The future of money | Neha Narula

404,898 views ใƒป 2016-10-03

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I want to tell you about the future of money.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
00:16
Let's start with a story about this culture
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
00:19
that lived in Micronesia in the early 1900s, called the Yap.
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ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ื™ืืค".
00:23
Now, I want to tell you about the Yap
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืืค
00:25
because their form of money is really interesting.
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ื›ื™ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
00:27
They use these limestone discs called Rai stones.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืกืงื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ "ืจืื™ื™".
00:31
Now, the Yap don't actually move these Rai stones around
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ื”ื™ืืค ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™
00:35
or exchange them the way we do with our coins,
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ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:38
because Rai stones can get to be pretty massive.
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ื›ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ืจืื™ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
00:41
The largest is about four tons and 12 feet across.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœืช ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” 12 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:46
So the Yap just keep track of who owns part of what stone.
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ืื– ื”ื™ืืค ืจืง ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื‘ื ื™ื
00:52
There's a story about these sailors
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื
00:54
that were transporting a stone across the ocean
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื‘ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก
00:56
when they ran into some trouble and the stone actually fell in.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืงืœืขื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ืœืžื™ื.
01:01
The sailors got back to the main island
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ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™
01:03
and they told everyone what had happened.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ืžื” ืงืจื”.
01:06
And everyone decided that, actually, yes,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืŸ,
01:08
the sailors had the stone and -- why not? -- it still counted.
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ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื” ืœื? ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”.
01:13
Even though it was at the bottom of the ocean,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:15
it was still part of the Yap economy.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื™ืืค.
01:18
You might think that this was just a small culture
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง โ€‹โ€‹ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”
01:21
a hundred years ago.
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ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
01:23
But things like this happen in the Western world as well,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
01:26
and the Yap actually still use a form of these stones.
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ื•ื”ื™ืืค ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
01:30
In 1932, the Bank of France asked the United States
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932, ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:34
to convert their holdings from dollars into gold.
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ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื–ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืžื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื‘.
01:38
But it was too inconvenient to think about actually shipping
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
01:42
all of that gold over to Europe.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:44
So instead, someone went to where that gold was being stored
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ,
01:47
and they just labeled it as belonging to France now.
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ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื™ื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืจืคืช.
01:52
And everyone agreed that France owned the gold.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฆืจืคืช.
01:55
It's just like those Rai stones.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ ื”ืืœื•.
01:58
The point I want to make with these two examples
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื•
02:00
is that there's nothing inherently valuable
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš
02:04
about a dollar or a stone or a coin.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื• ืื‘ืŸ ืื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
02:08
The only reason these things have any value
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
02:10
is because we've all decided they should.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ื›ืš.
02:13
And because we've decided that,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ื–ืืช,
02:15
they do.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืจืš.
02:17
Money is about the exchanges and the transactions
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ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช
02:21
that we have with each other.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:24
Money isn't anything objective.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:26
It's about a collective story that we tell each other about value.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
02:32
A collective fiction.
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ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:34
And that's a really powerful concept.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง.
02:38
In the past two decades,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:39
we've begun to use digital money.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
02:41
So I get paid via direct deposit,
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ืื– ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืงื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
02:44
I pay my rent via bank transfer,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœืžืช ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช,
02:47
I pay my taxes online.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:49
And every month,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
02:50
a small amount of money is deducted from my paycheck
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ืกื›ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื ื•ื›ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™
02:52
and invested in mutual funds in my retirement account.
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
02:57
All of these interactions
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:58
are literally just changing 1's and 0's on computers.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”-1 ื•ื”-0 ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:02
There's not even anything physical, like a stone or a coin.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ ืื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
03:08
Digital money makes it so that I can pay someone around the world
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ื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:11
in seconds.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:13
Now when this works,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
03:15
it's because there are large institutions underwriting every 1 or 0
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ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ 1 ืื• 0
03:20
that changes on a computer.
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ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:22
And when it doesn't,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“,
03:23
it's often the fault of those large institutions.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
03:25
Or at least, it's up to them to fix the problem.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื.
03:28
And a lot of times, they don't.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
03:30
There's a lot of friction in the system.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
03:33
How long did it take the US credit card companies
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
03:36
to implement chip and pin?
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ืœื™ื™ืฉื EMV?
03:38
Half my credit cards still don't work in Europe.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:42
That's friction.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
03:44
Transferring money across borders and across currencies
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช
03:48
is really expensive:
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืงืจ:
03:50
friction.
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ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
03:52
An entrepreneur in India can set up an online business in minutes,
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ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืกืง ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช,
03:57
but it's hard for her to get loans and to get paid:
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื:
04:01
friction.
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ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
04:03
Our access to digital money and our ability to freely transact
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
04:08
is being held captive by these gatekeepers.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืกืฃ ื”ืœืœื•.
04:11
And there's a lot of impediments in the system slowing things down.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืื˜ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:16
That's because digital money isn't really mine,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœื™,
04:20
it's entries in databases that belong to my bank,
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ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื™,
04:23
my credit card company or my investment firm.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœื™ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
04:26
And these companies have the right to say "no."
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ "ืœื".
04:30
If I'm a PayPal merchant
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ืื ืื ื™ ืกื•ื—ืจ "ืคื™ื™ืคืืœ."
04:32
and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud,
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ื•ืคื™ื™ืคืืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกืžืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืื”,
04:37
that's it.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”,
04:38
My account gets frozen, and I can't get paid.
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ืงืคื, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื.
04:44
These institutions are standing in the way of innovation.
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:49
How many of you use Facebook photos, Google Photos,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
04:54
Instagram?
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ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื?
04:55
My photos are everywhere.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:58
They are on my phone, they're on my laptop,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™,
05:00
they're on my old phone, they're in Dropbox.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ืคื‘ื•ืงืก.
05:03
They're on all these different websites and services.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:06
And most of these services don't work together.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
05:10
They don't inter-operate.
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ื”ื ืœืœื ืชึดึผืคึฐืขื•ึผืœึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ืช.
05:13
And as a result,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
05:15
my photo library is a mess.
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ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ืช.
05:18
The same thing happens
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”
05:20
when institutions control the money supply.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
05:23
A lot of these services don't inter-operate,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืœื ืชึดึผืคึฐืขื•ึผืœึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ืช.
05:26
and as a result, this blocks what we can do with payment.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืชืฉืœื•ื.
05:30
And it makes transaction costs go up.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื”.
05:33
So far, we've been through two phases of money.
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
05:37
In an analog world, we had to deal with these physical objects,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
05:41
and money moved at a certain speed -- the speed of humans.
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ื•ื›ืกืฃ ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช โ€“ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:46
In a digital world, money can reach much farther and is much faster,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
05:51
but we're at the mercy of these gatekeeper institutions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืกื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืกืฃ ื”ืœืœื•.
05:55
Money only moves at the speed of banks.
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ื›ืกืฃ ื ืข ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื.
06:00
We're about to enter a new phase of money.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
06:03
The future of money is programmable.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช.
06:07
When we combine software and currency,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
06:10
money becomes more than just a static unit of value,
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ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช,
06:14
and we don't have to rely on institutions for security.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
06:18
In a programmable world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช,
06:19
we remove humans and institutions from the loop.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
06:24
And when this happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
06:25
we won't even feel like we're transacting anymore.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
06:29
Money will be directed by software,
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ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
06:31
and it will just safely and securely flow.
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ื•ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—.
06:36
Cryptocurrencies are the first step of this evolution.
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ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื•.
06:40
Cryptocurrencies are digital money
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ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
06:42
that isn't run by any government or bank.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื‘ื ืง.
06:45
It's money designed to work in a world without intermediaries.
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ื–ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื.
06:50
Bitcoin is the most ubiquitous cryptocurrency,
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ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:53
but there are hundreds of them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
06:54
There's Ethereum, Litecoin, Stellar, Dogecoin,
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ืช'ืจื™ื•ื, ืœื™ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ, ืกื˜ืœืืจ, ื“ื•ื’'ืงื•ื™ืŸ,
06:58
and those are just a few of the more popular ones.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
07:01
And these things are real money.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™.
07:04
The sushi restaurant down my street
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ืžืกืขื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™
07:06
takes Bitcoin.
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ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
07:07
I have an app on my phone that I can use to buy sashimi.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืกืฉื™ืžื™.
07:13
But it's not just for small transactions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
07:15
In March, there was a transaction that moved around 100,000 bitcoins.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ืขืกืงื” ืฉื ืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 100,000 ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
07:20
That's the equivalent of 40 million US dollars.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:25
Cryptocurrencies are based on a special field of mathematics
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ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
07:29
called cryptography.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
07:31
Cryptography is the study of how to secure communication,
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ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจ ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
07:34
and it's about two really important things:
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ื•ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช:
07:37
masking information so it can be hidden in plain sight,
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ืžื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ ืืš ืžื•ืกืชืจ,
07:41
and verifying a piece of information's source.
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ื•ืื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:45
Cryptography underpins so many of the systems around us.
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ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
07:49
And it's so powerful that at times
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื
07:51
the US government has actually classified it as a weapon.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง.
07:56
During World War II, breaking cryptosystems like Enigma
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื›ืžื• ืื ื™ื’ืžื”
08:01
was critical to decoding enemy transmissions
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื™ื‘
08:04
and turning the tide of the war.
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ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
08:07
Today, anyone with a modern web browser is running
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ
08:10
a pretty sophisticated cryptosystem.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืœืžื“ื™.
08:13
It's what we use to secure our interactions on the Internet.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:17
It's what makes it safe for us to type our passwords in
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ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื”,
08:20
and to send financial information to websites.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืœืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:23
So what the banks used to give us --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืชืช ืœื ื• โ€“
08:26
trustworthy digital money transfer --
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืืžื™ื ื” โ€“
08:28
we can now get with a clever application of cryptography.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื—ื›ื.
08:33
And this means that we don't have to rely on the banks anymore
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:36
to secure our transactions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:38
We can do it ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
08:40
Bitcoin is based on the very same idea that the Yap used,
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ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ื™ืืค,
08:45
this collective global knowledge of transfers.
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ื™ื“ืข ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช.
08:49
In Bitcoin, I spend by transferring Bitcoin,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ,
08:53
and I get paid when someone transfers Bitcoin to me.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™.
08:58
Imagine that we had this magic paper.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื™ื™ืจ ืงืกื.
09:01
So the way that this paper works is I can give you a sheet of it
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื•
09:05
and if you write something on it,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื•,
09:07
it will magically appear on my piece as well.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืกื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
09:10
Let's say we just give everyone this paper
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:13
and everyone writes down the transfers that they're doing
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
09:17
in the Bitcoin system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
09:19
All of these transfers get copied around to everyone else's pieces of paper.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืขืชืงื•ืช ืœื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
09:23
And I can look at mine
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™
09:25
and I'll have a list of all of the transfers that are happening
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช
09:29
in the entire Bitcoin economy.
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ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
09:31
This is actually what's happening with the Bitcoin blockchain,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ,
09:35
which is a list of all of the transactions in Bitcoin.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
09:39
Except, it's not done through paper.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
09:42
It's done through computer code,
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘,
09:43
running on thousands of networked computers
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืชื™ื
09:46
around the world.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:49
All of these computers are collectively confirming
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืืฉืจื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
09:53
who owns what Bitcoin.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
09:54
So the Bitcoin blockchain is core to how Bitcoin works.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
09:58
But where do bitcoins actually come from?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื?
10:01
Well, the code is designed to create new Bitcoin
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
10:05
according to a schedule.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื.
10:07
And the way that it works is that to get those Bitcoin,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื”,
10:11
I have to solve a puzzle -- a random cryptographic puzzle.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
10:17
Imagine that we had 15 dice,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 15 ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
10:19
and we were throwing these dice over and over again.
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ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
10:22
Whenever the dice come up all sixes,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื 6,
10:25
we say that we win.
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ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•.
10:27
This is very close to what these computers are all actually doing.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
10:30
They're trying over and over again to land on the right number.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:34
And when they do,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
10:36
we say that they've solved the puzzle.
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ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.
10:39
The computer that solves the puzzle
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”,
10:42
publishes its solution to the rest of the network
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ืžืคืจืกื ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืจืฉืช
10:44
and collects its reward: new bitcoins.
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ื•ืื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืฉื›ืจื•: ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:48
And in the act of solving this puzzle,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื”,
10:51
these computers are actually helping to secure the Bitcoin blockchain
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ
10:55
and add to the list of transactions.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
10:57
There are actually people all over the world running this software,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื–ื•,
11:03
and we call them Bitcoin miners.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
11:06
Anyone can become a Bitcoin miner.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
11:09
You can go download the software right now
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:12
and run it in your computer and try to collect some bitcoins.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ.
11:16
I can't say that I would recommend it,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:18
because right now, the puzzle is so hard and the network is so powerful,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”,
11:23
that if I tried to mine Bitcoin on my laptop,
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ืฉืื ืื ืกื” ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™,
11:26
I probably wouldn't see any for about two million years.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:30
The miners, professional miners, use this special hardware
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ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
11:34
that's designed to solve the puzzle really fast.
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
11:37
Now, the Bitcoin network and all of this special hardware,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•,
11:41
there are estimates that the amount of energy it uses
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช
11:44
is equivalent to that of a small country.
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ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
11:48
So, the first set of cryptocurrencies
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ืื– ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
11:50
are a little bit slow and a little bit cumbersome.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช.
11:54
But the next generation is going to be so much better and so much faster.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ.
11:58
Cryptocurrencies are the first step
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ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
12:01
to a world with a global programmable money.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช.
12:05
And in a world with programmable money,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช,
12:08
I can pay anyone else securely
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—
12:11
without having to sign up or ask permission,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื, ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช,
12:15
or do a conversion or worry about my money getting stuck.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžืจื” ืื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืžื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืชืงืข.
12:20
And I can send money around the world.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:23
This is a really amazing thing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:26
It's the idea of permission-less innovation.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืœื-ืจืฉื•ืช.
12:31
The Internet caused an explosion of innovation,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
12:35
because it was built upon an open architecture.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”.
12:39
And just like the Internet changed the way we communicate,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื,
12:43
programmable money is going to change the way we pay,
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ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื,
12:46
allocate and decide on value.
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ืžืงืฆื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
12:49
So what kind of world does programmable money create?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช?
12:52
Imagine a world where I can rent out my healthcare data
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™
12:56
to a pharmaceutical company.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
12:59
They can run large-scale data analysis
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
13:01
and provide me with a cryptographic proof
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
13:03
that shows they're only using my data in a way that we agreed.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื ื•.
13:08
And they can pay me for what they find out.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื.
13:11
Instead of signing up for streaming services
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื”
13:14
and getting a cable bill,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื,
13:15
what if my television analyzed my watching habits
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™
13:18
and recommended well-priced content that fit within my budget
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ โ€‹โ€‹ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™
13:22
that I would enjoy?
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืžื ื•?
13:24
Imagine an Internet without ads,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืœื ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช,
13:27
because instead of paying with our attention when we view content,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ,
13:31
we just pay.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื.
13:33
Interestingly, things like micro-payments
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™-ืžื™ืงืจื•
13:36
are actually going to change the way security works in our world,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
13:39
because once we're better able to allocate value,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืขืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:42
people will use their money and their energies
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืกืคื ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
13:45
for more constructive things.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื.
13:47
If it cost a fraction of a cent to send an email,
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ืื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื•ื"ืœ,
13:50
would we still have spam?
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ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ?
13:52
We're not at this world yet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:54
but it's coming.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข.
13:56
Right now, it's like we're in a world that is seeing the first automobile.
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
14:01
The first cryptocurrency, like the first car,
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ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
14:05
is slow and hard to understand and hard to use.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
14:10
Digital money, like the horse and carriage,
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ื›ืกืฃ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื”,
14:12
works pretty well,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
14:14
and the whole world economy is built on it.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:18
If you were the first person on your block
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื
14:20
to get a car with an internal combustion engine,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
14:23
your neighbors would probably think you were crazy:
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ:
14:26
"Why would you want this large, clunky machine
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"ืœืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช ื–ื•
14:28
that breaks down all the time, that lights on fire,
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ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืฉ,
14:31
and is still slower than a horse?"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืก?"
14:34
But we all know how that story turns out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš.
14:38
We're entering a new era of programmable money.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช.
14:42
And it's very exciting, but it's also a little bit scary.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืงืฆืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
14:46
Cryptocurrencies can be used for illegal transactions,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช,
14:50
just like cash is used for crime in the world today.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื.
14:54
When all of our transactions are online,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ,
14:56
what does that mean for surveillance -- who can see what we do?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืงื‘ โ€“ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
15:02
Who's advantaged in this new world and who isn't?
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ืœืžื™ ื–ื” ื™ืขื ื™ืง ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื?
15:05
Will I have to start to pay for things that I didn't have to pay for before?
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ื”ืื ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ?
15:09
Will we all become slaves to algorithms and utility functions?
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ื”ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช?
15:15
All new technology comes with trade-offs.
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืคืฉืจื•ืช.
15:18
The Internet brought us a lot of ways to waste time.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ.
15:22
But it also greatly increased productivity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
15:25
Mobile phones are annoying
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื
15:27
because they make me feel like I have to stay connected to work
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
15:30
all the time.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
15:31
But they also help me stay connected to friends and family.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
15:35
The new sharing economy is going to eliminate some jobs.
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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชื—ืกืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
15:40
But it's also going to create new, flexible forms of employment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
15:44
With programmable money,
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ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช,
15:46
we decouple the need for large, trusted institutions
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ืื ื• ืžื ืชืงื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื,
15:51
from the architecture of the network.
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ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช.
15:54
And this pushes innovation in money out to the edges, where it belongs.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš.
16:00
Programmable money democratizes money.
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ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
16:04
And because of this, things are going to change and unfold
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
16:07
in ways that we can't even predict.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช.
16:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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