How your brain's executive function works -- and how to improve it | Sabine Doebel

420,090 views ・ 2019-05-30

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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λ²ˆμ—­: ARAM MOON κ²€ν† : Young You
00:12
So I have a confession to make.
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ν•œ 가지 κ³ λ°±ν•  게 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
00:15
I only recently learned how to drive.
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μ €λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ—μ•Ό μš΄μ „μ„ λ°°μ› μ–΄μš”.
00:18
And it was really hard.
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μ •λ§λ‘œ μ–΄λ €μ› μ–΄μš”.
00:21
Now, this wasn't an older brain thing.
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λ‡Œμ˜ 노화에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Do you remember what it was like when you first learned how to drive?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 처음 μš΄μ „μ„ 배웠을 λ•Œλ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
00:27
When every decision you made was so conscious and deliberate?
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κ·Έλ•Œ λ‚΄λ Έλ˜ μˆœκ°„μ˜ 결정듀이 μ˜μ‹μ μ΄κ³  μ‹ μ€‘ν–ˆμ—ˆλ‚˜μš”?
00:31
I'd come home from my lessons completely wiped out mentally.
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μ €λŠ” μš΄μ „ κ°•μŠ΅μ„ 마치고 μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜¬ λ•Œ λ…Ήμ΄ˆκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
Now, as a cognitive scientist I know that this is because I was using
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μΈμ§€κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μžλ©΄ μ œκ°€ ν”Όκ³€ν–ˆλ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ”
00:38
a lot of something called executive function.
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'μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯'이라 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 것을 많이 μ΄μš©ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
Executive function is our amazing ability to consciously control our thoughts,
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μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ 우리의 생각과 감정
00:48
emotions and actions
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00:50
in order to achieve goals ...
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행동을 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” λ†€λΌμš΄ λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
like learning how to drive.
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마치 μš΄μ „μ„ 배울 λ•Œμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
00:55
It's what we use when we need to break away from habit,
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이 κΈ°λŠ₯은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μŠ΅κ΄€μ„ κ³ μΉ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 좩동을 μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³ 
00:58
inhibit our impulses and plan ahead.
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미래λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
But we can see it most clearly when things go wrong.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 κΈ°λŠ₯이 λ‹λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ€ 일이 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜ˆμš”.
01:05
Like, have you ever accidentally poured orange juice on your cereal?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ˜€λ Œμ§€μ£ΌμŠ€λ₯Ό μ‹œλ¦¬μ–Όμ— λΆ€μ–΄λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμœΌμ‹œμ£ ?
01:08
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:10
Or, ever start scrolling on Facebook
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νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€λΆμ„ κ΅¬κ²½ν•˜λ‹€κ°€
01:12
and suddenly realize you've missed a meeting?
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회의λ₯Ό μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦° 적도 μžˆμœΌμ‹œμ£ ?
01:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:16
Or maybe this one's more familiar:
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μ’€ 더 μΉœμˆ™ν•œ 사둀λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄
01:17
Ever plan to stop at the store on the way home from work
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퇴근길에 λ§ˆνŠΈμ— λ“€λŸ¬μ•Όμ§€ λ§ˆμŒλ¨Ήκ³ μ„ 
01:20
and then drive all the way home instead on autopilot?
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κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ 곧μž₯ 가버린 적도 μžˆμœΌμ‹œμ£ ?
01:23
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:25
These things happen to everyone.
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이런 일듀은 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
And we usually call it absentmindedness,
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보톡 이런 κ²½μš°μ— 넋을 λ†“μ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
but what's really happening
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄
01:31
is we're experiencing a lapse in executive function.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯의 착였λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
So we use executive function every day in all aspects of our lives.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λ©΄μ„œ 맀일 μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ§€λ‚œ 30λ…„κ°„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό
01:40
And over the past 30 years,
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01:41
researchers have found that it predicts all kinds of good things
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μœ λ…„κΈ°μ™€ κ·Έ μ΄ν›„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 쒋은 일을 μ˜ˆμƒν•˜κ²Œ 될 λ•Œ
01:45
in childhood and beyond,
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이 μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯이 μ‚¬μš©λ¨μ΄ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
like social skills, academic achievement, mental and physical health,
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μ‚¬νšŒμ„±κ³Ό ν•™μ—… 성취도
μ •μ‹ κ³Ό μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 건강
01:52
making money, saving money
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λˆμ„ λ²Œκ±°λ‚˜ μ•„λ‚„ λ•Œμ—λ„
01:54
and even staying out of jail.
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심지어 수감 μƒν™œμ—μ„œλ„ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Sounds great, doesn't it?
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정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ ?
01:58
So it's no surprise
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 저와 같은 λ‡Œκ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
01:59
that researchers like me are so interested in understanding it
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μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 이 κΈ°λŠ₯을
02:03
and figuring out ways to improve it.
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ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„μ§€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
But lately, executive function has become a huge self-improvement buzzword.
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯은 μžκΈ°κ³„λ°œλ‘œ μ£Όλͺ©λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
People think you can improve it through brain-training iPhone apps
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일반적으둜 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이 μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 슀마트폰 μ•±μ΄λ‚˜
02:16
and computer games,
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컴퓨터 κ²Œμž„μ΄λ‚˜
02:17
or by practicing it in a specific way, like playing chess.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ²΄μŠ€μ™€ 같은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ 방법을 톡해 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
And researchers are trying to train it in the lab
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€ λ˜ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 이 μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯κ³Ό
02:25
in the hopes of improving it and other things related to it,
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κ·Έκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
like intelligence.
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이λ₯Όν…Œλ©΄ 지λŠ₯μ΄μš”.
02:31
Well, I'm here to tell you
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μ €λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 접근듀이
02:32
that this way of thinking about executive function is all wrong.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이 μžλ¦¬μ— λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Brain training won't improve executive function in a broad sense
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넓은 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ λ‘λ‡Œ ν›ˆλ ¨μ€ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
because it involves exercising it in a narrow way,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ‘λ‡Œ ν›ˆλ ¨μ΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€ 세계와 달리
02:43
outside of the real-world contexts in which we actually use it.
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쒁은 λ²”μœ„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ—°μŠ΅μ΄ 이루어지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
So you can master that executive function app on your phone,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 아무리 슀마트폰 μ•±μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν›ˆλ ¨ν•΄λ„
02:51
but that's not going to help you stop pouring OJ on your Cheeerios twice a week.
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μ‹œλ¦¬μ–Όμ— μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 주슀λ₯Ό 뢓지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ° μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 도움을 주지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:56
If you really want to improve your executive function
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λ©΄μ„œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
02:59
in a way that matters for your life,
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이것이 μ–΄λ– ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ
03:01
you have to understand how it's influenced by context.
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영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€ 이해해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
Let me show you what I mean.
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무슨 λœ»μΈμ§€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
03:07
There's a great test that we use in the lab
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어린이듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜κΈ°λŠ₯을
03:10
to measure executive function in young children
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μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 쒋은 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
called the "dimensional change card sort."
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'차원이 λ³€ν•˜λŠ” μΉ΄λ“œ κ³ λ₯΄κΈ°'라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ²Œμž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
In this task, kids have to sort cards in one way --
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ 어린이듀은 κ·œμΉ™μ— 따라 μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό κ³¨λΌλ‚΄λŠ”λ°
03:19
like by shape --
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λ¨Όμ € 같은 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 골라내닀가
03:21
over and over until they build up a habit.
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이λ₯Ό 계속 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ μŠ΅κ΄€μ΄ λ˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“  λ‹€μŒ
03:23
And then they're asked to switch
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그리고 λ‚˜μ„  λ‹€μŒλΆ€ν„°λŠ”
03:26
and sort the same cards in another way,
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같은 μƒ‰κΉ”μ˜ μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 골라내도둝 κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
like by color.
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03:31
Now, really young kids struggle with this.
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어린이듀은 이λ₯Ό ꡉμž₯히 μ–΄λ €μ›Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
Three- and four-year-olds will usually keep sorting the cards in the old way
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μ„œλ„ˆμ‚΄ 어린이듀은 μ‹€ν—˜κ΄€μ˜ μˆ˜μ°¨λ‘€μ˜ 반볡 μ„€λͺ…에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
03:37
no matter how many times you remind them of what they should be doing.
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처음 κ·œμΉ™κ³Ό 같이 λͺ¨μ–‘이 같은 μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ κ³ λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
(Video) Woman: If it's blue, put it here. If it's red, put it here.
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μ‹€ν—˜κ΄€: "νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ€ μ—¬κΈ°, 빨간색은 여기에 λ„£μ–΄λ³΄μž.
μ—¬κΈ° νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ μΉ΄λ“œμ•Ό.
03:45
Here's a blue one.
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03:47
OK, so now we're going to play a different game.
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자 우리 이제 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜μž.
03:49
We're not going to play the color game anymore.
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μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„°λŠ” 색깔 λ§žνžˆκΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ§Œν•˜κ³ 
03:51
Now we're going to play the shape game,
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같은 λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ§žνžˆλŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  κ±°μ•Ό.
03:53
and in the shape game,
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이제 별 λͺ¨μ–‘ μΉ΄λ“œλŠ” μ—¬κΈ°λ‘œ, 트럭 λͺ¨μ–‘은 μ—¬κΈ° λ„£μ–΄λ³΄μž.
03:54
all the stars go here and all the trucks go here, OK?
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03:58
Stars go here, trucks go here.
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별은 μ—¬κΈ°, νŠΈλŸ­μ€ μ—¬κΈ°λ‘œ λ„£λŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
04:00
Where do the stars go?
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그럼 별 μΉ΄λ“œλŠ” μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°€μ•Ό ν• κΉŒ?
04:02
And where do the trucks go?
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트럭 μΉ΄λ“œλŠ” μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°€μ•Ό ν• κΉŒ?
04:04
Excellent.
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μ•„μ£Ό μž˜ν–ˆμ–΄.
04:05
OK, stars go here, trucks go here.
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그럼 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 별은 μ—¬κΈ°, νŠΈλŸ­μ€ μ—¬κΈ° λ„£μ–΄λ³΄μž.
04:07
Here's a truck.
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μ—¬κΈ° 트럭 λͺ¨μ–‘ μΉ΄λ“œμ•Ό.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:12
Stars go here, trucks go here.
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별은 여기에 λ„£κ³ , νŠΈλŸ­μ€ 여기에 λ„£λŠ” κ±°μ•Ό.
04:14
Here's a star.
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μ—¬κΈ° 별 λͺ¨μ–‘ μΉ΄λ“œμ•Ό."
04:17
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:19
SB: So it's really compelling,
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정말 ν₯미둜운 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄μ£ ?
04:21
and it's really obvious when she fails to use her executive function.
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ 어린이가 μ‹€ν–‰ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ„ 잘 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
But here's the thing:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²Œμž„μ„ 톡해
04:26
we could train her on this task and others like it
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이 μ–΄λ¦°μ΄μ˜ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:29
and eventually she'd improve,
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ’€ 더 λ‚˜μ•„μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
but does that mean
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€ λ°–μ—μ„œλ„
04:33
that she would've improved her executive function outside of the lab?
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이 μ–΄λ¦°μ΄μ˜ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯이 ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  말할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:36
No, because in the real world, she'll need to use executive function
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ . μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œλŠ”
04:39
to do a lot more than switching between shape and color.
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μΉ΄λ“œ κ²Œμž„ μ΄μƒμ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
She'll need to switch from adding to multiplying
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μ–΄λ¦°μ΄λŠ” λ§μ…ˆμ„ ν•˜λ‹€κ°€ κ³±μ…ˆμ„ ν•΄μ•Όν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
04:46
or from playing to tidying up
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λ˜λŠ” 놀닀가 자리λ₯Ό 정리해야 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
or from thinking about her own feelings to thinking about her friend.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 자기 κΈ°λΆ„λ§Œμ„ μƒκ°ν•˜λ‹€κ°€ 친ꡬ의 기뢄도 생각해야 ν•  κ²ƒμ΄κ³ μš”.
04:52
And success in real-world situations depends on things
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λ˜ν•œ, ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 성곡은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 뢀여받은 동기와
04:55
like how motivated you are and what your peers are doing.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 및 μΉœκ΅¬λ‚˜ λ™λ£Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
And it also depends on the strategies that you execute
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그리고 νŠΉμ • μƒν™©μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을
05:02
when you're using executive function in a particular situation.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— 달렀 μžˆκ³ μš”.
05:06
So what I'm saying is that context really matters.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ „ν›„ μ‚¬μ •μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ κ°€μž₯ 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
Now let me give you an example from my research.
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제 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄
05:14
I recently brought in a bunch of kids to do the classic marshmallow test,
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어린이듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš° μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
05:18
which is a measure of delay of gratification
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ 만쑱감의 지연을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
05:20
that also likely requires a lot of executive function.
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우리 λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ¬΄μ²™μ΄λ‚˜ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
So you may have heard about this test,
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μ•„λ§ˆ ν•œ 번쯀 듀어보셨을 μ‹€ν—˜μΈλ°
05:26
but basically, kids are given a choice.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ 어린이듀에겐 μ„ νƒκΆŒμ΄ μ£Όμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
They can have one marshmallow right away,
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어린이듀은 λ‹Ήμž₯에 ν•œ 개의 λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 있고
05:30
or if they can wait for me to go to the other room
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μ œκ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 방을 λ‹€λ…€μ˜¬ λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦°λ‹€λ©΄
05:33
and get more marshmallows,
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또 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄
05:34
they can have two instead.
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총 두 개의 λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
Now, most kids really want that second marshmallow,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 어린이듀은 두 개의 λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό μ–»κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:41
but the key question is: How long can they wait?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 였래 기닀릴 수 μžˆμ„μ§€κ°€ λ¬Έμ œμ˜€μ£ .
05:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:45
Now, I added a twist to look at the effects of context.
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μ €λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 상황을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
I told each kid that they were in a group,
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ν•œ 그룹의 아이듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ
05:53
like the green group,
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초둝 그룹에 μ†ν•΄μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
and I even gave them a green T-shirt to wear.
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심지어 μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ ν‹°μ…”μΈ λ₯Ό μž…κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
And I said, "Your group waited for two marshmallows,
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그리고 그듀이 μ†ν•œ 초둝 그룹은 두 개의 λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ Έκ³ 
06:02
and this other group, the orange group,
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반면 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 그룹은
06:05
did not."
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기닀리지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
Or I said the opposite:
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λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ μƒν™©μ„μš”.
06:07
"Your group didn't wait for two marshmallows
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"λ„€κ°€ μ†ν•œ 그룹은 두 개λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κΈ°λ‹€λ Έμ§€λ§Œ
06:09
and this other group did."
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 그룹은 기닀리지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€."λΌκ³ μš”.
06:12
And then I left the kid alone in the room
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그리고 아이λ₯Ό 방에 두고 λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ
06:14
and I watched on a webcam to see how long they waited.
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μΉ΄λ©”λΌλ‘œ 아이가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 였래 κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ”μ§€ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:21
So what I found was that kids who believed
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ†ν•œ 그룹이 λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³ 
λ―ΏλŠ” 아이듀은 μ’€ 더 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
that their group waited for two marshmallows
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06:27
were themselves more likely to wait.
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μ΄λŠ” 아이듀이 또래 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
So they were influenced by a peer group that they'd never even met.
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심지어 μ„œλ‘œκ°€ λ§Œλ‚œ 적이 μ—†λŠ” 사이라도 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:37
Pretty cool, isn't it?
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정말 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ£ ?
06:39
Well, so with this result I still didn't know
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μ €λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결과에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
아이듀이 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 자기 그룹원을 따라 ν–ˆκ±°λ‚˜
06:42
if they were just copying their group or if it was something deeper than that.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ’€ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 이유둜 그런 것이 μ•„λ‹κΉŒ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
So I brought in some more kids,
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더 λ§Žμ€ 아이λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
06:49
and after the marshmallow test, I showed them pictures of pairs of kids,
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λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš° μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ λλ‚œ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ
두 친ꡬ의 사진을 보여 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
and I told them, "One of these kids likes to have things right away,
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μ €λŠ” μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ "사진 속 ν•œ λͺ…은
06:57
like cookies and stickers.
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μΏ ν‚€λ‚˜ μŠ€ν‹°μ»€λ₯Ό μ§€κΈˆ λ°”λ‘œ κ°–κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜κ³ 
06:59
And the other kid likes to wait
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ λͺ…은 더 많이 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:01
so that they can have more of these things."
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기닀릴 것이닀."라고 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
And then I asked them,
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그리고 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ
07:05
"Which one of these two kids do you like more
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사진 속 두 λͺ… 쀑 μ–΄λ–€ μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 더 쒋은지
07:07
and who would you want to play with?"
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μ–΄λ–€ μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 놀고 싢은지 λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
And what I found was that kids who believed that their group waited
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μžμ‹ μ΄ μ†ν•œ 그룹이 κΈ°λ‹€λ¦°λ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆλ˜ 아이듀은
07:13
tended to prefer other kids who liked to wait for things.
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μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦°λ‹€κ³  ν•œ 친ꡬλ₯Ό 더 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
So learning what their group did made them value waiting more.
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μ΄λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ κ·Έλ£Ή ν–‰λ™μ—μ„œ 배운 것이
슀슀둜의 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
And not only that,
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 아이듀은
07:24
these kids likely used executive function
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
07:27
to generate strategies to help themselves wait,
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 기닀림을 μœ„ν•œ μ „λž΅μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
like sitting on their hands or turning away from the marshmallow
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자기 손을 엉덩이에 κΉ”κ³  μ•‰κ±°λ‚˜
λ§ˆμ‹œλ©œλ‘œμš°λ₯Ό 멀리 μΉ˜μš°κ±°λ‚˜
07:33
or singing a song to distract themselves.
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λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
07:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:39
So what this all shows is just how much context matters.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
It's not that these kids had good executive function or bad,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ 아이듀이
μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 쒋은 μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°€μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:47
it's that the context helped them use it better.
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μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 잘 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 도움을 μ€€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
So what does this mean for you and for your kids?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ΄λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μžλ…€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:56
Well, let's say that you want to learn Spanish.
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό 배우고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
07:59
You could try changing your context
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ„ ν•œλ²ˆ λ°”κΏ”λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:00
and surrounding yourself with other people who also want to learn,
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό 배우고 싢은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μŒ“λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:04
and even better if these are people that you really like.
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μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜λ©΄ λ”μš± νš¨κ³Όμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
That way you'll be more motivated to use executive function.
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μ΄λŠ” μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 더 큰 동기λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
Or let's say that you want to help your child do better on her math homework.
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λ˜ν•œ μžλ…€μ˜ μˆ˜ν•™ μˆ™μ œλ₯Ό 보닀 잘 도와주고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
08:16
You could teach her strategies to use executive function
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μžλ…€μ—κ²Œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ
μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 잘 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ „λž΅μ„ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
08:19
in that particular context,
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08:21
like putting her phone away before she starts studying
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이λ₯Όν…Œλ©΄, 곡뢀 쀑에 νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ 멀리두도둝 ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
08:24
or planning to reward herself after studying for an hour.
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ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ 곡뢀 μ‹œ, μžμ‹  μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ μž‘μ€ 보상을 κ³„νšν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
Now, I don't want to make it sound like context is everything.
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 전뢀라고 λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
Executive function is really complex, and it's shaped by numerous factors.
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우리 λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯은 ꡉμž₯히 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ 
λ§Žμ€ μš”μΈλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯을 λ°›κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
But what I want you to remember
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κΌ­ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것은
08:38
is if you want to improve your executive function
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚Άμ˜ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ
08:41
in some aspect of your life,
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μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
08:43
don't look for quick fixes.
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단 기간에 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λ§ˆμ„Έμš”.
08:46
Think about the context
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μ£Όμœ„ ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬λ³΄κ³ 
08:47
and how you can make your goals matter more to you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 더 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법과
08:50
and how you can use strategies
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν–‰κΈ°λŠ₯을
08:51
to help yourself in that particular situation.
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보닀 잘 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ „λž΅μ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
08:55
I think the ancient Greeks said it best when they said, "Know thyself."
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이λ₯Ό 잘 ν‘œν˜„ν•œ κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μΈλ“€μ˜ 속담인
"λ„ˆ μžμ‹ μ„ μ•ŒλΌ"λΌλŠ” 말이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
And a key part of this is knowing how context shapes your behavior
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즉, κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 핡심은
ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 우리의 행동에 μ£ΌλŠ” 영ν–₯을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ³ 
09:05
and how you can use that knowledge to change for the better.
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더 쒋은 λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
그것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™œμš©ν• μ§€ κΉ¨λ‹«λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:10
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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