How fungi recognize (and infect) plants | Mennat El Ghalid

51,380 views ・ 2018-04-19

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Young You κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
"Will the blight end the chestnut?
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λ§ˆλ¦„λ³‘μ΄ λ°€λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό λ©Έμ’…μ‹œν‚¬κΉŒμš”?
00:15
The farmers rather guess not.
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농뢀듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
It keeps smouldering at the roots
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λ§ˆλ¦„λ³‘μ€ λΏŒλ¦¬μ—μ„œ 계속 타듀어 κ°€λ©°
00:20
And sending up new shoots
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μƒˆμ‹Ήλ“€μ΄ μžλΌμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Till another parasite
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 기생좩이 λ§ˆλ¦„λ³‘μ„ 끝낼 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
00:23
Shall come to end the blight."
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κ³„μ†ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€." [λ‘œλ²„μΈ  ν”„λ‘œμŠ€νŠΈ, 1936λ…„]
00:28
At the beginning of the 20th century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ° 초반
00:30
the eastern American chestnut population, counting nearly four billion trees,
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μ•½ 40μ–΅ 그루에 λ‹¬ν–ˆλ˜ λ―Έκ΅­ 동뢀 λ°€λ‚˜λ¬΄ 개체 μˆ˜λŠ”
00:35
was completely decimated by a fungal infection.
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곰팑이 κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ©Έμ’…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Fungi are the most destructive pathogens of plants,
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λŠ” μ‹λ¬Όλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ κ²½μ œμ— μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ
00:41
including crops of major economic importance.
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κ°€μž₯ 치λͺ…적인 λ³‘μ›κ· μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Can you imagine that today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  곰팑이 κ°μ—ΌμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 맀년 μ†μ‹€λ˜λŠ” λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ΄
00:46
crop losses associated with fungal infection
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00:49
are estimated at billions of dollars per year, worldwide?
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— 이λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 것을 믿을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:53
That represents enough food calories to feed half a billion people.
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이것은 5μ–΅ λͺ…μ˜ 인ꡬ가 먹기에 μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μΉΌλ‘œλ¦¬μ–‘κ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
And this leads to severe repercussions,
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λ˜ν•œ 이것은 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ νŒŒκΈ‰νš¨κ³Όλ„ λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”λ°
00:59
including episodes of famine in developing countries,
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κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ—μ„œ 기근이 λ°œμƒν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:03
large reduction of income for farmers and distributors,
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λ†λΆ€λ‚˜ μœ ν†΅μ—…μžλ“€μ˜ 큰 폭의 μ†Œλ“ κ°μ†Œ
01:06
high prices for consumers
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높은 μ†ŒλΉ„μžκ°€κ²©
01:08
and risk of exposure to mycotoxin, poison produced by fungi.
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ” 진균 독에 λ…ΈμΆœλ  μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
The problems that we face
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§λ©΄ν•œ
01:15
is that the current method used to prevent and treat
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ”μ°ν•œ λ³‘νμ˜ 예방과 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
01:18
those dreadful diseases,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 주둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”
01:19
such as genetic control, exploiting natural sources of resistance,
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μœ μ „μž μ œμ–΄, μ²œμ—° μ €ν•­ μžμ›μ˜ 이용
01:24
crop rotation or seed treatment, among others,
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μœ€μž‘, μ’…μž 처리 λ“±μ˜ 방법은
01:27
are still limited or ephemeral.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ œν•œμ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μΌμ‹œμ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
They have to be constantly renewed.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŒ€μ²˜λ²•μ€ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μœ μ§€λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:33
Therefore, we urgently need to develop more efficient strategies
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„œλ‘˜λŸ¬ λ”μš± 효과적인 μ „λž΅μ„ κ°œλ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
01:37
and for this, research is required to identify biological mechanisms
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μ§„κ· μ œ 연ꡬ 등을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬
생물학적 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ 규λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
that can be targeted by novel antifungal treatments.
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01:49
One feature of fungi is that they cannot move
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곰팑이의 ν•œ 가지 νŠΉμ§•μ€ 슀슀둜 움직일 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
and only grow by extension to form a sophisticated network,
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그듀은 단지 ν™•μž₯에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ μ •κ΅ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:56
the mycelium.
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이λ₯Ό 균사체라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
In 1884, Anton de Bary, the father of plant pathology,
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1884λ…„, μ‹λ¬Όλ³‘λ¦¬ν•™μ˜ 아버지 μ•ˆν†€ λ“œ λ°”λ¦¬λŠ”
02:02
was the first to presume that fungi are guided by signals
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ 그듀이 κΈ°μƒν•˜κ³  μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” 식물
02:06
sent out from the host plant,
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즉, μˆ™μ£Ό 식물이 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ— μ˜ν•΄ μœ λ„λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을
02:08
meaning a plant upon which it can lodge and subsist,
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처음으둜 μΆ”μ •ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
so signals act as a lighthouse
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” 마치 λ“±λŒ€μ™€ 같은 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
for fungi to locate, grow toward, reach
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄ ν•΄λ‹Ή μœ„μΉ˜λ‘œ μ„±μž₯ν•˜κ³ , λ„λ‹¬ν•˜μ—¬
02:19
and finally invade and colonize a plant.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 식물 λ‚΄λ‘œ μΉ¨λ²”ν•΄ μ„œμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
He knew that the identification of such signals
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έ 인지에 λŒ€ν•œ 사싀을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜κ³ 
02:26
would unlock a great knowledge that then serves to elaborate strategy
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μ΄λŠ” κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ™€ μˆ™μ£Ό 식물 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ 차단할 수 μžˆλŠ”
μ •κ΅ν•œ μ „λž΅μ„ ν’€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
to block the interaction between the fungus and the plant.
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02:34
However, the lack of an appropriate method at that moment
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„
02:38
prevented him from identifying this mechanism at the molecular level.
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λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ 규λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ μ ˆν•œ 방법이 λΆ€μ‘±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Using purification and mutational genomic approaches,
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μ •μ œ 기술과 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μ  μ²˜λ¦¬λ²•μ˜ μ‚¬μš©
02:48
as well as a technique
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λ˜ν•œ 기술의 λ°œλ‹¬λ‘œ
02:50
allowing the measurement of directed hyphal growth,
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κ· μ‚¬μ²΄μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:53
today I'm glad to tell you that after 130 years,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 그의 μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 130년이 μ§€λ‚œ μ§€κΈˆ
02:57
my former team and I could finally identify such plant signals
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저와 제 이전 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ€ 'μ‹œλ“€μŒλ³‘κ· '이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 병원성 κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ™€
03:02
by studying the interaction between a pathogenic fungus
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그의 μˆ™μ£ΌμΈ ν† λ§ˆν†  μ‹λ¬Όκ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬
03:05
called Fusarium oxysporum
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03:07
and one of its host plants, the tomato plant.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μˆ™μ£Ό μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
As well, we could characterize
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:14
the fungal receptor receiving those signals
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 곰팑이 세포 μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ™€
03:17
and part of the underlying reaction occurring within the fungus
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그리고 곰팑이 λ‚΄λΆ€μ˜ 기초 λ°˜μ‘μ˜ 일뢀
03:20
and leading to its direct growth toward the plant.
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그리고 μ‹λ¬Όλ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό νŠΉμ •ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜) κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
03:30
The understanding of such molecular processes
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λΆ„μž κ³Όμ •μ˜ μ΄ν•΄λŠ”
03:32
offers a panel of potential molecules
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잠재적인 λΆ„μž μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 발판이 되고
03:35
that can be used to create novel antifungal treatments.
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μ΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•­μ§„κ· μ œ μ œμž‘μ— μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
And those treatments would disrupt
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€
03:42
the interaction between the fungus and the plant
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ™€ 식물 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•˜μ—¬
03:44
either by blocking the plant signal
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식물이 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
03:47
or the fungal reception system which receives those signals.
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ν˜Ήμ€ 곰팑이의 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” 수용체λ₯Ό 차단할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
Fungal infections have devastated agriculture crops.
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곰팑이 감염은 λ§Žμ€ λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ„ ν™©νν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
Moreover, we are now in an era
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λ˜ν•œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ λ†μž‘λ¬Ό 생산 증가가
03:57
where the demand of crop production is increasing significantly.
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ν˜„μ €νžˆ μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” μ‹œλŒ€μ— μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
And this is due to population growth, economic development,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λŠ” 인ꡬ 증가, 경제 μ„±μž₯
κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™” 및 μ²œμ—°μ—°λ£Œμ˜ μ‚¬μš© λ“±κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
climate change and demand for bio fuels.
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04:08
Our understanding of the molecular mechanism
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ³°νŒ‘μ΄μ™€ ν† λ§ˆν† μ™€ 같은
04:11
of interaction between a fungus and its host plant,
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μˆ™μ£Ό μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 λΆ„μž λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ μ΄ν•΄λŠ”
04:14
such as the tomato plant,
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04:16
potentially represents a major step towards developing more efficient strategy
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잠재적으둜 진균λ₯˜ 병폐와 μ‹Έμš°κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ”μš± 효과적인 μ „λž΅μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있으며
04:21
to combat plant fungal diseases
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이둜 μΈν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ 영ν–₯, μ‹λŸ‰ μ•ˆμ „, 경제 μ„±μž₯ λ“±μ˜ 문제 해결에
04:24
and therefore solving of problems that affect people's lives,
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04:27
food security and economic growth.
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크게 ν•œ 걸음 λ‹€κ°€κ°”μŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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