Pirates, nurses and other rebel designers | Alice Rawsthorn

209,243 views ・ 2016-05-26

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sora Kim κ²€ν† : Sungho Yoo
00:12
Design is a slippery and elusive phenomenon,
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λ””μžμΈμ€ λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κΌ¬μ§‘μ–΄μ„œ μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
which has meant different things at different times.
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μ‹œλŒ€λ³„λ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•΄μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
00:19
But all truly inspiring design projects have one thing in common:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 정말 감동적인 λ””μžμΈ μž‘μ—…λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ ν•œ 가지 곡톡점을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
they began with a dream.
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κΏˆμ„ κ°–κ³  μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
And the bolder the dream,
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꿈이 κ³Όκ°ν•˜λ©΄ ν• μˆ˜λ‘
00:27
the greater the design feat that will be required to achieve it.
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λ””μžμΈμ„ 이룰 도전도 μ»€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
And this is why the greatest designers are almost always
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 역사상 μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ΄ 거의 항상
00:34
the biggest dreamers and rebels and renegades.
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λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ λͺ½μƒκ°€, λ°˜μ—­μž, 그리고 μ΄νƒˆμžμ˜€λ˜ μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
This has been the case throughout history,
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μ—­μ‚¬μƒμœΌλ‘œλ„ μž…μ¦λœ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ꢀ적은
00:41
all the way back to the year 300 BC,
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B.C.300λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκΈ°λ‘œ 거슬러 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
when a 13-year-old became the king
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ν•œ 13μ‚΄μ§œλ¦¬ 아이가 왕이 λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ λ•Œλ‘œ 말이죠.
00:48
of a remote, very poor and very small Asian country.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 외지고, μž‘κ³ , κ°€λ‚œν•œ μ•„μ‹œμ•„ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ μ™•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
He dreamt of acquiring land, riches and power
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κ·ΈλŠ” ꡰ사 정볡을 톡해 μ΄λ£©ν•œ 토지, λΆ€ 그리고 ꢌλ ₯을 κΏˆκΎΈμ—ˆμ£ .
00:56
through military conquest.
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00:58
And his design skills --
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ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆ μ—†κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ
01:00
improbable though it sounds --
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그의 λ””μžμΈ 기술이 κ·Έκ°€ 이것듀을
01:01
would be essential in enabling him to do so.
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μ΄λ£©ν•˜λŠ” 데에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ 도움을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
At the time,
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ”
01:06
all weapons were made by hand to different specifications.
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λͺ¨λ“  무기듀이 μˆ˜μž‘μ—…μ„ 거쳐 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
So if an archer ran out of arrows during a battle,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ „μŸ 쀑에 ν•œ κΆμˆ˜κ°€ 화살이 λ‹€ 떨어져도
01:13
they wouldn't necessarily be able to fire another archer's arrows
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ꢁ수의 화살을 μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
from their bow.
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01:19
This of course meant that they would be less effective in combat
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ „νˆ¬μ—μ„œ 효율이 λ–¨μ–΄μ§ˆ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:22
and very vulnerable, too.
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μ·¨μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
Ying solved this problem
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μ‹œν™©μ œλŠ” 이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:26
by insisting that all bows and arrows were designed identically,
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λͺ¨λ“  ν™œκ³Ό 화살듀을 λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
so they were interchangeable.
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λ°”κΏ” μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
01:32
And he did the same for daggers, axes, spears, shields
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κ·ΈλŠ” 단도, 도끼, μ°½, 방패 등에도 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 원칙을 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μ μš©μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
and every other form of weaponry.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  무기에 μ μš©μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
His formidably equipped army won batter after battle,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ νƒ„μƒν•œ 그의 κ΅°λŒ€λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ „μŸμ—μ„œ 승리λ₯Ό κ±°λ‘μ—ˆμ£ .
01:43
and within 15 years,
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그리고 15λ…„ λ§Œμ—
01:45
his tiny kingdom had succeeded in conquering
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그의 μž‘μ•˜λ˜ 왕ꡭ은 더 크고, λΆ€μœ ν•˜κ³ , κ°•λ ₯ν•œ
01:48
all its larger, richer, more powerful neighbors,
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μ΄μ›ƒλ‚˜λΌλ“€μ˜ 점령에 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
to found the mighty Chinese Empire.
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 쀑ꡭ 톡일을 μ΄λ£©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Now, no one, of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μš”μ¦˜ μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λΌλ„
01:56
would have thought of describing Ying Zheng as a designer at the time --
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μ‹œν™©μ œλ₯Ό λ‹ΉλŒ€μ˜ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ‘œμ„œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
why would they?
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그럴 μ΄μœ κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
02:01
And yet he used design unknowingly and instinctively
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ‹¬μ„±μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ””μžμΈμ„
02:05
but with tremendous ingenuity
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λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ μ΄κ³  λ³ΈλŠ₯μ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:07
to achieve his ends.
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맀우 λ…μ°½μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
And so did another equally improbable, accidental designer,
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그리고 μ§„μ‹œν™©μ œ λͺ»μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ‘œ 상상할 수 μ—†λŠ” 인물이 또 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
who was also not above using violence to get what he wanted.
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λͺ©ν‘œ 달성을 μœ„ν•΄ 무λ ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ„œμŠ΄μΉ˜ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ§€μš”.
02:18
This was Edward Teach, better known as the British pirate, Blackbeard.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ ν‹°μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 영ꡭ인 해적 검은 μˆ˜μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ 더 잘 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
This was the golden age of piracy,
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그의 μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” ν•΄μ λ“€μ˜ ν™©κΈˆκΈ°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
where pirates like Teach were terrorizing the high seas.
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검은 μˆ˜μ—Όκ³Ό 같은 인물이 곡해λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:29
Colonial trade was flourishing,
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식민지 무역이 μ„±ν–‰ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
02:31
and piracy was highly profitable.
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ν•΄μ μ§ˆμ€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μˆ˜μ΅μ„± μžˆλŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
And the smarter pirates like him realized that to maximize their spoils,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 검은 μˆ˜μ—Όμ²˜λŸΌ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ 해적듀은 μ „λ¦¬ν’ˆμ„ 많이 νšλ“ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:39
they needed to attack their enemies so brutally
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κ²½μŸμžλ“€μ„ λ¬΄μžλΉ„ν•˜κ²Œ 곡격해야 함을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
that they would surrender on sight.
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적듀이 λ°”λ‘œ ν•­λ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ 말이죠.
02:45
So in other words,
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해
02:46
they could take the ships without wasting ammunition,
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탄약을 λ‚­λΉ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λ„ λ°°λ₯Ό μ λ Ήν•΄μ•Όν–ˆμ£ .
02:49
or incurring casualties.
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ν¬μƒμžλ₯Ό μ–‘μ‚°ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
02:51
So Edward Teach redesigned himself as Blackbeard
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μ—λ””μ›Œλ“œ ν‹°μΉ˜λŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ 검은 μˆ˜μ—Όμ΄λΌλŠ” 칭호둜 μž¬νƒ„μƒμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
by playing the part of a merciless brute.
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κ·Ήμ•…λ¬΄λ„ν•œ μžλ‘œμ„œ ν™œμ•½ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
02:57
He wore heavy jackets and big hats to accentuate his height.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ ν‚€λ₯Ό 컀보이게 ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ‘κΊΌμš΄ μž¬ν‚·κ³Ό μ»€λ‹€λž€ λͺ¨μžλ₯Ό 썼으며
03:01
He grew the bushy black beard that obscured his face.
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얼꡴을 κ°€λ €μ£ΌλŠ” λ₯μˆ˜λ£©ν•œ 검은 μˆ˜μ—Όμ„ κΈΈλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
He slung braces of pistols on either shoulder.
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μ–‘ μ–΄κΉ¨μ—λŠ” ꢌ총으둜 λ§Œλ“  μž₯신ꡬλ₯Ό λ‘˜λ €μœΌλ©°
03:08
He even attached matches to the brim of his hat and set them alight,
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μ„±λƒ₯κ°œλΉ„λ“€μ„ λͺ¨μž κ°€μž₯μžλ¦¬μ— 달아 λΆˆμ„ μΌœλ†“κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
so they sizzled menacingly whenever his ship was poised to attack.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°°κ°€ 곡격 νƒœμ„Έλ₯Ό κ°–μΆœ λ•Œλ©΄ λ§Ήλ ¬ν•˜κ²Œ νƒ€μ˜¬λžμ§€μš”.
03:17
And like many pirates of that era,
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그리고 λ§Žμ€ λ‹ΉλŒ€μ˜ ν•΄μ λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ
03:19
he flew a flag that bore the macabre symbols
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹­μžκ°€ λͺ¨μ–‘ 뼈처럼 μ„¬λœ©ν•œ
03:22
of a human skull and a pair of crossed bones,
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ν˜•μƒλ“€μ„ κΉƒλ°œλ‘œ κ±Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
because those motifs had signified death in so many cultures for centuries,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λͺ¨ν‹°ν”„듀은 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒλ“€μ—μ„œ μ£½μŒμ„ μƒμ§•ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:31
that their meaning was instantly recognizable,
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κ·Έ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” λ‹¨λ²ˆμ— νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° 쉬웠고
03:34
even in the lawless, illiterate world of the high seas:
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무법 μ§€λŒ€μΈ κ³΅ν•΄μƒμ—μ„œλ„
03:38
surrender or you'll suffer.
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항볡이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ³ λ‚œμ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 것을 λœ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
So of course, all his sensible victims surrendered on sight.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ§€κ°μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄λΌλ©΄ κ·Έμžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ ν•­λ³΅ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:44
Put like that,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ
03:46
it's easy to see why Edward Teach and his fellow pirates
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μ™œ 검은 μˆ˜μ—Όκ³Ό 그의 μΆ”μ’…μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜„λŒ€ 정보 톡신 λ””μžμΈμ— μžˆμ–΄
03:50
could be seen as pioneers of modern communications design,
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μ„ κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄λΌ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€μš”.
03:55
and why their deadly symbol --
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그리고 μ™œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ£½μŒμ— κ΄€ν•œ 상징이
03:57
(Laughter)
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μ–˜κΈ°κ°€ 더 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:58
there's more --
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ 해골과 μ‹­μžλΌˆ 상징이
03:59
why their deadly symbol of the skull and crossbones
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04:02
was a precursor of today's logos,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  둜고의 전신인지도 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμœΌμ‹€ν…Œμ£ .
04:04
rather like the big red letters standing behind me,
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제 λ°”λ‘œ 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” TEDλΌλŠ” λΉ¨κ°„ κΈ€μ”¨μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
04:08
but of course with a different message.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜λ―Έμ§€λ§Œμš”.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:11
Yet design was also used to nobler ends
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ λ””μžμΈμ€ 더 κ³ μƒν•œ λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ“°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
by an equally brilliant and equally improbable designer,
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ¬΄μ²™μ΄λ‚˜ λŒ€λ‹¨ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ‘œμ„œλŠ” 상상할 수 μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ§€μš”.
04:18
the 19th-century British nurse, Florence Nightingale.
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λ°”λ‘œ 19C의 영ꡭ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬ λ‚˜μ΄νŒ…κ²ŒμΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Her mission was to provide decent healthcare for everyone.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 보건을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
Nightingale was born into a rather grand, very wealthy British family,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μœ μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ°€μ • νƒœμƒμ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:31
who were horrified when she volunteered to work in military hospitals
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ κ΅° 병원 근무 μžμ› μ†Œμ‹μ— 가쑱듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 경악을 금치 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
during the Crimean War.
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λ•ŒλŠ” 크림 μ „μŸ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
Once there, she swiftly realized
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 금방 μ•Œμ•„μ±˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
that more patients were dying of infections that they caught there,
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ μ£½μ–΄κ°„λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
04:43
in the filthy, fetid wards,
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λ”λŸ½κ³  μ•…μ·¨κ³  μ§„λ™ν•˜λŠ” λ³‘λ™μ—μ„œμš”.
04:45
than they were of battle wounds.
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μ „μŸ 쀑에 μ£½μ–΄λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” μˆ˜λ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ˜ 것이죠.
04:47
So she campaigned for cleaner, lighter, airier clinics
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κΉ¨λ—ν•œ 병싀을 μœ„ν•œ μΊ νŽ˜μΈμ„ λ²Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
to be designed and built.
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λ””μžμΈμƒμœΌλ‘œλ„ 건물을 지을 λ•Œλ„μš”.
04:54
Back in Britain,
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영ꡭ으둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œλŠ”
04:55
she mounted another campaign,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μΊ νŽ˜μΈμ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
this time for civilian hospitals,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” λ―Όκ°„ 병원을 μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
and insisted that the same design principles were applied to them.
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μ•žμ—μ„œμ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ˜ 원칙을 μ‹€ν˜„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
05:03
The Nightingale ward, as it is called,
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λ‚˜μ΄νŒ…κ²ŒμΌ 병동은 톡상 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΆˆλ¦¬μ› λ“―μ΄
05:06
dominated hospital design for decades to come,
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κ·Έ λ’€λ‘œ μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ λ³‘μ›μ˜ λ””μžμΈμ„ μž₯μ‹ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
and elements of it are still used today.
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κ·Έ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ μ΄μ–΄μ Έμ˜€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
But by then,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ λ””μžμΈμ΄λž€
05:15
design was seen as a tool of the Industrial Age.
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μ‚°μ—…ν™”μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œμ„œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
It was formalized and professionalized,
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ν˜•μ‹μ„ κ°–μΆ”κ³  전문적인 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:20
but it was restricted to specific roles
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ— 따라 μ œν•œλ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:23
and generally applied in pursuit of commercial goals
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λ˜ν•œ 상업적인 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
rather than being used intuitively,
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μ§κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”μš”.
05:28
as Florence Nightingale, Blackbeard and Ying Zheng had done.
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λ‚˜μ΄νŒ…κ²ŒμΌ, 검은 μˆ˜μ—Ό, μ§„μ‹œν™©μ œκ°€ 그랬던 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
05:33
By the 20th century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ”
05:34
this commercial ethos was so powerful,
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상업적 λͺ©μ μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ κ°•μ„Έλ₯Ό λ μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
05:37
that any designers who deviated from it
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚œ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ€
05:40
risked being seen as cranks or subversives.
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괴짜 λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λ°˜μ—­μžλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
Now among them is one of my great design heroes,
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κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 ν•œλͺ…은 μ œκ°€ μš°λŸ¬λŸ¬λ³΄λŠ” λ””μžμΈ μ˜μ›…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
the brilliant LΓ‘szlΓ³ Moholy-Nagy.
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λ°”λ‘œ 라슬둜 λͺ¨ν˜Έμ΄λ‚˜μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
He was the Hungarian artist and designer
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κ·ΈλŠ” 헝가리 μΆœμ‹ μ˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€μ΄μž λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
whose experiments with the impact of technology on daily life
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그의 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ μΌμƒμƒν™œμ— μžˆμ–΄ 기술적으둜 큰 영ν–₯을 끼쳀기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
디지털 μ΄λ―Έμ§€λΌλŠ” λ””μžμΈ μž₯λ₯΄μ— μžˆμ–΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€λ„ κ·Έ 힘이 μœ νš¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
were so powerful
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05:59
that they still influence the design of the digital images
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06:02
we see on our phone and computer screens.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 맀일 ν•Έλ“œν°μ΄λ‚˜ 컴퓨터 ν™”λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” 것듀이죠.
06:05
He radicalized the Bauhaus Design School in 1920s Germany,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 1920λ…„λŒ€ λ…μΌμ˜ λ°”μš°ν•˜μš°μŠ€ λ””μžμΈ 학ꡐλ₯Ό 깜짝 λ†€λž˜μΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
and yet some of his former colleagues shunned him
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λͺ‡ 동문 선배듀은 κ·Έλ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
06:13
when he struggled to open a new Bauhaus in Chicago years later.
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λͺ‡λ…„ ν›„ μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ—μ„œ μƒˆ λ°”μš°ν•˜μš°μŠ€λ₯Ό μ„Έμš°λ € μ• μΌκ±°λ“ μš”.
06:18
Moholy's ideas were as bold and incisive as ever,
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λͺ¨ν˜Έμ΄λ‚˜μ§€μ˜ 생각듀은 전둀없이 λŒ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ³  κΈ°λ―Όν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
but his approach to design was too experimental,
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그의 λ””μžμΈμ—μ˜ μ ‘κ·Όμ΄λž€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μ‹€ν—˜μ μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
06:26
as was his insistence on seeing it, as he put it,
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λ””μžμΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ 관점과 μ‹€ν˜„ λͺ¨λ‘μ— 그만의 고집이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
as an attitude, not a profession to be in tune with the times.
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μ§μ—…μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ λ””μžμΈμ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λ‹ΉλŒ€μ—λŠ” λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ΄€λ…μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
06:34
And sadly, the same applied
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그리고 μŠ¬ν”„κ²Œλ„ 그와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 인물이 ν•œ λͺ… 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
to another design maverick: Richard Buckminster Fuller.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ””μžμΈ 괴짜인 λ²„ν¬λ―ΌμŠ€ν„° ν’€λŸ¬ μ”¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
He was yet another brilliant design visionary
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κ·Έ μ—­μ‹œ λ””μžμΈμ— λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 비전을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
and design activist,
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그리고 ν–‰λ™κ°€μ˜€μ§€μš”.
06:46
who was completely committed to designing a sustainable society
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지속가λŠ₯ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό κ΅¬μƒν•˜λŠ”λ° μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ°μž…ν•΄μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
in such a forward-thinking way
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그의 사고방식은 맀우 μ§„μ·¨μ μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
06:52
that he started talking about the importance of environmentalism
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ν™˜κ²½μ£Όμ˜μ˜ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ—­μ„€ν•˜μ˜€μ§€μš”.
06:56
in design in the 1920s.
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무렀 1920λ…„λŒ€μ— λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
Now he, despite his efforts,
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그의 λ…Έλ ₯에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
07:02
was routinely mocked as a crank by many in the design establishment,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ₯Ό μ’…μ’… 괴짜 취급을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
and admittedly,
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μ•„μ£Ό ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
07:08
some of his experiments failed,
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 그의 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
07:09
like the flying car that never got off the ground.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 그의 λ‚ μ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” μžλ™μ°¨λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ λ•… μœ„λ₯Ό λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
And yet, the geodesic dome,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 그의 건좕양식인 μ§€μ˜€λ°μ‹ 돔은
07:14
his design formula to build an emergency shelter
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응급 μƒν™©μ‹œ λŒ€ν”Όλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κ΅¬μƒλœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
07:18
from scraps of wood, metal, plastic,
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λ‚˜λ¬΄,μ² ,ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±
07:21
bits of tree, old blankets, plastic sheeting --
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낑은 λ‹΄μš”, ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± μ‹œνŠΈ λ“±
07:24
just about anything that's available at the time --
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  재료λ₯Ό λ™μ›ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
07:27
is one of the greatest feats of humanitarian design,
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μ΄λŠ” μΈλ„μ£Όμ˜μ  λ””μžμΈμ˜ κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 업적 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
and has provided sorely needed refuge
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그리고 μ ˆμ‹€νžˆ ν”Όλ‚œμ²˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
07:33
to many, many people in desperate circumstances
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μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ 절망적인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ€μ‹ μ²˜κ°€ 돼 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
ever since.
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ν˜•μ–Έν•  수 없이 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œμš”.
07:38
Now, it was the courage and verve of radical designers
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λ²„ν‚€λ‚˜ λͺ¨ν™€λ¦¬ 같은 μš©κΈ°μ™€ 급진적인 열정은
07:42
like Bucky and Moholy
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07:44
that drew me to design.
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μ €λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈμœΌλ‘œ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
I began my career as a news journalist and foreign correspondent.
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μ €μ˜ 직업은 μ €λ„λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈμ΄μž ν•΄μ™ΈνŠΉνŒŒμ›μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
I wrote about politics, economics and corporate affairs,
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μ •μΉ˜,경제,그리고 κΈ°μ—… 등에 κ΄€ν•œ 글을 μΌμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
07:54
and I could have chosen to specialize in any of those fields.
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그리고 κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•΄μ„œ κ²½λ ₯을 μŒ“μ•„κ°ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
But I picked design,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” λ””μžμΈμ„ νƒν–ˆμ£ .
07:59
because I believe it's one of the most powerful tools at our disposal
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €λŠ” λ―ΏκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ””μžμΈμ΄ κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ„κ΅¬μž„μ„μš”
08:03
to improve our quality of life.
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œμš”.
08:07
Thank you, fellow TED design buffs.
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TED λ””μžμΈνŒ€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, κ°μ‚¬λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:12
And greatly as I admire the achievements of professional designers,
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μ €λŠ” μ „λ¬Έ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ˜
λΉ„λ²”ν•˜κ³  λŒ€λ‹¨ν–ˆλ˜ 업적을 μ‘΄κ²½ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:16
which have been extraordinary and immense,
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08:19
I also believe
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λ˜ν•œ λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
that design benefits hugely from the originality,
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λ””μžμΈμ€ 독창성과
틀을 κΉ¨λŠ” μˆ˜ν‰μ  μƒκ°μ—μ„œ 도움을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
the lateral thinking
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08:25
and the resourcefulness of its rebels and renegades.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ°˜μ—­μžμ΄μž κ°œμ²™μžμΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 가지고 있죠.
08:29
And we're living at a remarkable moment in design,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ””μžμΈμ— μžˆμ–΄ λ†€λΌμš΄ ν•œ 획의 μ‹œκΈ°μ— μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
because this is a time when the two camps are coming closer together.
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 두 가지 진보가 ν•¨κ»˜ 이루어지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:38
Because even very basic advances in digital technology
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이λ₯Όν…Œλ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό 기초적인 디지털 기술의 λ°œμ „μ΄λΌν•΄λ„
08:42
have enabled them to operate increasingly independently,
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그것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ—κΉŒμ§€ 영ν–₯λ ₯을 ν–‰μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
in or out of a commercial context,
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상업적이든 그렇지 μ•Šλ“  간에
08:49
to pursue ever more ambitious and eclectic objectives.
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λ‹€λ°©λ©΄μœΌλ‘œ μ’€ 더 λ§Žμ€ κΏˆμ„ κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
08:54
So in theory,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이둠적으둜
08:56
basic platforms like crowdfunding, cloud computing, social media
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μ‹œλ―Ό 기금, ν΄λΌμš°λ“œ μ»΄ν“¨νŒ…, μ†Œμ…œ 미디어와 같은 νƒ„νƒ„ν•œ 기술의 ꡬ좕은
09:01
are giving greater freedom to professional designers
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λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ—κ²Œ 더 λ§Žμ€ 자유λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
and giving more resources for the improvisational ones,
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특히 즉ν₯적으둜 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 μœ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
and hopefully,
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λ°”λΌκ±΄λŒ€
09:09
a more receptive response to their ideas.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 아이디어에 μ¦‰κ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ‘ν•  수 있게 되죠.
09:12
Now, some of my favorite examples of this are in Africa,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ— μ†Œκ°œν•  μ˜ˆλŠ” 아프리카에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
where a new generation of designers
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆ μ„ΈλŒ€λ“€μ΄
09:19
are developing incredible Internet of Things technologies
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 기술 λ°œμ „μ„ 도λͺ¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 곳이죠.
09:22
to fulfill Florence Nightingale's dream of improving healthcare
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보건 ν–₯μƒμ΄λΌλŠ” λ‚˜μ΄νŒ…κ²ŒμΌμ˜ κΏˆμ„ 이루기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
in countries where more people now have access to cell phones
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 이제 막 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ μ“°κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:30
than to clean, running water.
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단지 κΉ¨λ—ν•œ 물을 λ§ˆμ‹€ 수 μžˆκΈ°λ§Œμ„ λ°”λž¬λ˜ μƒνƒœλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μš”.
09:32
And among them is Arthur Zang.
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κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…이 λ°”λ‘œ μ•„μ„œ μž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
He's a young, Cameroonian design engineer
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κ·ΈλŠ” 카메룬 μΆœμ‹ μ˜ μ Šμ€ λ””μžμΈ κ³΅ν•™λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
who has a adapted a tablet computer into the Cardiopad,
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νƒœλΈ”λ¦Ώ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ ‘λͺ©μ‹œμΌœ μΉ΄λ””μ˜€νŒ¨λ“œλΌλŠ”
09:42
a mobile heart-monitoring device.
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λͺ¨λ°”μΌλ‘œ 심μž₯ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ²΄ν¬ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
It can be used to monitor the hearts of patients in remote, rural areas.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ¨Ό λ†μ΄Œ 지역 ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 심μž₯도 μ‚΄ν•„ 수 있게 λμ§€μš”.
09:49
The data is then sent on a cellular network
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그에 κ΄€ν•œ 정보가 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό 톡해 μ „μ†‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
to well-equipped hospitals hundreds of miles away
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수백 마일 거리의 잘 갖좰진 λ³‘μ›μœΌλ‘œ
09:55
for analysis.
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보내져 진단을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
And if any problems are spotted by the specialists there,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ „λ¬Έμ˜μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 감지될 경우
09:59
a suitable course of treatment is recommended.
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지속 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κΆŒκ³ κ°€ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
And this of course saves many patients
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μ΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
from making long, arduous, expensive and often pointless journeys
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κΈΈκ³  μ§€λ£¨ν•˜κ³  κ°’λΉ„μ‹Ό κ±ΈμŒμ„ ν•΄μ•Όν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ§€μš”.
10:10
to those hospitals,
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λ³‘μ›μœΌλ‘œ 였기 μœ„ν•΄ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
10:11
and makes it much, much likelier
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λ˜ν•œ 훨씬 더 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ
10:14
that their hearts will actually be checked.
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심μž₯을 주기적으둜 검진 받을 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
Arthur Zang started working on the Cardiopad eight years ago,
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μ•„μ„œ μž₯은 μΉ΄λ””μ˜€νŒ¨λ“œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 무렀 8λ…„ 전에 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
in his final year at university.
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κ·Έ λ•Œκ°€ λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν•΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
But he failed to persuade any conventional sources
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·ΈλŠ” 섀득에 κ±°λ“­ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
to give him investment to get the project off the ground.
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ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€ 싀행될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μžκΈˆμ„ μ–»λŠ” λ°μ—μš”.
10:30
He posted the idea on Facebook,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λΆμ— 글을 μ¨μ„œ μ˜¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
where a Cameroonian government official saw it
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그리고 그것을 카메룬 μ •λΆ€ κ΄€λ£Œκ°€ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:34
and managed to secure a government grant for him.
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그리고 μ •λΆ€ λ³΄μ‘°κΈˆμ„ μ§€κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ„±κ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
He's now developing not only the Cardiopad,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μΉ΄λ””μ˜€νŒ¨λ“œ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
10:41
but other mobile medical devices to treat different conditions.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ³‘μ— μ“Έ λͺ¨λ°”일 의료 기기듀을 개발 쀑에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
And he isn't alone,
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그리고 이제 κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜Όμžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
10:47
because there are many other inspiring and enterprising designers
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κ·Έμ—κ²Œ 도움을 μ£Όκ³  λΆλ‹μ•„μ£ΌλŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
who are also pursuing extraordinary projects of their own.
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κ·Έλ“€ μ—­μ‹œ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰μ€‘μ΄κ³ μš”.
10:56
And I'm going to finish by looking at just a few of them.
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그리고 이듀 쀑 λͺ‡μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  강연을 마치렀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
One is Peek Vision.
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κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ ν”½ λΉ„μ Όμ΄λΌλŠ” μ•±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
This is a group of doctors and designers in Kenya,
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μ΄λŠ” μΌ€λƒμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬ 및 λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨μ—¬μ„œ
11:05
who've developed an Internet of Things technology of their own,
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λ…μžμ μœΌλ‘œ 인터넷 κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
as a portable eye examination kit.
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μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²€μ•ˆ 도ꡬ이죠.
11:11
Then there's Gabriel Maher,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 예둜 κ°€λΈŒλ¦¬μ—˜ λ§ˆν—ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
who is developing a new design language
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κ·ΈλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ””μžμΈ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 개발 μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
to enable us to articulate the subtleties of our changing gender identities,
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μ΄λŠ” λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μ„± μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•¨μ„ λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
11:20
without recourse to traditional stereotypes.
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기쑴의 κ³ μ • 관념에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
All of these designers and many more are pursuing their dreams,
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이 λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ“€ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ κΏˆμ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
by the making the most of their newfound freedom,
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κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ 자유λ₯Ό μ΅œλŒ€ν•œμœΌλ‘œ 좔ꡬ할 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:30
with the discipline of professional designers
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전문적인 λ””μžμ΄λ„ˆλ‘œμ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
11:33
and the resourcefulness of rebels and renegades.
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λ°˜ν•­μ•„μ΄μž κ°œμ²™κ°€λ‘œμ„œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
And we all stand to benefit.
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그리고 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν˜œνƒμ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

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