How your brain's executive function works -- and how to improve it | Sabine Doebel

491,315 views ใƒป 2019-05-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So I have a confession to make.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:15
I only recently learned how to drive.
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
00:18
And it was really hard.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
00:21
Now, this wasn't an older brain thing.
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ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
00:24
Do you remember what it was like when you first learned how to drive?
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืจืง ืœืžื“ืชื ืœื ื”ื•ื’?
00:27
When every decision you made was so conscious and deliberate?
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช?
00:31
I'd come home from my lessons completely wiped out mentally.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
00:35
Now, as a cognitive scientist I know that this is because I was using
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™
00:38
a lot of something called executive function.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช.
00:43
Executive function is our amazing ability to consciously control our thoughts,
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
00:48
emotions and actions
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ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:50
in order to achieve goals ...
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ...
00:52
like learning how to drive.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
00:55
It's what we use when we need to break away from habit,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ,
00:58
inhibit our impulses and plan ahead.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ.
01:01
But we can see it most clearly when things go wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื.
01:05
Like, have you ever accidentally poured orange juice on your cereal?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืคื›ืชื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืคืœืงืก ืฉืœื›ื?
01:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:10
Or, ever start scrolling on Facebook
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ืื•, ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
01:12
and suddenly realize you've missed a meeting?
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืงืœื˜ืชื ืฉืคืกืคืกืชื ืคื’ื™ืฉื”?
01:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:16
Or maybe this one's more familiar:
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
01:17
Ever plan to stop at the store on the way home from work
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื›ื ื ืชื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:20
and then drive all the way home instead on autopilot?
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืกืขืชื ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™?
01:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:25
These things happen to everyone.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
01:28
And we usually call it absentmindedness,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช,
01:30
but what's really happening
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”
01:31
is we're experiencing a lapse in executive function.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช.
01:35
So we use executive function every day in all aspects of our lives.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:40
And over the past 30 years,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:41
researchers have found that it predicts all kinds of good things
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื‘ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:45
in childhood and beyond,
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”,
01:47
like social skills, academic achievement, mental and physical health,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
01:52
making money, saving money
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื•ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืื•ืชื•,
01:54
and even staying out of jail.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื ืื“ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœื.
01:56
Sounds great, doesn't it?
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ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:58
So it's no surprise
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
01:59
that researchers like me are so interested in understanding it
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”
02:03
and figuring out ways to improve it.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื”.
02:07
But lately, executive function has become a huge self-improvement buzzword.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื™ืœืช ืงื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.
02:13
People think you can improve it through brain-training iPhone apps
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ
02:16
and computer games,
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘,
02:17
or by practicing it in a specific way, like playing chess.
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ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜.
02:22
And researchers are trying to train it in the lab
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:25
in the hopes of improving it and other things related to it,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”,
02:28
like intelligence.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
02:31
Well, I'm here to tell you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
02:32
that this way of thinking about executive function is all wrong.
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ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช.
02:36
Brain training won't improve executive function in a broad sense
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ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื”
02:40
because it involves exercising it in a narrow way,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:43
outside of the real-world contexts in which we actually use it.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
02:48
So you can master that executive function app on your phone,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:51
but that's not going to help you stop pouring OJ on your Cheeerios twice a week.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืžื–ื•ื’ ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืคืœืงืก ืฉืœื›ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:56
If you really want to improve your executive function
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
02:59
in a way that matters for your life,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
03:01
you have to understand how it's influenced by context.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.
ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช.
03:06
Let me show you what I mean.
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03:07
There's a great test that we use in the lab
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
03:10
to measure executive function in young children
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:12
called the "dimensional change card sort."
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื".
03:16
In this task, kids have to sort cards in one way --
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ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื --
03:19
like by shape --
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ื›ืžื• ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจื” --
03:21
over and over until they build up a habit.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœ.
03:23
And then they're asked to switch
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ื•ืื– ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
03:26
and sort the same cards in another way,
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ื•ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
03:28
like by color.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข.
03:31
Now, really young kids struggle with this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ื›ืš.
03:34
Three- and four-year-olds will usually keep sorting the cards in the old way
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉื ื”
03:37
no matter how many times you remind them of what they should be doing.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:42
(Video) Woman: If it's blue, put it here. If it's red, put it here.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืื™ืฉื”: ืื ื–ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
03:45
Here's a blue one.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
03:47
OK, so now we're going to play a different game.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืื—ืจ.
03:49
We're not going to play the color game anymore.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืฉื—ืง ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:51
Now we're going to play the shape game,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
03:53
and in the shape game,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
03:54
all the stars go here and all the trucks go here, OK?
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
03:58
Stars go here, trucks go here.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ.
04:00
Where do the stars go?
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ืื™ืคื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื?
04:02
And where do the trucks go?
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช?
04:04
Excellent.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
04:05
OK, stars go here, trucks go here.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ.
04:07
Here's a truck.
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืื™ืช.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:12
Stars go here, trucks go here.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ.
04:14
Here's a star.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
04:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:19
SB: So it's really compelling,
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ืก"ื‘: ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื›ื ืข,
04:21
and it's really obvious when she fails to use her executive function.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:25
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ;
04:26
we could train her on this task and others like it
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:29
and eventually she'd improve,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืชืคืจ,
04:31
but does that mean
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
04:33
that she would've improved her executive function outside of the lab?
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”?
04:36
No, because in the real world, she'll need to use executive function
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ืœื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช
04:39
to do a lot more than switching between shape and color.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ืข.
04:43
She'll need to switch from adding to multiplying
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื”ื•ืกืคื” ืœื”ื›ืคืœื”
04:46
or from playing to tidying up
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ืื• ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
04:48
or from thinking about her own feelings to thinking about her friend.
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ืื• ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”.
04:52
And success in real-world situations depends on things
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:55
like how motivated you are and what your peers are doing.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืžื” ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:59
And it also depends on the strategies that you execute
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื
05:02
when you're using executive function in a particular situation.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
05:06
So what I'm saying is that context really matters.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
05:11
Now let me give you an example from my research.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
05:14
I recently brought in a bunch of kids to do the classic marshmallow test,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื”ืงืœืืกื™,
05:18
which is a measure of delay of gratification
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื
05:20
that also likely requires a lot of executive function.
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ืฉื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื”.
05:24
So you may have heard about this test,
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ืื– ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:26
but basically, kids are given a choice.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
05:28
They can have one marshmallow right away,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื“,
05:30
or if they can wait for me to go to the other room
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ืื• ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืืœืš ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
05:33
and get more marshmallows,
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ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืจืฉืžืœื•,
05:34
they can have two instead.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
05:37
Now, most kids really want that second marshmallow,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™,
05:41
but the key question is: How long can they wait?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ?
05:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:45
Now, I added a twist to look at the effects of context.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ.
05:50
I told each kid that they were in a group,
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
05:53
like the green group,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
05:55
and I even gave them a green T-shirt to wear.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
05:58
And I said, "Your group waited for two marshmallows,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•,
06:02
and this other group, the orange group,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื”,
06:05
did not."
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ืœื ื—ื™ื›ื•".
06:06
Or I said the opposite:
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ืื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš:
06:07
"Your group didn't wait for two marshmallows
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"ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš ืœื ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืจืฉืžืœื•
06:09
and this other group did."
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืŸ".
06:12
And then I left the kid alone in the room
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
06:14
and I watched on a webcam to see how long they waited.
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ื•ืื– ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ื—ื›ื•
06:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:21
So what I found was that kids who believed
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื•
06:25
that their group waited for two marshmallows
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ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•
06:27
were themselves more likely to wait.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื™ื—ื›ื•.
06:32
So they were influenced by a peer group that they'd never even met.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื•.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:37
Pretty cool, isn't it?
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ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ืœื?
06:39
Well, so with this result I still didn't know
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™
06:42
if they were just copying their group or if it was something deeper than that.
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ืื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืžื›ืš.
06:47
So I brought in some more kids,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
06:49
and after the marshmallow test, I showed them pictures of pairs of kids,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•, ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
06:54
and I told them, "One of these kids likes to have things right away,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื, "ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื•ืžื™ื“,
06:57
like cookies and stickers.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
06:59
And the other kid likes to wait
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช
07:01
so that they can have more of these things."
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”".
07:03
And then I asked them,
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื,
07:05
"Which one of these two kids do you like more
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"ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืชื” ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:07
and who would you want to play with?"
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ื•ืขื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื—ืง?"
07:09
And what I found was that kids who believed that their group waited
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”
07:13
tended to prefer other kids who liked to wait for things.
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ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื”ื‘ื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:17
So learning what their group did made them value waiting more.
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ืื– ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉืชื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:22
And not only that,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”,
07:24
these kids likely used executive function
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช
07:27
to generate strategies to help themselves wait,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื”,
07:30
like sitting on their hands or turning away from the marshmallow
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื•
07:33
or singing a song to distract themselves.
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ืื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
07:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:39
So what this all shows is just how much context matters.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
07:44
It's not that these kids had good executive function or bad,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืจืขื”,
07:47
it's that the context helped them use it better.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:52
So what does this mean for you and for your kids?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื?
07:56
Well, let's say that you want to learn Spanish.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
07:59
You could try changing your context
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื
08:00
and surrounding yourself with other people who also want to learn,
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ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
08:04
and even better if these are people that you really like.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
08:07
That way you'll be more motivated to use executive function.
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ื›ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช.
08:12
Or let's say that you want to help your child do better on her math homework.
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ืื• ื‘ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:16
You could teach her strategies to use executive function
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช
08:19
in that particular context,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”,
08:21
like putting her phone away before she starts studying
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“
08:24
or planning to reward herself after studying for an hour.
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ืื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืจืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
08:29
Now, I don't want to make it sound like context is everything.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœ.
08:32
Executive function is really complex, and it's shaped by numerous factors.
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
08:37
But what I want you to remember
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื•
08:38
is if you want to improve your executive function
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
08:41
in some aspect of your life,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
08:43
don't look for quick fixes.
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ืืœ ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
08:46
Think about the context
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ
08:47
and how you can make your goals matter more to you,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:50
and how you can use strategies
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
08:51
to help yourself in that particular situation.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”.
08:55
I think the ancient Greeks said it best when they said, "Know thyself."
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืžืจื•: "ื“ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืš",
09:00
And a key part of this is knowing how context shapes your behavior
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
09:05
and how you can use that knowledge to change for the better.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
09:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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