Seth Berkley: HIV and flu -- the vaccine strategy

50,555 views ใƒป 2010-05-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:17
Do you worry about what is going to kill you?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืชื›ื?
00:20
Heart disease, cancer,
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ืžื—ืœืช-ืœื‘, ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:22
a car accident?
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ืชืื•ื ื”?
00:24
Most of us worry about things we can't control,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื
00:27
like war, terrorism,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
00:29
the tragic earthquake that just occurred in Haiti.
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ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
00:32
But what really threatens humanity?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
00:36
A few years ago, Professor Vaclav Smil
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ืืงืœืื•ื• ืกืžื™ืœ
00:38
tried to calculate the probability
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ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
00:40
of sudden disasters
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ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:42
large enough to change history.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:44
He called these,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื
00:46
"massively fatal discontinuities,"
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"ืื™-ืจืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช"
00:48
meaning that they could kill
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ
00:50
up to 100 million people
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ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:52
in the next 50 years.
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ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
00:54
He looked at the odds of another world war,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืคืช,
00:57
of a massive volcanic eruption,
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ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
00:59
even of an asteroid hitting the Earth.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื’ื™ืขืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:01
But he placed the likelihood of one such event
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ื“
01:04
above all others
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ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
01:06
at close to 100 percent,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-100 ืื—ื•ื–,
01:08
and that is a severe flu pandemic.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
01:12
Now, you might think of flu
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืคืขืช
01:14
as just a really bad cold,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
01:17
but it can be a death sentence.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:19
Every year, 36,000 people in the United States
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, 36,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
01:22
die of seasonal flu.
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ืžืชื™ื ืžืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช.
01:25
In the developing world, the data is much sketchier
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื,
01:27
but the death toll is almost
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
01:29
certainly higher.
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ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:31
You know, the problem is if
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืืฉืจ
01:33
this virus occasionally mutates
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืืฆื™ื”
01:35
so dramatically,
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช,
01:37
it essentially is a new virus
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:39
and then we get a pandemic.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืคื”.
01:43
In 1918, a new virus appeared
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ
01:46
that killed some 50 to 100 million people.
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืกืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 50 ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:49
It spread like wildfire
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
01:51
and some died within hours of developing symptoms.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืชื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
01:54
Are we safer today?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื?
01:56
Well, we seem to have dodged
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื—ืžืงื ื•
01:58
the deadly pandemic this year
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ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช
02:00
that most of us feared,
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ืฉืžืžื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ืฉืฉื ื•.
02:02
but this threat could reappear at any time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
02:05
The good news is that
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
02:07
we're at a moment in time
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ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ
02:09
when science, technology, globalization is converging
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืข, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
02:12
to create an unprecedented possibility:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื,
02:14
the possibility to make history
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
02:16
by preventing infectious diseases
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
02:19
that still account for one-fifth of all deaths
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ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
02:22
and countless misery on Earth.
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ื•ืœืกื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ-ืงืฅ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:25
We can do this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:27
We're already preventing millions of deaths
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช
02:29
with existing vaccines,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:31
and if we get these to more people,
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ื•ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืื™ืชื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:33
we can certainly save more lives.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:36
But with new or better vaccines
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:38
for malaria, TB, HIV,
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ืœืžืœืจื™ื”, ืฉื—ืคืช, ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
02:41
pneumonia, diarrhea, flu,
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ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืคืขืช
02:43
we could end suffering
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืœ
02:45
that has been on the Earth since the beginning of time.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
02:48
So, I'm here to trumpet vaccines for you.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
02:50
But first, I have to explain why they're important
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:53
because vaccines, the power of them,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:56
is really like a whisper.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืฉ.
02:58
When they work, they can make history,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
03:00
but after a while
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
03:02
you can barely hear them.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื.
03:04
Now, some of us are old enough
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
03:07
to have a small, circular scar on our arms
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฆืœืงืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:10
from an inoculation we received as children.
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ืžื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:13
But when was the last time you worried about smallpox,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื“ืื’ืชื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:16
a disease that killed half a billion people last century
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ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื—ื™ืกืœื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
03:19
and no longer is with us?
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื•?
03:21
Or polio? How many of you remember the iron lung?
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ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื• -- ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ?
03:24
We don't see scenes like this anymore
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
03:27
because of vaccines.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
03:29
Now, it's interesting
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:31
because there are 30-odd diseases
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ 30 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช
03:34
that can be treated with vaccines now,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
03:36
but we're still threatened by things like HIV and flu.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ืฉืคืขืช.
03:39
Why is that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš?
03:41
Well, here's the dirty little secret.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืกื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:43
Until recently, we haven't had to know
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ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
03:45
exactly how a vaccine worked.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
03:48
We knew they worked through old-fashioned trial and error.
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื”.
03:51
You took a pathogen, you modified it,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื”, ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•,
03:53
you injected it into a person or an animal
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ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ืื• ื‘ื”ืžื”,
03:56
and you saw what happened.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:58
This worked well for most pathogens,
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ื–ื” ืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
04:01
somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu,
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ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช,
04:04
but not at all for HIV,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
04:06
for which humans have no natural immunity.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:09
So let's explore how vaccines work.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ.
04:12
They basically create a cache
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืื’ืจ
04:14
of weapons for your immune system
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ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:16
which you can deploy when needed.
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ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
04:19
Now, when you get a viral infection,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
04:22
what normally happens is it takes days or weeks
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•
04:24
for your body to fight back
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ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื
04:26
at full strength,
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ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
04:28
and that might be too late.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ื™.
04:30
When you're pre-immunized,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ,
04:32
what happens is you have forces in your body
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
04:34
pre-trained to recognize
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ื”ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™
04:36
and defeat specific foes.
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
04:38
So that's really how vaccines work.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:40
Now, let's take a look at a video
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
04:42
that we're debuting at TED, for the first time,
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ื‘ื”ืงืจื ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”,
04:45
on how an effective HIV vaccine might work.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
04:49
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
04:55
Narrator: A vaccine trains the body in advance
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ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช: ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจืืฉ
04:57
how to recognize and neutralize
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ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืœ
04:59
a specific invader.
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
05:01
After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืคื•ืจืฅ ืืช ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช,
05:04
it infects immune cells to replicate.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืชืื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ.
05:08
The invader draws the attention
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ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ืžื•ืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
05:10
of the immune system's front-line troops.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
05:12
Dendritic cells, or macrophages,
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ืชืื™ื ื“ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื
05:14
capture the virus and display pieces of it.
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืจืื•ื•ื”.
05:18
Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine
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ืชืื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก
05:21
are activated when they learn
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ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื
05:23
HIV is present from the front-line troops.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
05:26
These memory cells immediately deploy
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ืชืื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“
05:29
the exact weapons needed.
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœื™-ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
05:32
Memory B cells turn into plasma cells,
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ืชืื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ B ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชืื™ ืคืœื–ืžื”,
05:35
which produce wave after wave
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ
05:37
of the specific antibodies
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ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
05:39
that latch onto HIV
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ื”ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก
05:41
to prevent it from infecting cells,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืื™ื
05:43
while squadrons of killer T cells
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ T
05:45
seek out and destroy cells
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ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืื™ื
05:47
that are already HIV infected.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
05:50
The virus is defeated.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื‘ืก.
05:52
Without a vaccine,
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ืœืœื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
05:54
these responses would have taken more than a week.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข.
05:57
By that time, the battle against HIV
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ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก
05:59
would already have been lost.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืคืกื“.
06:08
Seth Berkley: Really cool video, isn't it?
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ืกืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™: ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:11
The antibodies you just saw in this video,
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
06:14
in action, are the ones that make most vaccines work.
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ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
06:17
So the real question then is:
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
06:19
How do we ensure that your body makes
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจ
06:21
the exact ones that we need to protect
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื”
06:23
against flu and HIV?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช ื•ืื™ื™ื“ืก?
06:25
The principal challenge for both of these viruses
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
06:28
is that they're always changing.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
06:30
So let's take a look at the flu virus.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
06:33
In this rendering of the flu virus,
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
06:35
these different colored spikes are what it uses to infect you.
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ื”ื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
06:38
And also, what the antibodies use is a handle
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ื•ื’ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื“ื™ืช
06:41
to essentially grab and neutralize the virus.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื•ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืชื•.
06:44
When these mutate, they change their shape,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืืฆื™ื”, ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื,
06:47
and the antibodies don't know what they're looking at anymore.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื.
06:50
So that's why every year
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
06:53
you can catch a slightly different strain of flu.
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืฉืคืขืช ืžื–ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:56
It's also why in the spring,
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ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘
06:58
we have to make a best guess
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื—ืฉ
07:00
at which three strains are going to prevail the next year,
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ืืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
07:03
put those into a single vaccine
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ื“
07:05
and rush those into production for the fall.
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ื•ืœืžื”ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•.
07:08
Even worse,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข,
07:10
the most common influenza -- influenza A --
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืคืขืช A,
07:13
also infects animals
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ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
07:15
that live in close proximity to humans,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
07:17
and they can recombine
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:19
in those particular animals.
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ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:21
In addition, wild aquatic birds
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื
07:23
carry all known strains
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ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืขื™ืžื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
07:25
of influenza.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช.
07:27
So, you've got this situation:
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
07:29
In 2003,
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ื‘-2003,
07:31
we had an H5N1 virus
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ H5N1
07:34
that jumped from birds into humans
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ืฉืงืคืฅ ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
07:37
in a few isolated cases
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
07:39
with an apparent mortality rate of 70 percent.
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ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:42
Now luckily, that particular virus,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
07:45
although very scary at the time,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืคื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
07:47
did not transmit from person to person
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ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื
07:49
very easily.
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
07:51
This year's H1N1 threat
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ืž-H1N1 ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
07:54
was actually a human, avian, swine mixture
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
07:58
that arose in Mexico.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•.
08:00
It was easily transmitted,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
08:02
but, luckily, was pretty mild.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื—ืœืฉ.
08:05
And so, in a sense,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
08:07
our luck is holding out,
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ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“,
08:09
but you know, another wild bird could fly over at anytime.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
08:13
Now let's take a look at HIV.
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
08:15
As variable as flu is,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•,
08:17
HIV makes flu
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ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
08:19
look like the Rock of Gibraltar.
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ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืฆื•ืง ื’ื™ื‘ืจืœื˜ืจ.
08:21
The virus that causes AIDS
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก
08:23
is the trickiest pathogen
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:25
scientists have ever confronted.
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื• ืื™-ืคืขื.
08:27
It mutates furiously,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ.
08:29
it has decoys to evade the immune system,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืชื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
08:31
it attacks the very cells that are trying to fight it
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืืฉืจ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•.
08:34
and it quickly hides itself
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
08:36
in your genome.
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ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:38
Here's a slide looking at
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืจืื”
08:40
the genetic variation of flu
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช
08:42
and comparing that to HIV,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
08:44
a much wilder target.
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ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืื™ืช.
08:47
In the video a moment ago,
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ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข,
08:49
you saw fleets of new viruses launching from infected cells.
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ืจืื™ืชื ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื.
08:52
Now realize that in a recently infected person,
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ื›ืขืช ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
08:55
there are millions of these ships;
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
08:57
each one is just slightly different.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜.
08:59
Finding a weapon that recognizes
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ืžืฆื™ืืช ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง ื”ืžื–ื”ื”
09:01
and sinks all of them
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ื•ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ
09:03
makes the job that much harder.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:05
Now, in the 27 years since HIV
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27 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉ-HIV
09:08
was identified as the cause of AIDS,
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ื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก,
09:11
we've developed more drugs to treat HIV
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
09:13
than all other viruses put together.
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ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืžืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
09:16
These drugs aren't cures,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืžืจืคื,
09:18
but they represent a huge triumph of science
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข
09:20
because they take away the automatic death sentence
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
09:22
from a diagnosis of HIV,
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ืžืจื’ืข ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
09:24
at least for those who can access them.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
09:27
The vaccine effort though is really quite different.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:30
Large companies moved away from it
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”
09:32
because they thought the science was so difficult
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
09:35
and vaccines were seen as poor business.
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ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
09:38
Many thought that it was just impossible to make an AIDS vaccine,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
09:41
but today, evidence tells us otherwise.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
09:44
In September,
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ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
09:46
we had surprising but exciting findings
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ืืš ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื,
09:49
from a clinical trial that took place in Thailand.
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ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“.
09:52
For the first time, we saw an AIDS vaccine work in humans --
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
09:55
albeit, quite modestly --
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
09:58
and that particular vaccine was made
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ
10:00
almost a decade ago.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
10:02
Newer concepts and early testing now
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
10:04
show even greater promise in the best of our animal models.
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ื ืจืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
10:09
But in the past few months, researchers have also isolated
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•
10:12
several new broadly neutralizing antibodies
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ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ (ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื)
10:15
from the blood of an HIV infected individual.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
10:18
Now, what does this mean?
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
10:20
We saw earlier that HIV
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ื’ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื“ืก
10:22
is highly variable,
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ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:24
that a broad neutralizing antibody
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ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื”
10:26
latches on and disables
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ื ืฆืžื“ ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœ
10:28
multiple variations of the virus.
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ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
10:31
If you take these and you put them
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ื
10:33
in the best of our monkey models,
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื,
10:35
they provide full protection from infection.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
10:38
In addition, these researchers found
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆืื•
10:40
a new site on HIV
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ
10:42
where the antibodies can grab onto,
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ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“.
10:44
and what's so special about this spot
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•
10:46
is that it changes very little
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“
10:48
as the virus mutates.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
10:50
It's like, as many times
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื
10:52
as the virus changes its clothes,
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•,
10:54
it's still wearing the same socks,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ
10:55
and now our job is to make sure
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ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
10:58
we get the body to really hate those socks.
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ืฉืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
11:01
So what we've got is a situation.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
11:03
The Thai results tell us
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
11:05
we can make an AIDS vaccine,
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
11:07
and the antibody findings
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ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื
11:09
tell us how we might do that.
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:11
This strategy, working backwards
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช,
11:14
from an antibody to create a vaccine candidate,
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
11:16
has never been done before in vaccine research.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืกืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
11:19
It's called retro-vaccinology,
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ืงืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
11:22
and its implications extend
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
11:24
way beyond that of just HIV.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:27
So think of it this way.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš.
11:29
We've got these new antibodies we've identified,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื•,
11:32
and we know that they latch onto many, many variations of the virus.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
11:35
We know that they have to latch onto a specific part,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
11:38
so if we can figure out the precise structure of that part,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง,
11:41
present that through a vaccine,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
11:43
what we hope is we can prompt
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข
11:45
your immune system to make these matching antibodies.
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ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื”.
11:48
And that would create
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
11:50
a universal HIV vaccine.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
11:52
Now, it sounds easier than it is
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืงืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช
11:54
because the structure actually looks more like
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื•
11:56
this blue antibody diagram
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ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ
11:58
attached to its yellow binding site,
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืžื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
12:00
and as you can imagine, these three-dimensional structures
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
12:02
are much harder to work on.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื.
12:04
And if you guys have ideas to help us solve this,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
12:06
we'd love to hear about it.
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ื ืฉืžื— ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš.
12:08
But, you know, the research that has occurred from HIV now
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืฆืžื— ืžื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
12:11
has really helped with innovation with other diseases.
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ืžืžืฉ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
12:14
So for instance, a biotechnology company
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
12:16
has now found broadly neutralizing
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ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
12:18
antibodies to influenza,
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขื•ืช
12:20
as well as a new antibody target on the flu virus.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
12:23
They're currently making a cocktail --
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ,
12:26
an antibody cocktail -- that can be used to treat
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ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
12:29
severe, overwhelming cases of flu.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช.
12:32
In the longer term, what they can do
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:34
is use these tools of retro-vaccinology
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ
12:36
to make a preventive flu vaccine.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ืœืฉืคืขืช.
12:39
Now, retro-vaccinology is just one technique
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืื—ืช
12:42
within the ambit of so-called rational vaccine design.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
12:45
Let me give you another example.
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
12:48
We talked about before the H and N spikes
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”-H ื•-M
12:50
on the surface of the flu virus.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
12:52
Notice these other, smaller protuberances.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:55
These are largely hidden from the immune system.
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ืืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
12:58
Now it turns out that these spots
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ื›ืขืช ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
13:00
also don't change much when the virus mutates.
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ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
13:03
If you can cripple these with specific antibodies,
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
13:05
you could cripple all versions of the flu.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
13:08
So far, animal tests indicate
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช
13:10
that such a vaccine could prevent severe disease,
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ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื•ืœื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
13:13
although you might get a mild case.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืงืœ.
13:15
So if this works in humans, what we're talking about
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ืื– ืื ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
13:18
is a universal flu vaccine,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืœืฉืคืขืช,
13:20
one that doesn't need to change every year
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
13:22
and would remove the threat of death.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
13:25
We really could think of flu, then,
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืคืขืช
13:27
as just a bad cold.
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ืจืง ื›ืืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื”.
13:30
Of course, the best vaccine imaginable
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
13:32
is only valuable to the extent
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืขืจืš ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
13:34
we get it to everyone who needs it.
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ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืกืคืงื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื•.
13:36
So to do that, we have to combine
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘
13:38
smart vaccine design with smart production methods
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ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช
13:41
and, of course, smart delivery methods.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื—ื›ืžื•ืช.
13:44
So I want you to think back a few months ago.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชื—ื–ืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
13:46
In June, the World Health Organization
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
13:49
declared the first global
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” 41 ืฉื ื”
13:51
flu pandemic in 41 years.
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ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
13:53
The U.S. government promised
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”
13:55
150 million doses of vaccine
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150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
13:57
by October 15th for the flu peak.
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ืขื“ 15 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
13:59
Vaccines were promised to developing countries.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
14:01
Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent
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ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
14:03
and flowed to accelerating vaccine manufacturing.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืจื– ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
14:06
So what happened?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
14:08
Well, we first figured out
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
14:10
how to make flu vaccines, how to produce them,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจื,
14:13
in the early 1940s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
14:15
It was a slow, cumbersome process
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ
14:18
that depended on chicken eggs,
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
14:21
millions of living chicken eggs.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:24
Viruses only grow in living things,
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ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
14:26
and so it turned out that, for flu,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช,
14:28
chicken eggs worked really well.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
14:30
For most strains, you could get one to two doses
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ื™ื
14:33
of vaccine per egg.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
14:35
Luckily for us,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
14:37
we live in an era of breathtaking
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
14:39
biomedical advances.
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
14:41
So today, we get our flu vaccines from ...
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืž....
14:44
chicken eggs,
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...ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:48
hundreds of millions of chicken eggs.
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ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
14:50
Almost nothing has changed.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
14:52
The system is reliable
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืžื™ื ื”.
14:54
but the problem is you never know how well
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
14:56
a strain is going to grow.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืŸ ื™ืชืคืชื—.
14:59
This year's swine flu strain
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ื”ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”
15:01
grew very poorly in early production:
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ื”ืชืคืชื— ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
15:04
basically .6 doses per egg.
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0.6 ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื”.
15:08
So, here's an alarming thought.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื“ืื’ื”.
15:10
What if that wild bird flies by again?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื’ื•ืขื” ืชืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
15:12
You could see an avian strain
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ื ืจืื” ื–ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื•ืคื•ืช
15:14
that would infect the poultry flocks,
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ืฉื™ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:16
and then we would have no eggs for our vaccines.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
15:18
So, Dan [Barber], if you want
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ืื–, ื“ืŸ [ื‘ืืจื‘ืจ], ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
15:20
billions of chicken pellets
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
15:22
for your fish farm,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
15:24
I know where to get them.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ืŸ.
15:26
So right now, the world can produce
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
15:28
about 350 million doses
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ื›-350 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืช
15:30
of flu vaccine for the three strains,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื.
15:33
and we can up that to about 1.2 billion doses
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›-1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื ื•ืช,
15:36
if we want to target a single variant
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“
15:38
like swine flu.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
15:40
But this assumes that our factories are humming
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”
15:43
because, in 2004,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘-2004,
15:45
the U.S. supply was cut in half
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ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™
15:47
by contamination at one single plant.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
15:50
And the process still takes
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ
15:52
more than half a year.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”.
15:54
So are we better prepared
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:56
than we were in 1918?
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘-1918?
15:58
Well, with the new technologies emerging now,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
16:00
I hope we can say definitively, "Yes."
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช, "ื›ืŸ".
16:02
Imagine we could produce enough flu vaccine
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืคืขืช
16:05
for everyone in the entire world
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
16:08
for less than half of what we're currently spending
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื•
16:10
now in the United States.
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ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
16:12
With a range of new technologies, we could.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื.
16:15
Here's an example:
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
16:17
A company I'm engaged with has found
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื” ืžืฆืื”
16:19
a specific piece of the H spike of flu
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ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ืŸ H ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืคืขืช
16:21
that sparks the immune system.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
16:23
If you lop this off and attach it
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ืื ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
16:25
to the tail of a different bacterium,
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ืœื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ
16:28
which creates a vigorous immune response,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช,
16:30
they've created a very powerful flu fighter.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ื—ื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช.
16:32
This vaccine is so small
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
16:34
it can be grown in a common bacteria, E. coli.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืจื’ื™ืœ, E. coli.
16:37
Now, as you know, bacteria reproduce quickly --
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
16:40
it's like making yogurt --
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜.
16:42
and so we could produce enough swine origin flu
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
16:44
for the entire world in a few factories, in a few weeks,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
16:47
with no eggs,
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ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื
16:49
for a fraction of the cost of current methods.
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ื•ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:57
So here's a comparison of several of these new vaccine technologies.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
17:00
And, aside from the radically increased production
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ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
17:03
and huge cost savings --
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ื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
17:05
for example, the E. coli method I just talked about --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”-E. coli ืฉืจืง ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™,
17:08
look at the time saved: this would be lives saved.
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ื—ืกืš -- ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
17:11
The developing world,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
17:13
mostly left out of the current response,
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
17:16
sees the potential of these alternate technologies
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ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
17:19
and they're leapfrogging the West.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
17:21
India, Mexico and others are already
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ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžื›ืกื™ืงื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ
17:23
making experimental flu vaccines,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
17:25
and they may be the first place
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
17:27
we see these vaccines in use.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
17:29
Because these technologies are so efficient
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
17:32
and relatively cheap,
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ื•ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
17:34
billions of people can have access to lifesaving vaccines
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:37
if we can figure out how to deliver them.
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื.
17:39
Now think of where this leads us.
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ื›ืขืช ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
17:41
New infectious diseases
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
17:43
appear or reappear
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
17:45
every few years.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
17:47
Some day, perhaps soon,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
17:49
we'll have a virus that is going to threaten all of us.
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
17:52
Will we be quick enough to react
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ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘
17:54
before millions die?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื?
17:56
Luckily, this year's flu was relatively mild.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื”.
17:59
I say, "luckily" in part
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ" ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
18:01
because virtually no one in the developing world
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
18:04
was vaccinated.
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ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
18:06
So if we have the political and financial foresight
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™
18:09
to sustain our investments,
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ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื ื•,
18:11
we will master these and new tools of vaccinology,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
18:14
and with these tools we can produce
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
18:16
enough vaccine for everyone at low cost
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
18:18
and ensure healthy productive lives.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื.
18:21
No longer must flu have to kill half a million people a year.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉืคืขืช ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
18:24
No longer does AIDS
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ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืื™ื™ื“ืก
18:26
need to kill two million a year.
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ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
18:28
No longer do the poor and vulnerable
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
18:30
need to be threatened by infectious diseases,
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ื™ื—ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
18:33
or indeed, anybody.
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ืื•, ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
18:35
Instead of having Vaclav Smil's
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• "ืื™-ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช"
18:38
"massively fatal discontinuity" of life,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื•ืืงืœืื•ื• ืกืžื™ืœ,
18:41
we can ensure
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
18:43
the continuity of life.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
18:45
What the world needs now are these new vaccines,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
18:47
and we can make it happen.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
18:49
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:59
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
19:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:09
So, the science is changing.
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ืื– ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืฉืชื ื”.
19:12
In your mind, Seth -- I mean, you must dream about this --
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ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš, ืกืช -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” --
19:15
what is the kind of time scale
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ืžื”ื• ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ
19:18
on, let's start with HIV,
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
19:20
for a game-changing vaccine that's actually out there and usable?
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™?
19:24
SB: The game change can come at any time,
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ืก.ื‘.: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข
19:26
because the problem we have now is
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื
19:28
we've shown we can get a vaccine to work in humans;
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ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
19:30
we just need a better one.
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ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื•.
19:32
And with these types of antibodies, we know humans can make them.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจื.
19:34
So, if we can figure out how to do that,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
19:36
then we have the vaccine,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
19:38
and what's interesting is there already is
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ
19:40
some evidence that we're beginning to crack that problem.
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ื›ืžื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
19:42
So, the challenge is full speed ahead.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืžืจืฅ.
19:44
CA: In your gut, do you think it's probably going to be at least another five years?
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ื›.ื.: ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชืš, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื?
19:46
SB: You know, everybody says it's 10 years,
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ืก.ื‘.: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
19:48
but it's been 10 years every 10 years.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
19:50
So I hate to put a timeline
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื
19:52
on scientific innovation,
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™,
19:54
but the investments that have occurred are now paying dividends.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
19:57
CA: And that's the same with universal flu vaccine, the same kind of thing?
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ื›.ื.: ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™?
20:00
SB: I think flu is different. I think what happened with flu is
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ืก.ื‘.: ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืคืขืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ืฉืคืขืช ื–ื”
20:02
we've got a bunch -- I just showed some of this --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” -- ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ --
20:04
a bunch of really cool and useful technologies that are ready to go now.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
20:07
They look good. The problem has been that,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
20:09
what we did is we invested in traditional technologies
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ืฉื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
20:12
because that's what we were comfortable with.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื•ื— ืขื ื–ื”.
20:14
You also can use adjuvants, which are chemicals you mix.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขื–ืจ, ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
20:17
That's what Europe is doing, so we could have diluted out
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื“ืœืœ
20:19
our supply of flu and made more available,
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ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ืœื”ืคื›ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
20:21
but, going back to what Michael Specter said,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจ,
20:24
the anti-vaccine crowd didn't really want that to happen.
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ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
20:27
CA: And malaria's even further behind?
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ื›.ื.: ื•ื”ืื ืžืœืจื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ?
20:29
SB: No, malaria, there is a candidate
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ืก.ื‘.: ืœื, ืžืœืจื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืžื“
20:31
that actually showed efficacy in an earlier trial
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
20:34
and is currently in phase three trials now.
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ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
20:36
It probably isn't the perfect vaccine, but it's moving along.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
20:39
CA: Seth, most of us do work where every month,
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ื›.ื.: ืกืช, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
20:41
we produce something;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•,
20:43
we get that kind of gratification.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
20:45
You've been slaving away at this for more than a decade,
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ,
20:48
and I salute you and your colleagues for what you do.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื“ื™ืข ืœืš ื•ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ืš ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
20:51
The world needs people like you. Thank you.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
20:53
SB: Thank you.
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ืก.ื‘.: ืชื•ื“ื”.
20:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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