How to change your behavior for the better | Dan Ariely

574,946 views ใƒป 2019-12-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Shihwan Go ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:12
Hi.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
00:14
You might have noticed that I have half a beard.
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์ œ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ด ๋ฐ˜์ชฝ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑ„์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
It's not because I lost a bet.
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๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
Many years ago, I was badly burned.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Most of my body is covered with scars,
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์–ผ๊ตด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ชธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
including the right side of my face.
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00:26
I just don't have hair. That's just how it happened.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ„ธ์ด ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:29
It looks symmetrical, but almost.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋Œ€์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
00:31
Anyway, now that we discussed facial hair,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์ˆ˜์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
00:35
let's move to social science.
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์ด์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
00:37
And in particular, I want us to think about where is the potential for humanity
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์ฏค์— ์™€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
00:44
and where we are now.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
00:45
And if you think about it, there's a big gap
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณผ
00:47
between where we think we could be and where we are,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:50
and it's in all kinds of areas.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
So let me ask you:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด์ฃ .
00:54
How many of you in the last month have eaten more than you think you should?
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์‹ํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„, ์†๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
00:58
Just kind of general. OK.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋„ค์š”. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
How many of you in the last month have exercised less than you think you should?
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™ํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„, ์†๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
01:05
OK, and for how many of you has raising your hands twice
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์†์„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ
01:08
been the most exercise you got today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„, ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:13
How many of you have ever texted while driving?
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์šด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์žํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋ถ„?
01:18
OK, we're getting honest. Let's test your honesty.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์†”์งํ•ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •์งํ•œ์ง€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:21
How many people here in the last month
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์—
01:23
have not always washed your hands when you left the bathroom?
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ๋‹ค๋…€์˜ค๊ณ  ์†์„ ์•ˆ ์”ป์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„?
01:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:28
A little less honest.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋œ ์†”์งํ•˜์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
01:29
By the way, it's interesting how we're willing to admit texting and driving
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šด์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์žํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
์†์„ ์”ป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋„ค์š”.
01:33
but not washing our hands, that's difficult.
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์ฐธ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:37
We can go on and on.
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๊ณ„์† ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
01:38
The problem, the topic is that there's lots of things
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ๋„
01:41
when we know what we could do --
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:43
we could be very, very different, but we're acting in a very different way.
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์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
And when we think how do we bridge that gap,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
01:49
the usual answer is, "Just tell people."
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
For example, just tell people that texting and driving is dangerous.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์žํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
01:55
Did you know it's dangerous? You should stop doing it.
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ธ ๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
01:58
You tell people something is dangerous, and they will stop.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ํ• ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
02:01
Texting and driving is one example.
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์šด์ „ ์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
02:02
Another very sad example is that in the US,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šฌํ”ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š”
02:05
we spend between seven and eight hundred million dollars a year
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์†Œ์œ„ "๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ" ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ 7์–ต์—์„œ 8์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
02:08
on what's called "financial literacy."
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And what do we get as a consequence of that?
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:13
There was recently a study that looked at all the research ever to be conducted
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
on financial literacy -- what's called a meta-analysis.
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์†Œ์œ„ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
And what they found is that when you tell people,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:23
you teach them financial literacy,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด
02:25
they learn and they remember.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
But do people execute? Not so much.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์‹ค์ฒœํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
02:30
The improvement is about three or four percent
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๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์งํ›„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์€
02:33
immediately after the course,
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์•ฝ 3~4% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:35
and then it goes down.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
And at the end of the day,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š”,
02:38
the improvement is about 0.1 percent --
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.1%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
not zero, but as humanly close to zero as possible.
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0์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ˆ˜์น˜์ฃ .
02:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:48
So that's the sad news.
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์Šฌํ”ˆ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ฃ .
02:49
The sad news is, giving information to people
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:52
is just not a good recipe to change behavior.
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
What is?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ ?
02:56
Well, social science has made lots of strides,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
and the basic insight is that if we want to change behavior,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
03:02
we have to change the environment.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
The right way is not to change people, it's to change the environment.
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์˜ณ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And I want to present a very simpleminded model of how to think about it:
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์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
it's to think about behavioral change
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
03:14
in the same way that we think about sending a rocket to space.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
When we think about sending a rocket to space,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํฌ๊ฒŒ
03:20
we want to do two main things.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
The first one is to reduce friction.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
We want to take the rocket and have as little friction as possible
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๋กœ์ผ“์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์ ์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋‹ˆ
03:27
so it's the most aerodynamic possible.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:29
And the second thing is we want to load as much fuel as possible,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์–ด
03:32
to give it the most amount of motivation, energy to do its task.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
And behavior change is the same thing.
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ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
So let's first talk about friction.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋จผ์ € ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
03:43
In this particular case study I'll tell you about,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š”
03:46
there's a pharmacy, an online pharmacy.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์•ฝ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Imagine you go to your doctor.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง„์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:51
You have a long-term illness,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:53
your doctor prescribes to you a medication,
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด,
03:55
you sign up for this online pharmacy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์•ฝ๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:58
and you get your medication in the mail every 90 days.
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90์ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Every 90 days, medication, medication, medication.
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๋งค 90์ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
And this online pharmacy wants to switch people
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์•ฝ๊ตญ์€
04:07
from branded medication to generic medication.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒํ‘œ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
So they send people letters, and they say,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
"Please, please, please, switch to generics.
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"์ œ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€ํƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ƒํ‘œ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”.
04:15
You will save money, we will save money, your employer will save money."
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ €ํฌ, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:19
And what do people do?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:20
Nothing.
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:21
So they try all kinds of things and nothing happens.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
So for one year, they give people an amazing offer.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
They send people a letter, and they say,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
04:29
"If you switch to generics now, it will be free for a whole year."
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"์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒํ‘œ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๋ฉด 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ์•ฝ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:33
Free for a whole year. Amazing!
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1๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ณต์งœ๋ผ๋‹ˆ. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜์ฃ !
04:35
What percentage of people do you think switched?
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์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
04:39
Less than 10 percent.
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10% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
At this point, they show up to my office.
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์ด ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—
04:43
And they come to complain.
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๋ถˆํ‰์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Why did they pick me?
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์™œ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:46
I wrote a couple of papers on the "allure of free."
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์ €๋Š” "๊ณต์งœ์˜ ์œ ํ˜น"์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
In those papers, we showed that if you reduce the price of something
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๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ น 10์„ผํŠธ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ 1์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ฉด
04:52
for, let's say, 10 cents to one cent, nothing much happens.
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์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
You reduce it from one cent to zero, now people get excited.
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1์„ผํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์งœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:00
And they said, "Look, we read these papers on 'free,' we gave 'free.'
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "'๊ณต์งœ'์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ , '๊ณต์งœ'๋กœ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:03
Not working as we expected.
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋งŒํผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„ค์š”.
05:04
What's going on?"
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"
05:06
I said, "You know, maybe it's a question of friction."
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์ „ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์•„๋งˆ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:09
They said, "What do you mean?"
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"๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์ฃ ?" ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:11
I said, "People are starting with branded.
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์ „ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด
05:13
They can do nothing and end with branded.
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์•„๋ฌด ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†์ด ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์„ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:15
To move to generic, they have to choose generic over branded,
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์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:19
but they also have to do something.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
They have to return the letter."
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŽธ์ง€์— ํšŒ์‹ ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ ."
05:22
So this is what we call a "confounded design."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” 'ํ˜ผ์žฌ ์„ค๊ณ„'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
Two things are happening at the same time.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
It's branded versus generic,
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์•ฝ์ด ์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋ƒ ์—†๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฉด์„œ
05:29
but it's doing nothing versus doing something.
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So I said, "Why don't we switch it?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:34
Why don't we send people a letter and say, 'We're switching you to generics.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ . '์ผ๋ฐ˜์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
You don't need to do anything.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
If you want to stay with branded, please return the letter.'"
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์ƒํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋ ค๋ฉด ํšŒ์‹ ์„ ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'"
05:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:43
Right?
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๋งž์ฃ ?
05:45
What do you think happened?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‚˜์š”?
05:48
Lawyers, lawyers happened.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:56
It turns out, this is illegal.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋„ค์š”.
05:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:03
By the way, for brainstorming and creativity,
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๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์Šคํ† ๋ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ž ๊น ๋ง๋ถ™์ด์ž๋ฉด,
06:06
doing things that are illegal and immoral, it's fine,
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋„๋•ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
06:08
as long as it's just in the brainstorming phase.
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๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์Šคํ† ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:13
But this was the purity of the idea,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์•ฝ์ด
06:15
because the initial design was the branded had the no-action benefit.
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆํ•ด๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์—๋Š”
06:19
In my illegal, immoral design, generic had the no-action benefit.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์•ฝ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:23
But they agreed to give people a T-intersection:
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ œ์•ฝ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ผญ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:26
send people a letter and say,
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ํŽธ์ง€๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:28
"If you don't return this letter,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ํŽธ์ง€์— ํšŒ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด,
06:30
we will be forced to stop your medications.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
But when you return the letter, you could choose branded at this price,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšŒ์‹ ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์•ฝ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์—
06:36
generic at this price."
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์•ฝ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:38
Now people had to take an action.
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์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
They were on even footing. Right?
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์ด์ œ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๋งž์ฃ ?
06:42
It wasn't that one had the no-action benefit.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์•ˆํ•ด๋„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์€ ์—†์ฃ .
06:44
What percentage do you think switched?
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๋ฐ”๊พผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:48
The vast majority switched.
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
So what does it tell us?
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:51
Do people like generics, or do we like branded?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•ฝ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋‚˜์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์•ฝ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
06:54
We hate returning letters.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋‹ต์žฅ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:58
This is the story of friction: small things really matter.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:02
And friction is about taking the desired behavior
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:06
and saying: Where do we have too much friction
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
so it's slowing people down from acting on it?
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์–ด๋””์ผ๊นŒ?
07:11
And every time you see that the desired behavior
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ
07:13
and the easy behavior are not aligned,
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์‰ฌ์šด ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:15
it means we want to try and realign them.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
That's the first part. We talked about friction.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ 
07:20
Now let's talk about motivation.
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์ด์ œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
07:22
In this particular study,
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์ด ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
07:24
we were trying to get very poor people in a slum called Kibera in Kenya
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ผ€๋ƒ ํ‚ค๋ฒ ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:28
to save a little bit of money for a rainy day.
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์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
You know, if you're very, very poor, you have no extra money,
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
07:34
you live hand to mouth,
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
07:35
and from time to time, bad things happen.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜น ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋“ค๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
07:37
And when something bad happens, you have nothing to draw on, you borrow.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์˜์ง€ํ•  ๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:42
The Kibera people can borrow at sometimes up to 10 percent interest a week.
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ํ‚ค๋ฒ ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‹น 10% ์ด์ž๋กœ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
07:48
And then, of course, it's really hard to get out of it.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
07:51
You live hand to mouth, something bad happens,
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๊ทผ๊ทผ์ด ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
07:53
you borrow, things get worse and worse and worse.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ณ , ๊ณ„์† ์•…ํ™”๋˜์ฃ .
07:56
So we wanted people to keep a little bit of money for a rainy day.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์ฃ .
08:00
And we thought about what is the motivation,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
08:02
what is the fuel that we need to add?
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And we tried all kinds of things.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
Some people, we texted them once a week and said,
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๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
"Please try to save 100 shillings" -- about a dollar -- "this week."
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"์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” 100์‹ค๋ง(์•ฝ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”."
08:14
Some people, we sent a text message as if it came from their kids.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
08:19
So it said, "Hi Mom, hi Dad, this is little Joey" --
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"์•ˆ๋…• ์—„๋งˆ ์•„๋น , ์ € ๋ง‰๋‚ด ์กฐ์ด์—์š”."
08:22
whatever the name of the kid was --
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์•„์ด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ญ์˜€๋“  ๊ฐ„์—,
08:24
"Try and save 100 shillings this week for the future of our family."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์— 100์‹ค๋ง์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"
08:28
Right? I'm Jewish, a little bit of guilt always works.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ „ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ด์—์š”. ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:32
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:33
Some people got 10 percent.
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๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 10%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
"Save up to a hundred shillings, we'll give you 10 percent."
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"100์‹ค๋ง์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด, 10%๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”"
08:38
Some people got 20 percent.
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๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 20%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Some people got also 10 percent and 20 percent,
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10%, 20%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:42
but they got it with loss aversion.
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์†์‹ค ๊ธฐํ”ผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
08:45
What is loss aversion?
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์†์‹ค ๊ธฐํ”ผ๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:46
Loss aversion is the idea that we hate losing
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์†์‹ค ๊ธฐํ”ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:48
more than we enjoy gaining.
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๋” ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Now, think about somebody who is in a 10-percent condition
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10%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:53
and they put 40 shillings in.
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40์‹ค๋ง์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
08:55
They put 40 shillings, we give them four more,
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40์‹ค๋ง์„ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด, 4์‹ค๋ง์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
08:57
they say thank you very much.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:59
That person gave up six.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 6์‹ค๋ง์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:00
They could have gotten six more if they gave a hundred,
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100์‹ค๋ง์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด 6์‹ค๋ง์„ ๋” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:03
but they don't see it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
09:05
So we created what we call pre-match.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '์‚ฌ์ „์ผ์น˜'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
We put the 10 shillings in at the beginning of the week.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ ์ดˆ์— 10์‹ค๋ง์„ ์ž…๊ธˆํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
"10์‹ค๋ง์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
09:10
We said, "It's waiting for you!"
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09:11
And then if somebody puts 40 in, we say, "Oh, you put 40 in,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ 40์‹ค๋ง์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด "์˜ค, 40์‹ค๋ง์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ์…จ๋„ค์š”.
09:14
we're leaving four, and we're taking six back."
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4์‹ค๋ง๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  6์‹ค๋ง์€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:17
So in both cases, pre-match or post-match,
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๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ์ „์ผ์น˜ ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌํ›„์ผ์น˜, ๋ชจ๋‘
09:20
people get 10 percent.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 10%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
But in the pre-match,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ „์ผ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š”
09:23
they see the money they did not match leaving their account.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ˆ์ด ๊ณ„์ขŒ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
09:27
So we have text, text from kids, 10 percent, 20 percent,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ž๋…€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ˆ˜์‹ , 10%, 20%
09:30
pre-match, post-match.
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์‚ฌ์ „์ผ์น˜, ์‚ฌํ›„์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:32
And we had one more condition.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:34
It was a coin about this size,
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24๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:36
with 24 numbers written on it.
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์ด ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ „์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
And we asked them to put the coin somewhere in their hut,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋™์ „์„ ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋‘๊ณ 
09:42
and every week, take a knife and scratch the number for that week --
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๋งค์ฃผ, ์นผ๋กœ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธ์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ฃ 
09:46
week one, two, three, four --
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1์ฃผ์ฐจ, 2์ฃผ์ฐจ, 3์ฃผ์ฐจ, 4์ฃผ์ฐจ.
09:48
scratch it like a minus if they didn't save
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์ €์ถ•ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋นผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ธ‹๊ณ 
09:50
and scratch it up and down if they saved.
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์ €์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:53
Now, think to yourself:
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:55
Which one of those methods do you think worked the best?
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์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
09:58
Text, text from the kids, 10 percent, 20 percent,
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๋ฌธ์ž, ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋ฌธ์ž, 10%, 20%,
10:00
beginning of the week, end of the week, and the coin?
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์ฃผ์ดˆ, ์ฃผ๋ง, ๋™์ „?
10:03
I'll tell you what the average people think.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
10:05
We've done these studies of prediction,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
10:07
both in the US and in Kenya.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
People think that 20 percent will get a lot of action,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 20% ์ชฝ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์•ก์…˜์„ ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:12
10 percent less,
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10%๋Š” ๋œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
10:13
the rest of it will do nothing --
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:15
kids, coin, doesn't matter.
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์ž๋…€, ๋™์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:19
People think loss aversion will have a small effect.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†์‹ค๊ธฐํ”ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
What actually happened?
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์‹ค์ œ๋ก  ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:24
Sending a text reminder once a week
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์•Œ๋ฆผ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
10:27
helps a lot.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
Good news!
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ฃ !
10:30
This program lasted six months. People forget. Reminding people is great.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
10:34
Ten percent at the end of the week helped some more.
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์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•˜์–ด์š”. ์ฃผ๋ง 10%๋Š” ๋” ๋„์›€์ด ๋์–ด์š”.
10:37
Financial incentives work.
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์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:39
Twenty percent at the end of the week -- just like 10 percent, no difference.
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์ฃผ๋ง 20%๋Š” 10%์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ . ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Ten percent in the beginning of the week
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์ฃผ์ดˆ 10%๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋„์›€์ด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
helps some more.
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10:46
Loss aversion works.
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์†์‹ค ๊ธฐํ”ผ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:48
Twenty percent in the beginning of the week,
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์ฃผ์ดˆ 20%๋Š” ์ฃผ์ดˆ 10%์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
10:50
just like 10 percent in the beginning of the week, no difference.
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๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
And the text message from the kids was just as effective
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์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋Š” 20%์— ์†์‹ค๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ
10:56
as 20 percent plus loss aversion --
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
which is amazing, right?
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
11:01
It's amazing how motivating messages from kids were.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
And one conclusion is we don't use kids enough.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:09
And, of course, I don't mean in a child labor sense.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์•„๋™ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
But if you think about parents and their kids,
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:18
we are the best that we can for our kids,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์„ ์ด๊ณ 
11:21
and we think about the future,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:22
and I think we should think
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
11:24
about how to use that amazing source of motivation
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๊ทธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
11:27
to get parents to behave in a better way.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
But the big surprise of this study was the coin.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์€ ๋™์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
The coin basically doubled savings compared to everything else.
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๋™์ „์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ €์ถ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
And now the question is: Why? What was it about the coin?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ค์ฃ . ์™œ์ผ๊นŒ? ๋™์ „์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์„๊นŒ?
11:41
So I'll tell you how I started thinking about the coin,
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๋จผ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™์ „์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:43
and then we'll come back to it.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ฃ .
11:45
So you know, when I do research on, let's say, buying coffee,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
11:48
I don't need to go anywhere. I can sit in my office.
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์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋˜์ฃ .
11:50
I've bought enough coffee. I know how it works.
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์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ž˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:52
The details, I'm familiar with.
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์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์—๋„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:54
When you do research in some of the poorest places in the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:58
you have to go and visit and see what's going on
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์ง์ ‘ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ 
12:00
and get some insight about how the system works.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
And on that particular day,
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๊ทธ ๋‚ , ์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์†Œ์›จํ† ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—
12:04
I'm in a place called Soweto in South Africa,
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12:07
and I'm sitting in a place that sells funeral insurance.
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์žฅ๋ก€ ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
You know, in the US people spend crazy amounts of money on weddings?
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ์ž–์•„์š”?
12:15
In South Africa, it's funerals.
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ฃ .
12:18
People spend up to a year or two years of income on funerals.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์— 1๋…„ ๋‚ด์ง€ 2๋…„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์“ฐ์ฃ .
12:23
And I sit in this place --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:26
by the way, before you judge the South Africans as being irrational with this,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
12:31
I just want to remind you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
12:32
that spending a lot of money on funerals compared to weddings,
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:36
at least you know for sure you only have one.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ์ธ์ƒ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:48
OK, so I sit in this place that sells funeral insurance.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ณดํ—˜์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
And this guy comes in with his son -- his son is about 12 --
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12์‚ด ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š”
12:57
and he buys funeral insurance for a week.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์น˜ ์žฅ๋ก€๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
It will cover 90 percent of his funeral expense
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์ด ๋ณดํ—˜์€ ์žฅ๋ก€ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 90ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
13:03
only if he dies in the next seven days.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 7์ผ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
13:06
Right? These are very poor people, they buy small amounts of insurance
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•ด์„œ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ
13:09
and small amount of soap and such.
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์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋น„๋ˆ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
And he gets that certificate,
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๊ทธ ์ฆ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ๋Š”
13:13
and in a very ceremonious way, he gives it to his son.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
And as he gives it to his son, I think to myself, why the ceremony?
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ์†์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹์€ ์™œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:19
What is this father doing?
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์ด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€?
13:21
Now, think about the breadwinner that decides on that particular day
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๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ˆ์„ ๋ณดํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ €์ถ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ
13:25
to direct some money into insurance or savings.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:28
What is the family going to see tonight?
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:31
They're going to see less.
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๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:33
Right? At that level of poverty, there'll be less food, less kerosene, less water --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค์—” ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋„, ๋“ฑ์œ ๋„, ๋ฌผ๋„,
13:37
something less tonight.
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๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:39
And what his father was doing and what our coin was trying to do
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:42
is to say, yes, there's less food on the table,
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๋งž์•„์š”, ์‹ํƒ ์œ„์— ์Œ์‹์€ ์ค„์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:45
but there's another activity.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
You see, what happened is, there are many good, important economic activities,
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์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ €์ถ•๊ณผ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
13:51
like savings and insurance, that are invisible.
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์ข‹๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
And now the question is: How do we make them visible?
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
So let's go back to our rocket model.
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๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
14:02
We have to, first of all, look at the system
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์šฐ์„ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
14:04
and see where there's little things we can fix, with friction,
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
14:08
where is there that we can remove friction?
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋””์ธ์ง€ ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:10
And then the next thing we want to do is to think broadly about the system,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
14:14
and say: What other motivations can we bring in?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์–ด๋–ค ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
14:18
And that's a much more difficult exercise,
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์ด๊ฑด ํœ ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
14:20
and we don't always know what would work best.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์„์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
Is it going to be money? Is it going to be loss aversion?
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๋ˆ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์†์‹ค๊ธฐํ”ผ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:25
Is it going to be something that is visible?
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:27
We don't know, and we have to try different things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
We also have to realize that our intuition sometimes misleads us.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
We don't always necessarily know what would work the best.
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
So if we think about this gap
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณผ
14:39
between where we could be and where we are,
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
14:41
it's a really sad thing to see this gap and to think about it.
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์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
But the good news is, there's lots we can do.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
Some of the changes are easy, some of the changes are more complex.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ฃ .
14:51
But if we'll attack each problem directly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„œ
14:53
not by just providing more information to people
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:57
but trying to change the friction,
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๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ ,
14:59
add motivation,
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๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:00
I think we can ...
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ...
15:01
Can we close the gap? No.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ขํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
15:03
But can we get much better? Absolutely, yes.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋„ค, ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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