How fungi recognize (and infect) plants | Mennat El Ghalid

52,105 views ใƒป 2018-04-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: hila scherba ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:12
"Will the blight end the chestnut?
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"ื”ืื ื”ื›ื™ืžืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ื?
00:15
The farmers rather guess not.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื.
00:17
It keeps smouldering at the roots
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
00:20
And sending up new shoots
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืžืขืœื” ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
00:22
Till another parasite
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ืขื“ ืฉื˜ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ
00:23
Shall come to end the blight."
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžืฉื•ืŸ."
00:28
At the beginning of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
00:30
the eastern American chestnut population, counting nearly four billion trees,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืขืฅ ื”ืขืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขืฆื™ื,
00:35
was completely decimated by a fungal infection.
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ื” ื›ืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™.
00:38
Fungi are the most destructive pathogens of plants,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
00:41
including crops of major economic importance.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
00:44
Can you imagine that today,
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื,
00:46
crop losses associated with fungal infection
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ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™
00:49
are estimated at billions of dollars per year, worldwide?
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ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
00:53
That represents enough food calories to feed half a billion people.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:57
And this leads to severe repercussions,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
00:59
including episodes of famine in developing countries,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
01:03
large reduction of income for farmers and distributors,
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
01:06
high prices for consumers
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
01:08
and risk of exposure to mycotoxin, poison produced by fungi.
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ, ืจืขืœ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:14
The problems that we face
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื”
01:15
is that the current method used to prevent and treat
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
01:18
those dreadful diseases,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:19
such as genetic control, exploiting natural sources of resistance,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืจื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
01:24
crop rotation or seed treatment, among others,
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ,
01:27
are still limited or ephemeral.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.
01:30
They have to be constantly renewed.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™.
01:33
Therefore, we urgently need to develop more efficient strategies
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ืžื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:37
and for this, research is required to identify biological mechanisms
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื–ื”ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
01:42
that can be targeted by novel antifungal treatments.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:49
One feature of fungi is that they cannot move
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข
01:52
and only grow by extension to form a sophisticated network,
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช,
01:56
the mycelium.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
01:58
In 1884, Anton de Bary, the father of plant pathology,
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ื‘-1884, ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ ื‘ืืจื™, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:02
was the first to presume that fungi are guided by signals
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื•ืช
02:06
sent out from the host plant,
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ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืžื— ื”ืื,
02:08
meaning a plant upon which it can lodge and subsist,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืžื— ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื•,
02:12
so signals act as a lighthouse
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ืื– ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ
02:14
for fungi to locate, grow toward, reach
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ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
02:19
and finally invade and colonize a plant.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฆืžื—.
02:23
He knew that the identification of such signals
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื•
02:26
would unlock a great knowledge that then serves to elaborate strategy
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ื™ืคืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื™ื“ืข ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”
02:31
to block the interaction between the fungus and the plant.
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ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื—.
02:34
However, the lack of an appropriate method at that moment
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
02:38
prevented him from identifying this mechanism at the molecular level.
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ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืžืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:45
Using purification and mutational genomic approaches,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช,
02:48
as well as a technique
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”
02:50
allowing the measurement of directed hyphal growth,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
02:53
today I'm glad to tell you that after 130 years,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ 130 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:57
my former team and I could finally identify such plant signals
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”
03:02
by studying the interaction between a pathogenic fungus
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ืช
03:05
called Fusarium oxysporum
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ืช ืคื•ื–ืจื™ื•ื ืื•ืงืกื™ืกืคื•ืจื•ื
03:07
and one of its host plants, the tomato plant.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฆืžื— ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
03:12
As well, we could characterize
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ
03:14
the fungal receptor receiving those signals
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ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:17
and part of the underlying reaction occurring within the fungus
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”
03:20
and leading to its direct growth toward the plant.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืžื—.
03:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
03:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:30
The understanding of such molecular processes
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”
03:32
offers a panel of potential molecules
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ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
03:35
that can be used to create novel antifungal treatments.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:39
And those treatments would disrupt
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉื‘ืฉื•
03:42
the interaction between the fungus and the plant
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ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื—
03:44
either by blocking the plant signal
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืžื—
03:47
or the fungal reception system which receives those signals.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:51
Fungal infections have devastated agriculture crops.
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ื ื’ืขื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืกื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
03:55
Moreover, we are now in an era
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ
03:57
where the demand of crop production is increasing significantly.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
04:01
And this is due to population growth, economic development,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
04:05
climate change and demand for bio fuels.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
04:08
Our understanding of the molecular mechanism
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™
04:11
of interaction between a fungus and its host plant,
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ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ ืฉืœื”,
04:14
such as the tomato plant,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื— ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”,
04:16
potentially represents a major step towards developing more efficient strategy
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฆืขื“ ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:21
to combat plant fungal diseases
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ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
04:24
and therefore solving of problems that affect people's lives,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:27
food security and economic growth.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
04:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
04:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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