How to change your behavior for the better | Dan Ariely

589,211 views ใƒป 2019-12-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: TED Translators Admin ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shlomo Adam
00:12
Hi.
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ืฉืœื•ื.
00:14
You might have noticed that I have half a beard.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ื–ืงืŸ.
00:17
It's not because I lost a bet.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:19
Many years ago, I was badly burned.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืงืฉื•ืช.
00:22
Most of my body is covered with scars,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฆืœืงื•ืช,
00:24
including the right side of my face.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™.
00:26
I just don't have hair. That's just how it happened.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ. ื›ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืจื”.
00:29
It looks symmetrical, but almost.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜.
00:31
Anyway, now that we discussed facial hair,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืžืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคื ื™ื,
00:35
let's move to social science.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
00:37
And in particular, I want us to think about where is the potential for humanity
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืคื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
00:44
and where we are now.
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:45
And if you think about it, there's a big gap
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:47
between where we think we could be and where we are,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
00:50
and it's in all kinds of areas.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
00:52
So let me ask you:
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื:
00:54
How many of you in the last month have eaten more than you think you should?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื›ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื›ื“ืื™?
00:58
Just kind of general. OK.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™... ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:00
How many of you in the last month have exercised less than you think you should?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืขืžืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื?
01:05
OK, and for how many of you has raising your hands twice
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ืจืžืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
01:08
been the most exercise you got today?
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื?
01:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
How many of you have ever texted while driving?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”?
01:18
OK, we're getting honest. Let's test your honesty.
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ื™ืคื”. ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:21
How many people here in the last month
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืคื”, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
01:23
have not always washed your hands when you left the bathroom?
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ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื?
01:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:28
A little less honest.
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ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื.
01:29
By the way, it's interesting how we're willing to admit texting and driving
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ืื’ื‘, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”
ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:33
but not washing our hands, that's difficult.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:35
(Laughter)
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01:37
We can go on and on.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
01:38
The problem, the topic is that there's lots of things
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:41
when we know what we could do --
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื,
01:43
we could be very, very different, but we're acting in a very different way.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
01:47
And when we think how do we bridge that gap,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:49
the usual answer is, "Just tell people."
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืดืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ืืด.
01:52
For example, just tell people that texting and driving is dangerous.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
01:55
Did you know it's dangerous? You should stop doing it.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ? ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืขื ื–ื”.
ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ืงื•.
01:58
You tell people something is dangerous, and they will stop.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืฆืขืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
02:01
Texting and driving is one example.
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02:02
Another very sad example is that in the US,
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02:05
we spend between seven and eight hundred million dollars a year
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 700-800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”
02:08
on what's called "financial literacy."
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืดืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชืด.
02:11
And what do we get as a consequence of that?
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš?
02:13
There was recently a study that looked at all the research ever to be conducted
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืื™-ืคืขื
02:17
on financial literacy -- what's called a meta-analysis.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ืชื•ื—-ืขืœ.
02:20
And what they found is that when you tell people,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช,
02:23
you teach them financial literacy,
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02:25
they learn and they remember.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื.
02:27
But do people execute? Not so much.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื? ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
02:30
The improvement is about three or four percent
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืก,
02:33
immediately after the course,
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02:35
and then it goes down.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“.
02:36
And at the end of the day,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›-0.1%,
02:38
the improvement is about 0.1 percent --
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02:42
not zero, but as humanly close to zero as possible.
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ืœื ืืคืก, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก ืฉืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:48
So that's the sad news.
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืขืจื•ืช.
02:49
The sad news is, giving information to people
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืขืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื
02:52
is just not a good recipe to change behavior.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
02:55
What is?
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ืžื” ื›ืŸ?
02:56
Well, social science has made lots of strides,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:59
and the basic insight is that if we want to change behavior,
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
03:02
we have to change the environment.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:05
The right way is not to change people, it's to change the environment.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:08
And I want to present a very simpleminded model of how to think about it:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”:
03:12
it's to think about behavioral change
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœืœ.
03:14
in the same way that we think about sending a rocket to space.
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03:17
When we think about sending a rocket to space,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœืœ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
03:20
we want to do two main things.
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03:21
The first one is to reduce friction.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
03:24
We want to take the rocket and have as little friction as possible
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
03:27
so it's the most aerodynamic possible.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
03:29
And the second thing is we want to load as much fuel as possible,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืœืง,
03:32
to give it the most amount of motivation, energy to do its task.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื•.
03:37
And behavior change is the same thing.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
03:39
So let's first talk about friction.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
03:43
In this particular case study I'll tell you about,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื,
03:46
there's a pharmacy, an online pharmacy.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืช ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ.
03:49
Imagine you go to your doctor.
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:51
You have a long-term illness,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
03:53
your doctor prescribes to you a medication,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ืจื•ืฉื ืœื›ื ืžืจืฉื ืœืชืจื•ืคื”,
03:55
you sign up for this online pharmacy
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ืืชื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:58
and you get your medication in the mail every 90 days.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ 90 ื™ื•ื.
04:01
Every 90 days, medication, medication, medication.
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ื›ืœ 90 ื™ื•ื: ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืชืจื•ืคื”.
04:04
And this online pharmacy wants to switch people
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:07
from branded medication to generic medication.
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ืžืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:11
So they send people letters, and they say,
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘:
04:13
"Please, please, please, switch to generics.
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ืดื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืชืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:15
You will save money, we will save money, your employer will save money."
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"ืืชื ืชื—ืกื›ื• ื›ืกืฃ, ืื ื• ื ื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ.ืด
ื•ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
04:19
And what do people do?
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04:20
Nothing.
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ื›ืœื•ื.
04:21
So they try all kinds of things and nothing happens.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
04:24
So for one year, they give people an amazing offer.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:27
They send people a letter, and they say,
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื:
04:29
"If you switch to generics now, it will be free for a whole year."
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ืดืื ืชืขื‘ืจื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ื’ื ืจื™ืช, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.ืด
04:33
Free for a whole year. Amazing!
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ื—ื™ื ื ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”! ืžื“ื”ื™ื!
04:35
What percentage of people do you think switched?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื?
04:39
Less than 10 percent.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:41
At this point, they show up to my office.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™.
04:43
And they come to complain.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ.
04:45
Why did they pick me?
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ืœืžื” ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™?
04:46
I wrote a couple of papers on the "allure of free."
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ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืดื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื.ืด
04:49
In those papers, we showed that if you reduce the price of something
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ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
04:52
for, let's say, 10 cents to one cent, nothing much happens.
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ืžืขืฉืจื” ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื ื˜ ืื—ื“, ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:55
You reduce it from one cent to zero, now people get excited.
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ืืš ืื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืกื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœืืคืก - ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
04:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:00
And they said, "Look, we read these papers on 'free,' we gave 'free.'
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืดืชืจืื”, ืงืจืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื, ื”ืฆืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
05:03
Not working as we expected.
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"ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•. ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?"
05:04
What's going on?"
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05:06
I said, "You know, maybe it's a question of friction."
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ืืžืจืชื™, ืดืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.ืด
05:09
They said, "What do you mean?"
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ืดืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ?ืด ืืžืจืชื™, ืดืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’.
05:11
I said, "People are starting with branded.
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"ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’.
05:13
They can do nothing and end with branded.
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05:15
To move to generic, they have to choose generic over branded,
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"ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื ืจื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื’,
05:19
but they also have to do something.
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•,
05:21
They have to return the letter."
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"ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.ืด
05:22
So this is what we call a "confounded design."
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื, "ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืด:
05:25
Two things are happening at the same time.
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
05:27
It's branded versus generic,
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ื”ืื—ื“: ืชืจื•ืคืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื ืจื™ืช,
05:29
but it's doing nothing versus doing something.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™: ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืฉื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ืขืฉื™ื”.
05:32
So I said, "Why don't we switch it?
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™: ืดืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื”?ืด
05:34
Why don't we send people a letter and say, 'We're switching you to generics.
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื”ื: "ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื’ื ืจื™ืช.
"ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:38
You don't need to do anything.
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05:39
If you want to stay with branded, please return the letter.'"
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"ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืชื’, ืื ื ืฉื™ืœื—ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”".
05:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:43
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:45
What do you think happened?
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืงืจื”?
05:48
Lawyers, lawyers happened.
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:56
It turns out, this is illegal.
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™.
05:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:03
By the way, for brainstorming and creativity,
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ืื’ื‘, ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
06:06
doing things that are illegal and immoral, it's fine,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื,
06:08
as long as it's just in the brainstorming phase.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:13
But this was the purity of the idea,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
06:15
because the initial design was the branded had the no-action benefit.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืœืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
06:19
In my illegal, immoral design, generic had the no-action benefit.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื™, ืœื’ื ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
06:23
But they agreed to give people a T-intersection:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืžืช T,
06:26
send people a letter and say,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
06:28
"If you don't return this letter,
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"ืื ืœื ืชืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
06:30
we will be forced to stop your medications.
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"ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืชืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
06:33
But when you return the letter, you could choose branded at this price,
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06:36
generic at this price."
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"ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื–ื”.ืด
06:38
Now people had to take an action.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:40
They were on even footing. Right?
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06:42
It wasn't that one had the no-action benefit.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™-ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
06:44
What percentage do you think switched?
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ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•?
06:48
The vast majority switched.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ.
06:50
So what does it tell us?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?
06:51
Do people like generics, or do we like branded?
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’?
06:54
We hate returning letters.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื.
06:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš: ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื.
06:58
This is the story of friction: small things really matter.
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07:02
And friction is about taking the desired behavior
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”,
07:06
and saying: Where do we have too much friction
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืžืื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ?
07:08
so it's slowing people down from acting on it?
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07:11
And every time you see that the desired behavior
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืชื•ืืžื•ืช,
07:13
and the easy behavior are not aligned,
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07:15
it means we want to try and realign them.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:18
That's the first part. We talked about friction.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
07:20
Now let's talk about motivation.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
07:22
In this particular study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:24
we were trying to get very poor people in a slum called Kibera in Kenya
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
07:28
to save a little bit of money for a rainy day.
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ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขืช ืฆืจื”.
07:31
You know, if you're very, very poor, you have no extra money,
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ื”ืจื™ ืื ืืชื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื“ ืœืคื”,
07:34
you live hand to mouth,
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07:35
and from time to time, bad things happen.
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ื•ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
07:37
And when something bad happens, you have nothing to draw on, you borrow.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช.
ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ 10% ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข.
07:42
The Kibera people can borrow at sometimes up to 10 percent interest a week.
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07:48
And then, of course, it's really hard to get out of it.
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื”.
07:51
You live hand to mouth, something bad happens,
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืžื”ื™ื“ ืœืคื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงื•ืจื”,
07:53
you borrow, things get worse and worse and worse.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
07:56
So we wanted people to keep a little bit of money for a rainy day.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ, ืœืขืช ืฆืจื”.
08:00
And we thought about what is the motivation,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”?
08:02
what is the fuel that we need to add?
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ืžื” ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ?
08:05
And we tried all kinds of things.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:07
Some people, we texted them once a week and said,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจื ื•:
08:09
"Please try to save 100 shillings" -- about a dollar -- "this week."
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"ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ืกื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข 100 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ (ื›ื“ื•ืœืจ)"
08:14
Some people, we sent a text message as if it came from their kids.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืœื— ืžืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
08:19
So it said, "Hi Mom, hi Dad, this is little Joey" --
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื•: ืดื”ื™ ืืžื, ื”ื™ ืื‘ื, ื–ื” ื’ืณื•ืื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸืด
08:22
whatever the name of the kid was --
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
08:24
"Try and save 100 shillings this week for the future of our family."
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ืดืชื ืกื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข 100 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•."
08:28
Right? I'm Jewish, a little bit of guilt always works.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืงืฆืช ืืฉืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:32
(Laughter)
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08:33
Some people got 10 percent.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 10%.
08:35
"Save up to a hundred shillings, we'll give you 10 percent."
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ืดืชื—ืกื›ื• ืขื“ 100 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื 10%"
08:38
Some people got 20 percent.
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ื—ืœืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 20%.
ื—ืœืงื ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 10% ืื• 20%,
08:40
Some people got also 10 percent and 20 percent,
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08:42
but they got it with loss aversion.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื "ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“".
08:45
What is loss aversion?
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ืžื”ื™ "ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“"?
08:46
Loss aversion is the idea that we hate losing
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"ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“" ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“
08:48
more than we enjoy gaining.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—.
08:50
Now, think about somebody who is in a 10-percent condition
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”-10%,
08:53
and they put 40 shillings in.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 40 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’.
08:55
They put 40 shillings, we give them four more,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื™ื“ 40 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’, ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืขื•ื“ 4,
08:57
they say thank you very much.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”."
ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ 6 ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’.
08:59
That person gave up six.
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09:00
They could have gotten six more if they gave a hundred,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ 6 ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื™ื“ 100,
09:03
but they don't see it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื”.
09:05
So we created what we call pre-match.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”",
09:07
We put the 10 shillings in at the beginning of the week.
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ืื ื• ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืช 10 ื”ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื–ื” ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืš!"
09:10
We said, "It's waiting for you!"
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09:11
And then if somebody puts 40 in, we say, "Oh, you put 40 in,
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ื•ืื– ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืงื™ื“ 40, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืดืื”, ื”ืคืงื“ืช 40,
09:14
we're leaving four, and we're taking six back."
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"ืื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื 4 ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” 6.ืด
09:17
So in both cases, pre-match or post-match,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจืช,
09:20
people get 10 percent.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 10%.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”,
09:22
But in the pre-match,
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09:23
they see the money they did not match leaving their account.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื.
09:27
So we have text, text from kids, 10 percent, 20 percent,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืจื•ืŸ, ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื 10%, 20%
09:30
pre-match, post-match.
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
09:32
And we had one more condition.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื“,
09:34
It was a coin about this size,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื 24 ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
09:36
with 24 numbers written on it.
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09:39
And we asked them to put the coin somewhere in their hut,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืœื”ื,
09:42
and every week, take a knife and scratch the number for that week --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืงื—ืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข:
09:46
week one, two, three, four --
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืื ื”ื ืœื ื—ืกื›ื•
09:48
scratch it like a minus if they didn't save
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09:50
and scratch it up and down if they saved.
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ื•ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืœืžืขืœื”-ืœืžื˜ื” ืื ื”ื ื›ืŸ.
09:53
Now, think to yourself:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื:
ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘?
09:55
Which one of those methods do you think worked the best?
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09:58
Text, text from the kids, 10 percent, 20 percent,
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ืžืกืจื•ืŸ, ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, 10%, 20%.
10:00
beginning of the week, end of the week, and the coin?
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข?
ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:03
I'll tell you what the average people think.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื›ืืœื•,
10:05
We've done these studies of prediction,
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10:07
both in the US and in Kenya.
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ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
10:09
People think that 20 percent will get a lot of action,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉ-20% ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™,
10:12
10 percent less,
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10% ืคื—ื•ืช,
10:13
the rest of it will do nothing --
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ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
10:15
kids, coin, doesn't matter.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:19
People think loss aversion will have a small effect.
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10:22
What actually happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืช?
10:24
Sending a text reminder once a week
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืกืจื•ืŸ, ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
10:27
helps a lot.
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10:28
Good news!
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช!
ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื. ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื–ื” ื ืคืœื.
10:30
This program lasted six months. People forget. Reminding people is great.
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10% ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืขื–ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช.
10:34
Ten percent at the end of the week helped some more.
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ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
10:37
Financial incentives work.
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20% ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• 10%, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
10:39
Twenty percent at the end of the week -- just like 10 percent, no difference.
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10:43
Ten percent in the beginning of the week
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10% ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืขื•ื–ืจ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:45
helps some more.
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10:46
Loss aversion works.
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ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
10:48
Twenty percent in the beginning of the week,
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20% ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• 10% ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
10:50
just like 10 percent in the beginning of the week, no difference.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•
10:53
And the text message from the kids was just as effective
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10:56
as 20 percent plus loss aversion --
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20% ืขื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“.
10:59
which is amazing, right?
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:01
It's amazing how motivating messages from kids were.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:04
And one conclusion is we don't use kids enough.
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ื•ืžืกืงื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:09
And, of course, I don't mean in a child labor sense.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
11:16
But if you think about parents and their kids,
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11:18
we are the best that we can for our kids,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
11:21
and we think about the future,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
11:22
and I think we should think
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:24
about how to use that amazing source of motivation
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”
ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:27
to get parents to behave in a better way.
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11:30
But the big surprise of this study was the coin.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
11:33
The coin basically doubled savings compared to everything else.
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:37
And now the question is: Why? What was it about the coin?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืœืžื”? ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข?
ืื– ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
11:41
So I'll tell you how I started thinking about the coin,
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11:43
and then we'll come back to it.
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ื•ืื– ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
11:45
So you know, when I do research on, let's say, buying coffee,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืคื”,
11:48
I don't need to go anywhere. I can sit in my office.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™,
11:50
I've bought enough coffee. I know how it works.
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ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืคื”. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
11:52
The details, I'm familiar with.
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
11:54
When you do research in some of the poorest places in the world,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืฉื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
11:58
you have to go and visit and see what's going on
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
12:00
and get some insight about how the system works.
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12:03
And on that particular day,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:04
I'm in a place called Soweto in South Africa,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืกื•ื•ื˜ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
12:07
and I'm sitting in a place that sells funeral insurance.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:11
You know, in the US people spend crazy amounts of money on weddings?
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ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช?
12:15
In South Africa, it's funerals.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:18
People spend up to a year or two years of income on funerals.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:23
And I sit in this place --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื...
12:26
by the way, before you judge the South Africans as being irrational with this,
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ืื’ื‘, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
12:31
I just want to remind you
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
12:32
that spending a lot of money on funerals compared to weddings,
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ืฉื›ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช,
12:36
at least you know for sure you only have one.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
12:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:48
OK, so I sit in this place that sells funeral insurance.
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12:53
And this guy comes in with his son -- his son is about 12 --
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ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ 12,
12:57
and he buys funeral insurance for a week.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข.
13:00
It will cover 90 percent of his funeral expense
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ืกื” 90% ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•
13:03
only if he dies in the next seven days.
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ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
13:06
Right? These are very poor people, they buy small amounts of insurance
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13:09
and small amount of soap and such.
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ื•ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”,
13:11
And he gets that certificate,
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13:13
and in a very ceremonious way, he gives it to his son.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•.
13:16
And as he gives it to his son, I think to myself, why the ceremony?
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืœืžื” ื”ื˜ืงืก?
ืžื” ื”ืื‘ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
13:19
What is this father doing?
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13:21
Now, think about the breadwinner that decides on that particular day
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจื ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื
ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืขืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
13:25
to direct some money into insurance or savings.
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13:28
What is the family going to see tonight?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชืจืื” ื”ืขืจื‘?
13:31
They're going to see less.
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ื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
13:33
Right? At that level of poverty, there'll be less food, less kerosene, less water --
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ, ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืœืง, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื,
13:37
something less tonight.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื‘.
13:39
And what his father was doing and what our coin was trying to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
13:42
is to say, yes, there's less food on the table,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
13:45
but there's another activity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
13:47
You see, what happened is, there are many good, important economic activities,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
13:51
like savings and insurance, that are invisible.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ึนืช.
13:54
And now the question is: How do we make them visible?
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช?
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:58
So let's go back to our rocket model.
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14:02
We have to, first of all, look at the system
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
14:04
and see where there's little things we can fix, with friction,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš,
14:08
where is there that we can remove friction?
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ืื™ืคื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš?
14:10
And then the next thing we want to do is to think broadly about the system,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
14:14
and say: What other motivations can we bring in?
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืื™ืœื• ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ?
ื•ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
14:18
And that's a much more difficult exercise,
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ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
14:20
and we don't always know what would work best.
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14:22
Is it going to be money? Is it going to be loss aversion?
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ื›ืกืฃ? ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“?
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ?
14:25
Is it going to be something that is visible?
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ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:27
We don't know, and we have to try different things.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื˜ืขื”.
14:30
We also have to realize that our intuition sometimes misleads us.
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14:33
We don't always necessarily know what would work the best.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
ืื– ืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:37
So if we think about this gap
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14:39
between where we could be and where we are,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:41
it's a really sad thing to see this gap and to think about it.
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ืžืฆืขืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
14:44
But the good news is, there's lots we can do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
14:47
Some of the changes are easy, some of the changes are more complex.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื, ื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
14:51
But if we'll attack each problem directly,
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14:53
not by just providing more information to people
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
14:57
but trying to change the friction,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”,
14:59
add motivation,
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15:00
I think we can ...
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ...
15:01
Can we close the gap? No.
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ื”ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ? ืœื.
15:03
But can we get much better? Absolutely, yes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”? ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
15:06
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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