社會關係中的黑猩猩們，

have helped -- more than anything else --

幫助我們去認識到 -- 比任何方面都還要多 --

to make us realize we are part of, and not separated from,

我們也是這些令人驚嘆的動物的一分子，絕非孤身於外，

the amazing animals with whom we share the planet.

同時去了解到這個星球，是我們與這些動物一起共享的。

So it's pretty sad to find that chimpanzees,

所以我們非常感慨地發現這些黑猩猩們

like so many other creatures around the world, are losing their habitats.

就像許多這世上的生物們一樣，正在喪失牠們的棲息地。

This is just one photograph from the air,

這是一張由空中拍攝的照片，

and it shows you the forested highlands of Gombe.

照片上我們看到岡貝(Gombe)那樹木叢生的高地。

And it was when I flew over the whole area, about 16 years ago,

而這是我十六年前飛越這個區域時的風景，

and realized that outside the park, this forest,

同時我看到在這個國家公園之外的這片森林，

which in 1960 had stretched almost unbroken

曾經在西元1960年時還完好無缺地綿延著

along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika,

就順著坦岡易科(Tanganyika)湖東面邊緣，

which is where the tiny, 30-square-mile Gombe National Park lies,

而它也就是這個小小的，30平方公里的岡貝國家公園所在之處。

that a question came to my mind.

這時我突然想到一個問題

"How can we even try to save these famous chimpanzees,

”我們應該如何拯救這些瀕臨滅絕的黑猩猩們，

when the people living around the National Park are struggling to survive?"

當居住在國家公園附近的人民正為了生存而苦苦掙扎時?"

More people are living there than the land could possibly support.

過多的人們居住在這片有限的土地上。♪

The numbers increased by refugees pouring in from Burundi

持續增加的難民們如洪水般的由蒲隆地(Burundi)湧入

and over the lake from Congo.

同時也從湖的另一邊剛果(Congo)遷徙而來。

And very poor people -- they couldn't afford to buy food from elsewhere.

他們是一群非常貧窮的人們，窮到無法購買食物。

This led to a program, which we call TACARE.

這讓我們開始了計畫，這個計畫我們稱它為坦尚尼亞造林計劃(Take Care)

It's a very holistic way of improving the lives

它是以綜合而全面的方式來協助與改善

of the people living in the villages around the park.

在國家公園附近村莊的人們的生活。

It started small with 12 villages. It's now in 24.

開始的計畫是小規模的在十二個村莊展開。現在擴展到24個村莊。

There isn't time to go into it, but it's including things like tree nurseries,

時間不夠讓我詳細說明這個計畫，簡單說來它包含了這幾個重點，比如樹木的保育，

methods of farming most suitable to this now very degraded,

還有一些適合在被過度開墾使用

almost desert-like land up in these mountains.

而使土地貧瘠到像沙漠一樣的山上種植農作物的方法。

Ways of controlling, preventing soil erosion.

控制與預防土壤流失的方法。

Ways of reclaiming overused farmland,

收回過渡開發的農地，讓其休養生息，

so that within two years they can again be productive.

而在兩年之後能重新生產作物。

Working to help the villagers obtain fresh water from wells.

協助村民們從井裡能取得乾淨的水源。

Perhaps build some schoolrooms.

或許建造一些校舍。

Most important of all, I believe,

更重要的是，我們相信

is working with small groups of women,

去和一些婦女們合作

providing them with opportunities for micro-credit loans.

提供她們取得微型貸款的機會。

And we've got, as is the case around the world,

而經驗告訴我們，正如同這世界上的其它例子，

about 95 percent of all loans returned.

大約百分之九十五的這些貸款都會歸還。

Empowering women, working with education,

藉由受教育的機會，給予這些需要負擔家計的婦女力量，

providing scholarships for girls so they can finish secondary school,

透過獎學金幫助這些女孩們能完成中學的教育，

in the clear understanding that, all around the world,

透過全世界的經驗我們瞭解到

as women's education improves, family size drops.

提升對於女性的教育能使家庭組織縮小。

We provide information about family planning and about HIV/AIDS.

我們並提供家庭規劃與愛滋病等知識。

And as a result of this program,

這個計畫還培養了當地人

something's happening for conservation.

對自然保育的觀念。

What's happening for conservation is that the farmers living in these 24 villages,

這些由這24個村莊的農民自發地去做的保育行為

instead of looking on us as a bunch of white people

不再只是看到我們這一夥白種人

coming to study a whole bunch of monkeys --

為了研究那一夥猴子而來 --

and by the way, many of the staff are now Tanzanian --

附帶一提，我們現在坦尚尼亞的團隊有許多是當地人，

but when we began the TACARE program,

在我們開始坦尚尼亞造林計劃時，

it was a Tanzanian team going into the villages.

是這些坦尚尼亞人進到這些村莊，

It was a Tanzanian team talking to the villagers,

是這些坦尚尼亞人去和村民對話，

asking what they were interested in.

問他們需要什麼。

Were they interested in conservation? Absolutely not.

他們對保育感興趣嗎? 當然不。

They were interested in health; they were interested in education.

他們對他們的健康還有教育感到興趣。

And as time went on, and as their situation began to improve,

隨著時間過去，他們的狀況開始改善，

they began to understand ever more about the need for conservation.

他們開始認識保育的重要性。

They began to understand

他們開始瞭解

that as the upper levels of the hills were denuded of trees,

山坡地的濫墾濫伐

so you've got this terrible soil erosion and mudslides.

將會為他們帶來這些麻煩的土壤流失與土石流。

Today, we are developing what we call the Greater Gombe Ecosystem.

今天，他們開始發展這些被他們稱為全區岡貝溪(Gombe)生態系統。

This is an area way outside the National Park,

這些區域遠大於國家公園的範圍，

stretching out into all these very degraded lands.

並延升至所有為數廣大的因過度開墾而貧瘠的土地上。

And as these villages have a better standard of life,

當這些村落擁有更好的生活條件時，

they are actually agreeing to put

他們也完全同意將

between 10 percent and 20 percent of their land in the highlands aside,

百分之十到二十的高地邊緣的土地保留不做開發

so that once again, as the trees grow back,

因此再一次的讓樹木長回

the chimpanzees will have leafy corridors

好讓黑猩猩們能透過這些茂盛的生態走廊

through which they can travel to interact --

去遷移旅行至國家公園外圍

as they must for genetic viability --

如此牠們能為了基因的多樣性

with other remnant groups outside the National Park.

與其它存留下來的黑猩猩群交流繁衍。

So TACARE is a success.

坦尚尼亞造林計劃是成功的。

We're replicating it in other parts of Africa,

我們並將這樣的計畫複製到非洲的其它區域，

around other wilderness areas

其它野生的區域

which are faced with extreme population pressure.

但有同樣人口成長壓力的地方。

The problems in Africa, however, as we've been discussing

這樣的問題在非洲，不管如何，正如這前面幾天

for the whole of these first couple of days of TED,

我們一直在TED會議中所討論過的，

are major problems.

是最主要的問題。

There is a great deal of poverty.

貧窮的問題非常非常嚴重。

And when you get large numbers of people

當許多人們生活在

living in land that is not that fertile,

並不是很肥沃的土地之上，

particularly when you cut down trees,

特別是當你砍掉樹木，

and you leave the soil open to the wind for erosion,

而當土壤失去保護而受風的侵蝕，

as desperate populations cut down more and more trees,

當絕望的人們砍掉越來越多的樹木

so that they can try and grow food for themselves and their families,

一切只為了種植作物讓自己和家人有食物可吃

what's going to happen? Something's got to give.

事情會變得怎樣呢? 免不得要為此付出代價。

And the other problems -- in not only Africa,

而另外的問題是，不只是在非洲，

but the rest of the developing world and, indeed, everywhere --

而是在全世界的許多發展中的國家，到處都一樣。

what are we doing to our planet?

我們對自己的星球做了甚麼事呢?

You know, the famous scientist, E. O. Wilson

你知道的，著名的科學家，愛德華.威爾森(E.O. Wilson)

said that if every person on this planet

曾說過假如每個人

attains the standard of living of the average European or American,

都過著與歐洲人與美國人相同的生活水準，

we need three new planets.

那我們需要三個新的地球。

Today, they are saying four. But we don't have them. We've got one.

如今變成四個。但是我們並沒有別的地方可去。我們只擁有一個地球。

And what's happened? I mean, the question here is, here we are,

那會發生甚麼事呢? 我的意思是，這個問題在這會變成甚麼，

arguably the most intelligent being that's ever walked planet Earth,

這裡聚集了可以說是最聰明且走遍世界角落的人類，

with this extraordinary brain,

擁有最傑出的頭腦，

capable of the kind of technology

精通各種科技新知

that is so well illustrated by these TED Conferences,

在一次次的TED會議中，我們都一而再地見證這個事實。

and yet we're destroying the only home we have.

但我們仍然朝著毀滅我們的家園而行。

The indigenous people around the world,

全世界各地的人們

before they made a major decision,

在他們做下重大的決定之前，

used to sit around and ask themselves,

曾坐在一起討論這樣的問題:

"How does this decision affect our people seven generations ahead?"

“在做這些決定前是否會影響我們七代之後的子孫們”

Today, major decisions -- and I'm not particularly talking about Africa here,

今天，重大的決定，這邊我並不是指只局限非洲大陸，

but the developed world --

而是世界上任一個已開發的國家們，

major decisions involving millions of dollars,

重大的決定通常牽涉到數百萬的金錢，

and millions of people, are often based on,

數百萬的人們，但這些決定卻大多取決於

"How will this affect the next shareholders' meeting?"

”這將會怎麼影響著下一次的股東會議?”

And these decisions affect Africa.

而這些決定確實地影響著非洲的命運。

As I began traveling around Africa

當我開始在非洲各處旅行

talking about the problems faced by chimpanzees and their vanishing forests,

並到處說明黑猩猩面臨的問題，與他們棲息的森林急遽減少的問題，

I realized more and more how so many of Africa's problems

我瞭解到更多處在非洲本身的問題

could be laid at the door of previous colonial exploitation.

可說是之前殖民時代剝削的結果。

So I began traveling outside Africa, talking in Europe,

所以我開始在非洲之外旅行，到歐洲演說

talking in the United States, going to Asia.

再到美國乃至於亞洲去演說。

And everywhere there were these terrible problems.

而到處都有一樣麻煩而棘手的問題。

And you know the kind I'm talking about. I'm talking about pollution.

你們知道我說哪種問題。我說的是各種各樣的污染 --

The air that we breathe that often poisons us.

我們所呼吸的空氣毒害著我們。

The earth is poisoning our foods.

大地正在毒害著我們的作物。

The water -- water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues

水資源，水也許是其中一個對我們

that we're going to face in this century --

這世紀來說所面對的最嚴峻的課題。

and everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural,

世界各地的水正在被污染著，這些污染來自全世界被各種的農業、

industrial and household chemicals

工業和家庭使用的化學物，

that still are being sprayed around the world,

並且它們持續地被散播至全世界

seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience.

似乎人類就是沒辦法從經驗學到教訓。

The mangroves are being cut down;

紅樹林被砍伐，

the effects of things like the tsunami get worse.

結果是海嘯造成更大的破壞。

We've talked about the soil erosion.

我們曾說過土壤的流失問題。

We have the reckless burning of fossil fuels

我們不計後果的燃燒著石化燃料

along with other greenhouse gasses, so called,

造成溫室氣體，導致我們說的

leading to climate change.

溫室效應與氣候劇變。

Finally, all around the world, people have begun to believe

最後，全世界的人們開始相信

that there is something going on very wrong with our climate.

有一些事正在發生，比如錯亂的氣候。

All around the world climates are mixed up.

全世界的氣候失去原有的規律，變得一團混沌。

And it's the poor people who are affected worse.

其中受影響最惡的就是窮人了

It's Africa that already is affected.

在非洲這已經看得到這樣的影響了。

In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the droughts are so much worse.

在撒哈拉以南的非洲乾旱變的更加糟糕。

And when the rain does come, it so often leads to flooding

終於等到下雨時，它卻常導致洪水♪

and added distress, and the cycle of poverty and hunger and disease.

雪上加霜的還有，這些貧窮與災荒和疾病的惡性循環。

And the numbers of people living in an area that the land cannot support,

為數眾多的人生活在過度飽和的土地上，

who are too poor to buy food,

他們貧窮到無法購買食物，

who can't move away because the whole land is degraded.

他們也沒有別的地方可去，因為土地都已經因過度開發而貧瘠。

And so you get desertification -- creeping, creeping, creeping --

所以造成不間斷地土地沙漠化，

as the last of the trees are cut down.

而這正發生在下一棵樹木又被砍倒之時。

And this kind of thing is not just in Africa. It's all over the world.

這樣的事件並不只發生在非洲。在全世界都發生著。

So it wasn't surprising to me

所以以下的事實，我一點也不吃驚，

that as I was traveling around the world

當我走訪世界各地時

I met so many young people who seemed to have lost hope.

我遇到許多失去希望的青年朋友們。

We seem to have lost wisdom, the wisdom of the indigenous people.

我們看起來似乎失去了智慧，失去那在地的智識。

I asked a question. "Why?"

我問到，”為甚麼?”

Well, do you think there could be some kind of disconnect

是的，你們可曾想過那樣巨大的落差

between this extraordinarily clever brain,

存在於這些傑出的人才，

the kind of brain that the TED technologies exemplify,

這些在TED裡被舉例的人才，

and the human heart? Talking about it in the non-scientific term,

與人心所向的差異? 讓我們用不是那麼科學的方式來說吧。

in terms of love and compassion. Is there some disconnect?

特別是從愛與慈悲出發，你們看到這些落差了嗎?

And these young people, when I talk to them,

這些年青朋友，當我跟他們說，

basically they were either depressed or apathetic,

他們是那樣的沮喪或者漠不關心，

or bitter and angry. And they said more or less the same thing,

或痛苦和忿怒。或多或少他們都說了相同的事，

"We feel this way because we feel you've compromised our future

"我們會這樣想是因為覺得你們一直在消費我們的未來

and there's nothing we can do about it."

而我們根本無能為力"

We have compromised their future.

我們一直在消費他們的未來。

I've got three little grandchildren, and every time I look at them

我有三個小孫子，每一次我看著他們時

and I think how we've harmed this beautiful planet since I was their age,

我就會想到在我還那麼小時，我們已經開始傷害這個美麗的星球，

I feel this desperation.

我感受到他們的絕望。

And that led to this program we call Roots and Shoots,

這也讓我開始了我稱為根與芽(Roots and Shoots)的計畫，

which began right here in Tanzania

這計畫開始於坦尚尼亞

and has now spread to 97 countries around the world.

而現在也擴及全世界97個國家。

It's symbolic. Roots make a firm foundation.

它有象徵性的意義。根代表著穩固的基礎。

Shoots seem tiny; to reach the sun they can break through a brick wall.

芽看起來似乎很微小，但為了得到陽光的滋潤它們可以穿過堅硬的磚牆，

See the brick wall as all these problems we've inflicted on the planet,

這些磚牆就好比現在地球上所面臨的嚴峻問題。

environmental and social. It's a message of hope.

既是環保問題也是社會問題。這個計畫帶來希望的曙光。

Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world

讓在全世界數以千計、萬計的年輕朋友

can break through and can make this a better world for all living things.

可以突破這困境並且讓我們生存的環境更加美好。

The most important message of Roots and Shoots:

”根與芽”計畫所傳達最重要的訊息是

every single one of us makes a difference, every single day.

我們每一個人都可以在每一天裡做出改變

We have a choice. Every one of us in this room,

我們是有選擇權的人。每一個在這間會議室的人，我們都是，

we have a choice as to what kind of difference we want to make.

我們都有得選擇，當我們想要一些改變的時候。

The very poor have no choice. It's up to us to change things

而這些非常貧窮的人沒得選擇。他們的未來端看我們是否能做出改變

so that the poor have choice as well.

來讓窮人也有選擇的權利。

The Roots and Shoots groups all choose three projects.

根與芽計畫團隊們各選出三個計劃。

It depends on how old they are, and which country,

這些計畫取決於他們年齡多大，他們在哪個國家

whether they're in a city or rural, as to what kinds of projects.

不管是鄉村或者城市，哪種計劃內容。

But basically, we have programs now from preschool right through university,

但是基本上，我們有從幼稚園到大學都涵蓋到的各種計畫，

with more and more adults starting their own Roots and Shoots groups.

有越來越多的成人也開始著屬於他們的根與芽的計劃。

And every group chooses, between them,

每一個團隊各選擇

three different kinds of project to make this a better world,

三個讓世界更美好的不同計畫，

recognizing that all these different problems are interconnected

這些計畫讓大家認知到了不同的問題正在互相地糾結著

and impinge on each other.

並共同地衝擊著我們。

So one of their projects will be to help their own human community.

所以這其中之一的計畫都將幫助他們的社區變得更好。

And then, if they're able, they may raise money to help communities

然後，假如他們行有餘力，他們也能籌募金錢

in other parts of the world.

來幫助世界上的其他地方。

One of their projects will be to help animals -- not just wildlife,

他們的其中一個計畫是幫助動物們，不只是野生的動物們

domestic animals as well.

也包括家畜類的動物。

And one of their projects will be to help the environment that we all share.

另外一個計畫是去幫助這個我們所共有的環境。

And woven throughout all of this is a message

而把這些串連起來的就是一個簡單的訊息

of learning to live in peace and harmony within ourselves,

讓我們學習以和平與和諧的方式去和自己、

in our families, in our communities, between nations, between cultures,

和我們的家庭、和我們的社區、國家與國家、文化與文化之間、

between religions and between us and the natural world.

和各個宗教之間、與這個自然界之間好好地相處

We need the natural world. We cannot go on destroying it at the rate we are.

我們需要自然世界。我們不能再以之前的速度破壞大自然。

We not do have more than this one planet.

我們只有一個地球。

Just picking one or two of the projects right here in Africa

只要看看一個或兩個這些計畫在位於非洲的

that the Roots and Shoots groups are doing,

根與芽的團體之內，

one or two projects only -- in Tanzania, in Uganda, Kenya,

任何這些團體正在進行的一或兩個計畫，在坦尚尼亞， 烏剛達(Uganda)，肯亞(Kenya)，

South Africa, Congo-Brazzaville, Sierra Leone, Cameroon

南非(South Africa)，剛果(Congo)，布拉崗(Brazzaville)，獅子山(Sierra Leone)，喀麥隆(Cameroon)

and other groups. And as I say, it's in 97 countries around the world.

和其它的團體們。如我說的，目前有97個國家在持續進行這些計畫。

Of course, they're planting trees. They're growing organic vegetables.

當然，他們種植新的樹木，他們培育有機蔬菜。

They're working in the refugee camps, with chickens

他們在難民營中工作，他們利用

and selling the eggs for a little amount of money,

賣的雞蛋與雞隻的一點點金錢，

or just using them to feed their families,

利用這些來餵飽他們的家人，

and feeling a sense of pride and empowerment,

讓他們感到自豪和自我肯定

because they're no longer helpless and depending on others

因為他們從此能自力更生且不再依賴別人

with their vegetables and their chickens.

透過他們種植的蔬菜與雞隻們。

It's being used in Uganda

在烏干達(Uganda)

to give some psychological help to ex-child soldiers.

也在心理上幫助了一些之前是童兵的小孩們。

Doing projects like this is bringing them out of themselves.

從事這些計畫能讓他們找回自我。

Once again, they're useful members of society.

再一次的，他們成為對社會有幫助的一份子。

We have this program in prisons as well.

我們也在監獄中進行一樣的計畫。

So, there's no time for more Roots and Shoots now.

現在根與芽的計畫是如火如荼地在進行。

But -- oh, they're also working on HIV/AIDS.

但是，喔，我們依然持續在愛滋病防預工作上。

That's a very important component of Roots and Shoots,

這對於根與芽計畫是非常重要的一個部份，

with older kids talking to younger ones.

讓年齡較長的小孩和年紀較小的孩子溝通

And unwanted pregnancies and things like that,

比如談非自願性的懷孕與其它類似的事，

which young people listen to better from other youth, rather than adults.

因為這些年輕人會更願意去聽一樣是年輕人所說的話。

Hope. That's the question I get asked as I'm going around the world:

希望。我在世界各地常聽到別人這樣問我 :

"Jane, you've seen so many terrible things,

“珍，妳曾經看到許多糟糕的事情，

you've seen your chimpanzees decrease in number

妳看到黑猩猩們持續減少數量

from about one million, at the turn of the century,

由世紀初的一百萬隻

to no more than 150,000 now, and the same with so many other animals.

到現在不超過十五萬隻的數量。並且許多的動物也發生一樣的事情。

Forests disappearing, deserts where once there was forest.

森林持續消失著，曾經是森林的地方現在變成了沙漠。

Do you really have hope?" Well, yes.

妳是真的還抱有希望嗎? “ 嗯，是的。

You can't come to a conference like TED and not have hope, can you?

應該沒有人來參加TED會議卻不帶著任何希望的，是吧?

And of course, there's hope. One is this amazing human brain.

當然，這裡有希望存在。其中之一是我們都擁有那令人驚奇的大腦。

And I mean, think of the technologies.

我的意思是，想一想技術。

And I've just been so thrilled, finally, to come to people talking about compost latrines.

我是如此的興奮，最後，讓我們來說說堆肥式的公廁。

It's one of my hobbyhorses.

這是其中一件我所喜歡舉例並且所討論的事情之一。

We just flush all this water down the lavatory, it's terrible.

我們總是把所有的水往馬桶裡沖，這是糟糕的。

And then talking about renewable energy -- desperately important.

然後再不斷的述說那再生能源有多麼的重要。

Do we care about the planet for our children?

我們是否曾為了我們的孩子關心這個星球?

How many of us have children or grandchildren, nieces, nephews?

這裡有多少人有小孩、孫子、姪子與外甥?

Do we care about their future?

我們真的關心他們的未來嗎?

And if we care about their future, we, as the elite around the world,

假如我們關心著他們的未來，我們身為這世界上精英份子，

we can do something about it. We can make choices as to how we live each day.

我們可以做點不一樣的事情。我們可以在每一天做一些不同的改變。

What we buy. What we wear.

我們買些甚麼。我們穿些甚麼。

And choose to make these choices with the question,

當做這些選擇之時可以想一想這些問題，

how will this affect the environment around me?

這些選擇是否會影響我們周遭的環境?

How will it affect the life of my child when he or she grows up?

它是否會影響我們小孩長大後的世界?

Or my grandchild, or whatever it is.

或者影響至我們的孫子那一代。

So the human brain, coupled with the human heart,

所以我們的腦，與我們的心，

and we join hands around the world.

和我們雙手可以一同改變這世界。

And that's what TED is helping so well with, and Google who help us,

這也是為甚麼TED會議可以幫助世界更好，Google也一同幫助我們，

and Esri are helping us with mapping in Gombe National Park.

ESRI也幫助我們定義岡貝國家公園的位置與面積。

All of these technologies we can use.

所有這些我們能使用的技術

Now let's link them, and it's beginning to happen, isn't it?

現在讓我們來整合它們，而它們也開始起作用了，不是嗎?

You've heard about it this afternoon. It's beginning to happen.

你們今天下午聽到這些。改變已經開始發生。

This change, this change. To see change

這些改變，這些改變；為了要看到這些改變，

that we must have if we care about the future.

假如我們關心未來，我們就必需看到這些改變。

And the next reason for hope -- nature is amazingly resilient.

另一個原因是為了希望 -- 大自然擁有無法想像的韌性。

You can take an area that's absolutely destroyed,

你可以讓一塊完全被毀壞的區域，

with time and perhaps some help it can regenerate.

只要有時間或許再一些幫助，就能讓這塊區域再度復育。

And an example is the TACARE program.

而坦尚尼亞造林計劃就是其中之一個例子。

I told you, where a seemingly dead tree stump --

那看似已死去的樹木殘根，

if you stop hacking them for firewood,

假如你停止砍伐他們來生火，

which you don't need to because you have wood lots,

事實上你不需要，因為你已經擁有很多的木材了，

then in five years you can have a 30-foot tree.

然後在五年之內你會看到生長至30英呎高的樹木。

And animals, almost on the brink of extinction,

並且許多瀕臨滅絕的動物們，

can be given a second chance. That's my next book.

牠們永遠都有復育的機會。這是我的下一本書。

It's inspiring. And it brings me to my last category of hope,

它啟發著我。它也帶領我看到另一層希望，

and we've heard about this so much in the last two days:

而過去兩天內你們都已經聽到許多跟這希望有關的演說

this indomitable human spirit. This determination of people,

也就是人類不屈不撓的精神。人們堅毅的決心，

the resilience of the human spirit,

人類靈魂的韌性，

So that people who you would think would be battered by poverty,

所以這些你認為已經被窮苦與病痛擊垮的人們

or disease, or whatever, can pull themselves up out of it,

他們自己都有從困境中走出來的力量，

sometimes with a helping hand, and take their part in society,

有時只要一個幫忙，並且讓他們成為社會的一分子，

and take their part in changing the world.

讓他們成為改變這世界的一份子。

And just to think of one or two people out of Africa who are just really inspiring.

試著想想那些鼓舞世人的非洲人物。

We could make a very long list,

我們可以列出一大串人名，

but obviously Nelson Mandela, emerging from 17 years

最著名的就是納爾遜•曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)經過17年

of hard physical labor, 23 years of imprisonment,

困苦的勞工生活，23年的監禁，

with this amazing ability to forgive, so that he could lead his nation

還能有無比的寬恕去原諒他人，也因此他能夠領導他的國家

out the evil regime of apartheid without a bloodbath.

和平地走出泯滅人性的種族隔離時代而避開血腥對抗。

Ken Saro-Wiwa, in Nigeria, who took on the giant oil companies,

奈及利亞的沙羅維瓦(Ken Saro-Wiwa)對抗著巨大的石油公司。

and although people around the world tried their best, was executed.

儘管來自世界各地的聲援，他仍然難逃被處決的命運。

People like this are so inspirational.

像他這樣的人是非常鼓舞人心的。

People like this are the role models we need for young Africans.

像他這樣子的模範正是目前非洲年輕一代所需要的。

And we need some environmental role models as well,

並且我們也需要對環境奉獻的模範人物，

and I've been hearing some of them today.

而我今天已經看了不少這樣子的人物。

So I'm really grateful for this opportunity to share this message

所以我非常感謝地要再一次借由這難得的機會

again, with everyone at TED.

向在TED會議中你們每一個人分享這樣的訊息。

And I hope that some of us can get together and talk about some of these things,

我希望我們當中的一些人能聚在一起討論這些事，

especially the Roots and Shoots program.

特別是根與芽的計畫。

And just a last word on that --

最後我要跟你們說件事 --

the young woman who's running this entire conference center,

籌辦這整場會議的年輕女生，

I met her today.

我今天遇到了她。

She came up so excited, with her certificate. She was [in] Roots and Shoots.

她拿著證書，看起來非常的興奮。她是根與芽成員之一。

She was in the leadership in Dar es Salaam.

她是在坦桑尼亞的答艾斯撒蘭(Dar Es Salaam)的領導者之一。

She said it's helped her to do what she's doing.

她說這個計畫幫她做到她想做的事。

And it was very, very exciting for me to meet her

而這對我來說是件非常興奮的事情，

and see just one example of how young people,

讓我看到這樣一個例子，當年輕人從這計畫得到能力

when they are empowered, given the opportunity to take action,

得到機會去行動，

to make the world a better place,

他們就讓這世界變得更好，

truly are our hope for tomorrow.

毋疑這就是明日的希望。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

(掌聲)