Pirates, nurses and other rebel designers | Alice Rawsthorn

209,111 views ใƒป 2016-05-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
Design is a slippery and elusive phenomenon,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ืœืงืœืงื” ื•ื—ืžืงืžืงื”
00:15
which has meant different things at different times.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:19
But all truly inspiring design projects have one thing in common:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื—ื“:
00:23
they began with a dream.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ื.
00:25
And the bolder the dream,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ื ื•ืขื– ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:27
the greater the design feat that will be required to achieve it.
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ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:30
And this is why the greatest designers are almost always
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“
00:34
the biggest dreamers and rebels and renegades.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื.
00:38
This has been the case throughout history,
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:41
all the way back to the year 300 BC,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ื” 300 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:45
when a 13-year-old became the king
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ 13 ื”ืคืš ืœืžืœืš
00:48
of a remote, very poor and very small Asian country.
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ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื” ืžืื“.
00:53
He dreamt of acquiring land, riches and power
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื“ืžื”, ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•ื—
00:56
through military conquest.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™.
00:58
And his design skills --
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ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• --
01:00
improbable though it sounds --
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ --
01:01
would be essential in enabling him to do so.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื”.
01:05
At the time,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื”ื
01:06
all weapons were made by hand to different specifications.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:10
So if an archer ran out of arrows during a battle,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืœืงืฉืช ื ื’ืžืจื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘
01:13
they wouldn't necessarily be able to fire another archer's arrows
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ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉืช ืื—ืจืช
01:17
from their bow.
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ืžื”ืงืฉืช ืฉืœื•.
01:19
This of course meant that they would be less effective in combat
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘
01:22
and very vulnerable, too.
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ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื“, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:25
Ying solved this problem
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ื™ื™ื ื’ ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
01:26
by insisting that all bows and arrows were designed identically,
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ื‘ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื”,
01:31
so they were interchangeable.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”.
01:32
And he did the same for daggers, axes, spears, shields
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืขื ืคื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื, ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช, ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช
01:36
and every other form of weaponry.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง.
01:40
His formidably equipped army won batter after battle,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ืœืขื™ืœื ืฉืœื• ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘,
01:43
and within 15 years,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื”,
01:45
his tiny kingdom had succeeded in conquering
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ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ
01:48
all its larger, richer, more powerful neighbors,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”,
01:51
to found the mighty Chinese Empire.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
01:55
Now, no one, of course,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
01:56
would have thought of describing Ying Zheng as a designer at the time --
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ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื’ ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืชื• --
02:00
why would they?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืš?
02:01
And yet he used design unknowingly and instinctively
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
02:05
but with tremendous ingenuity
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ื•ืขื ื›ื— ื”ืžืฆืื” ืขืฆื•ื
02:07
to achieve his ends.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:09
And so did another equally improbable, accidental designer,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืžืงืจื™ ืื—ืจ,
02:14
who was also not above using violence to get what he wanted.
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ืฉื’ื ืœื ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•.
02:18
This was Edward Teach, better known as the British pirate, Blackbeard.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ื™ืฅ', ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื”ื–ืงืŸ.
02:24
This was the golden age of piracy,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื,
02:26
where pirates like Teach were terrorizing the high seas.
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ื‘ื• ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืฅ' ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืื™ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื.
02:29
Colonial trade was flourishing,
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ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ืฉื’ืฉื’,
02:31
and piracy was highly profitable.
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ื•ืฉื•ื“ ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืœื ืžืื“.
02:34
And the smarter pirates like him realized that to maximize their spoils,
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:39
they needed to attack their enemies so brutally
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช
02:43
that they would surrender on sight.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืขื• ืžื™ื“.
02:45
So in other words,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:46
they could take the ships without wasting ammunition,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช,
02:49
or incurring casualties.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:51
So Edward Teach redesigned himself as Blackbeard
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ืื– ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ื™ืฅ' ืžื™ืชื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื”ื–ืงืŸ
02:55
by playing the part of a merciless brute.
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ื›ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ื—ืกืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื.
02:57
He wore heavy jackets and big hats to accentuate his height.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืžืงื˜ื•ืจื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:01
He grew the bushy black beard that obscured his face.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื–ืงืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
03:05
He slung braces of pistols on either shoulder.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื˜ื” ื›ืชืคื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืงื“ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ืฉืœื•.
03:08
He even attached matches to the brim of his hat and set them alight,
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื,
03:12
so they sizzled menacingly whenever his ship was poised to attack.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ,
03:17
And like many pirates of that era,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื
03:19
he flew a flag that bore the macabre symbols
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฃ ื“ื’ืœ, ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืจื™ื™ื
03:22
of a human skull and a pair of crossed bones,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื‘ื•ืช
03:26
because those motifs had signified death in so many cultures for centuries,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืกื™ืžืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
03:31
that their meaning was instantly recognizable,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
03:34
even in the lawless, illiterate world of the high seas:
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื™ื:
03:38
surrender or you'll suffer.
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ื”ื™ื›ืขื ื• ืื• ืฉืชืกื‘ืœื•.
03:40
So of course, all his sensible victims surrendered on sight.
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื• ื ื›ื ืขื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
03:44
Put like that,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš,
03:46
it's easy to see why Edward Teach and his fellow pirates
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื” ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ื™ืฅ' ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
03:50
could be seen as pioneers of modern communications design,
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
03:55
and why their deadly symbol --
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื --
03:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:58
there's more --
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ --
03:59
why their deadly symbol of the skull and crossbones
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ืœืžื” ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื‘ื•ืช
04:02
was a precursor of today's logos,
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืงื“ื™ื ืœืกืžืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:04
rather like the big red letters standing behind me,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™,
04:08
but of course with a different message.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื ืžืกืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:11
Yet design was also used to nobler ends
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช
04:14
by an equally brilliant and equally improbable designer,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”,
04:18
the 19th-century British nurse, Florence Nightingale.
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 19 ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ.
04:22
Her mission was to provide decent healthcare for everyone.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
04:27
Nightingale was born into a rather grand, very wealthy British family,
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ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื”,
04:31
who were horrified when she volunteered to work in military hospitals
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื—ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื
04:35
during the Crimean War.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงืจื™ื.
04:37
Once there, she swiftly realized
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:40
that more patients were dying of infections that they caught there,
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื• ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืฉื,
04:43
in the filthy, fetid wards,
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ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:45
than they were of battle wounds.
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ืžืฉื”ื ืžืชื• ืžืคืฆืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
04:47
So she campaigned for cleaner, lighter, airier clinics
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืจืคืื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืืจื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:52
to be designed and built.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ื•.
04:54
Back in Britain,
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ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
04:55
she mounted another campaign,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
04:57
this time for civilian hospitals,
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ื”ืคืขื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื,
04:59
and insisted that the same design principles were applied to them.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:03
The Nightingale ward, as it is called,
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ืžื—ืœืงืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื”,
05:06
dominated hospital design for decades to come,
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ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
05:09
and elements of it are still used today.
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ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:13
But by then,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–,
05:15
design was seen as a tool of the Industrial Age.
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
05:18
It was formalized and professionalized,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™,
05:20
but it was restricted to specific roles
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
05:23
and generally applied in pursuit of commercial goals
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช
05:26
rather than being used intuitively,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
05:28
as Florence Nightingale, Blackbeard and Ying Zheng had done.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ, ื‘ืœืงื‘ื™ืจื“ ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ ื–ืŸ ืขืฉื•.
05:33
By the 20th century,
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
05:34
this commercial ethos was so powerful,
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ื”ืืชื•ืก ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง,
05:37
that any designers who deviated from it
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ืฉื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื˜ื• ืžืžื ื•
05:40
risked being seen as cranks or subversives.
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ื”ืกืชื›ื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืื• ื—ืชืจื ื™ื.
05:44
Now among them is one of my great design heroes,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
05:48
the brilliant Lรกszlรณ Moholy-Nagy.
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ืœื–ืœื• ืžื•ื”ื•ืœื™ ื ืื’'.
05:50
He was the Hungarian artist and designer
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘
05:53
whose experiments with the impact of technology on daily life
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:58
were so powerful
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื™ื
05:59
that they still influence the design of the digital images
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ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
06:02
we see on our phone and computer screens.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:05
He radicalized the Bauhaus Design School in 1920s Germany,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืืช ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืื•ื”ืื•ืก ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ 1920,
06:10
and yet some of his former colleagues shunned him
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื—ื• ืื•ืชื•
06:13
when he struggled to open a new Bauhaus in Chicago years later.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ืง ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:18
Moholy's ideas were as bold and incisive as ever,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืžื™ื“,
06:22
but his approach to design was too experimental,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:26
as was his insistence on seeing it, as he put it,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:29
as an attitude, not a profession to be in tune with the times.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืœื ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
06:34
And sadly, the same applied
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืš
06:36
to another design maverick: Richard Buckminster Fuller.
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ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš: ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื‘ืืงืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืคื•ืœืจ.
06:41
He was yet another brilliant design visionary
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™
06:44
and design activist,
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ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜,
06:46
who was completely committed to designing a sustainable society
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื
06:50
in such a forward-thinking way
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“
06:52
that he started talking about the importance of environmentalism
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
06:56
in design in the 1920s.
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
06:59
Now he, despite his efforts,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื•,
07:02
was routinely mocked as a crank by many in the design establishment,
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ื”ื•ื ืกืคื’ ืœืขื’ ื›ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžืกื“ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™
07:06
and admittedly,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
07:08
some of his experiments failed,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉืœื•,
07:09
like the flying car that never got off the ground.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื” ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
07:12
And yet, the geodesic dome,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื’ืื•ื“ื–ื™ืช,
07:14
his design formula to build an emergency shelter
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ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื” ื—ืจื•ื
07:18
from scraps of wood, metal, plastic,
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ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฅ, ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
07:21
bits of tree, old blankets, plastic sheeting --
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง --
07:24
just about anything that's available at the time --
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ --
07:27
is one of the greatest feats of humanitarian design,
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ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™,
07:30
and has provided sorely needed refuge
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ื•ืกื™ืคืง ืžื—ืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:33
to many, many people in desperate circumstances
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
07:36
ever since.
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ืžืื–.
07:38
Now, it was the courage and verve of radical designers
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
07:42
like Bucky and Moholy
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืงื™ ื•ืžื•ื”ื•ืœื™
07:44
that drew me to design.
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ืฉืžืฉื›ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
07:46
I began my career as a news journalist and foreign correspondent.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘ืช ื—ื•ืฅ.
07:50
I wrote about politics, economics and corporate affairs,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
07:54
and I could have chosen to specialize in any of those fields.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:58
But I picked design,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
07:59
because I believe it's one of the most powerful tools at our disposal
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•
08:03
to improve our quality of life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:07
Thank you, fellow TED design buffs.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ TED.
08:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:12
And greatly as I admire the achievements of professional designers,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
08:16
which have been extraordinary and immense,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
08:19
I also believe
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืืžื™ื ื”
08:20
that design benefits hugely from the originality,
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
08:24
the lateral thinking
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”
08:25
and the resourcefulness of its rebels and renegades.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืงื™ื.
08:29
And we're living at a remarkable moment in design,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
08:33
because this is a time when the two camps are coming closer together.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
08:38
Because even very basic advances in digital technology
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
08:42
have enabled them to operate increasingly independently,
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ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื”,
08:47
in or out of a commercial context,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™,
08:49
to pursue ever more ambitious and eclectic objectives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:54
So in theory,
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ืื– ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”,
08:56
basic platforms like crowdfunding, cloud computing, social media
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ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
09:01
are giving greater freedom to professional designers
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื
09:05
and giving more resources for the improvisational ones,
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืืœืชืจื™ื,
09:08
and hopefully,
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
09:09
a more receptive response to their ideas.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:12
Now, some of my favorite examples of this are in Africa,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
09:16
where a new generation of designers
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ืฉื ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
09:19
are developing incredible Internet of Things technologies
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ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:22
to fulfill Florence Nightingale's dream of improving healthcare
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
09:27
in countries where more people now have access to cell phones
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
09:30
than to clean, running water.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื.
09:32
And among them is Arthur Zang.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืืจืชื•ืจ ื–ืื ื’.
09:35
He's a young, Cameroonian design engineer
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืงืžืจื•ืŸ
09:38
who has a adapted a tablet computer into the Cardiopad,
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืœืงืจื“ื™ื•ืคืื“,
09:42
a mobile heart-monitoring device.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืœื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“.
09:45
It can be used to monitor the hearts of patients in remote, rural areas.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
09:49
The data is then sent on a cellular network
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืฉืœื— ืื– ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ืช
09:52
to well-equipped hospitals hundreds of miles away
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
09:55
for analysis.
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ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื”.
09:56
And if any problems are spotted by the specialists there,
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ื•ืื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื,
09:59
a suitable course of treatment is recommended.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ.
10:03
And this of course saves many patients
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื
10:05
from making long, arduous, expensive and often pointless journeys
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ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืคืจื›ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช
10:10
to those hospitals,
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:11
and makes it much, much likelier
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
10:14
that their hearts will actually be checked.
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ืฉื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืœืžืขืฉื”.
10:17
Arthur Zang started working on the Cardiopad eight years ago,
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ืืจืชื•ืจ ื–ืื ื’ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืคืื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
10:20
in his final year at university.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
10:23
But he failed to persuade any conventional sources
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
10:26
to give him investment to get the project off the ground.
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ืœืชืช ืœื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
10:30
He posted the idea on Facebook,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
10:32
where a Cameroonian government official saw it
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ืฉื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืจื•ื ื™ ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”
10:34
and managed to secure a government grant for him.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
10:38
He's now developing not only the Cardiopad,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืคืื“,
10:41
but other mobile medical devices to treat different conditions.
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ืืœื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:45
And he isn't alone,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื‘ื“,
10:47
because there are many other inspiring and enterprising designers
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
10:52
who are also pursuing extraordinary projects of their own.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
10:56
And I'm going to finish by looking at just a few of them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
10:59
One is Peek Vision.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื–'ืŸ.
11:02
This is a group of doctors and designers in Kenya,
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ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื”,
11:05
who've developed an Internet of Things technology of their own,
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
11:08
as a portable eye examination kit.
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ื›ืงื™ื˜ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“.
11:11
Then there's Gabriel Maher,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืžืื”ืจ,
11:13
who is developing a new design language
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ืฉืžืคืชื— ืฉืคืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื”
11:15
to enable us to articulate the subtleties of our changing gender identities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:20
without recourse to traditional stereotypes.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:23
All of these designers and many more are pursuing their dreams,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื,
11:28
by the making the most of their newfound freedom,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:30
with the discipline of professional designers
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ืขื ื”ื“ึผึดื™ืกึฐืฆึดื™ืคึผึฐืœึดื™ื ึธื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื™ื
11:33
and the resourcefulness of rebels and renegades.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื.
11:36
And we all stand to benefit.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
11:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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