Seth Berkley: HIV and flu -- the vaccine strategy

50,555 views ใƒป 2010-05-27

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seo Rim Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jungsoo Kim
00:17
Do you worry about what is going to kill you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:20
Heart disease, cancer,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘, ์•”,
00:22
a car accident?
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ํ˜น์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ?
00:24
Most of us worry about things we can't control,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:27
like war, terrorism,
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์ „์Ÿ์ด๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ํ˜น์€
00:29
the tragic earthquake that just occurred in Haiti.
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์— ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง„ ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
00:32
But what really threatens humanity?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:36
A few years ago, Professor Vaclav Smil
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ Vaclav Smil ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š”
00:38
tried to calculate the probability
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋งŒํผ์˜
00:40
of sudden disasters
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์žฌ์•™์˜
00:42
large enough to change history.
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ํ™•๋ฅ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
He called these,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
00:46
"massively fatal discontinuities,"
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"์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
meaning that they could kill
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์ฆ‰ 1์–ต ๋ช… ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€
00:50
up to 100 million people
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์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:52
in the next 50 years.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 50๋…„ ์ค‘์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
He looked at the odds of another world war,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:57
of a massive volcanic eruption,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
even of an asteroid hitting the Earth.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
But he placed the likelihood of one such event
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„
01:04
above all others
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ ์œ„์— ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
at close to 100 percent,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 100ํผ์„ผํŠธ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:08
and that is a severe flu pandemic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋…๊ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์œ ํ–‰์ด์ฃ .
01:12
Now, you might think of flu
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋…๊ฐ์„ ๊ทธ์ €
01:14
as just a really bad cold,
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์ •๋ง ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
but it can be a death sentence.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Every year, 36,000 people in the United States
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๋งค๋…„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 3๋งŒ 6์ฒœ๋ช…์ด
01:22
die of seasonal flu.
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๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
In the developing world, the data is much sketchier
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„  ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
01:27
but the death toll is almost
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์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜
01:29
certainly higher.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
You know, the problem is if
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ
01:33
this virus occasionally mutates
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์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ
01:35
so dramatically,
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ,
01:37
it essentially is a new virus
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์•„์˜ˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
and then we get a pandemic.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
In 1918, a new virus appeared
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1918๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•ด์„œ
01:46
that killed some 50 to 100 million people.
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5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์—์„œ 1์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
It spread like wildfire
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์•ผ์ƒ ๋ถˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒˆ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
and some died within hours of developing symptoms.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Are we safer today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:56
Well, we seem to have dodged
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์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ
01:58
the deadly pandemic this year
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋…๊ฐ์„ ํ”ผํ•œ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
that most of us feared,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:02
but this threat could reappear at any time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์žฌ ์ถœํ˜„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
The good news is that
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€
02:07
we're at a moment in time
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ
02:09
when science, technology, globalization is converging
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
02:12
to create an unprecedented possibility:
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์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
the possibility to make history
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์˜ค ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:16
by preventing infectious diseases
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์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๊ทน์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š”
02:19
that still account for one-fifth of all deaths
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:22
and countless misery on Earth.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
We can do this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
We're already preventing millions of deaths
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜
02:29
with existing vaccines,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
and if we get these to more people,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:33
we can certainly save more lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
But with new or better vaccines
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค๋กœ
02:38
for malaria, TB, HIV,
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๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ผ์•„, ๊ฒฐํ•ต, HIV(์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค),
02:41
pneumonia, diarrhea, flu,
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ํ๋ ด, ์„ค์‚ฌ, ๋…๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ
02:43
we could end suffering
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜
02:45
that has been on the Earth since the beginning of time.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
So, I'm here to trumpet vaccines for you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ด๋ ฌํžˆ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
But first, I have to explain why they're important
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ €, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
because vaccines, the power of them,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํž˜์€,
02:56
is really like a whisper.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์†์‚ญ์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
When they work, they can make history,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
but after a while
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
03:02
you can barely hear them.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
03:04
Now, some of us are old enough
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์ด์ œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
03:07
to have a small, circular scar on our arms
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๋งž์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€
03:10
from an inoculation we received as children.
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์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
But when was the last time you worried about smallpox,
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— 5์–ต ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ
03:16
a disease that killed half a billion people last century
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ์— ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
03:19
and no longer is with us?
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:21
Or polio? How many of you remember the iron lung?
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ํ˜น์€ ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ--๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒ ํ (์ฒ ์ œ ํ˜ธํก ๋ณด์กฐ ์žฅ์น˜)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
03:24
We don't see scenes like this anymore
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
because of vaccines.
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋•๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
03:29
Now, it's interesting
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
because there are 30-odd diseases
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด 30์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์˜์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
that can be treated with vaccines now,
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์ด์ œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:36
but we're still threatened by things like HIV and flu.
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” HIV์™€ ๋…๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
03:41
Well, here's the dirty little secret.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Until recently, we haven't had to know
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
03:45
exactly how a vaccine worked.
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์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
We knew they worked through old-fashioned trial and error.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
You took a pathogen, you modified it,
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๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
03:53
you injected it into a person or an animal
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ˜น์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
and you saw what happened.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:58
This worked well for most pathogens,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋“ค์— ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu,
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๊ตํ™œํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:04
but not at all for HIV,
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๊ทผ๋ฐ HIV์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋จนํžˆ์งˆ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
for which humans have no natural immunity.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์  ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
So let's explore how vaccines work.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:12
They basically create a cache
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:14
of weapons for your immune system
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ํ•„์š”์‹œ์— ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:16
which you can deploy when needed.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ์€๋‹‰์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Now, when you get a viral infection,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
04:22
what normally happens is it takes days or weeks
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด
04:24
for your body to fight back
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์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต
04:26
at full strength,
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๋ช‡ ์ผ ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
and that might be too late.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
When you're pre-immunized,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:32
what happens is you have forces in your body
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:34
pre-trained to recognize
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ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด
04:36
and defeat specific foes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
So that's really how vaccines work.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
Now, let's take a look at a video
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ ,
04:42
that we're debuting at TED, for the first time,
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TED๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
on how an effective HIV vaccine might work.
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HIV ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:49
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
04:55
Narrator: A vaccine trains the body in advance
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๋‚˜๋ž˜์ดํ„ฐ: ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์นจ์ž…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
04:57
how to recognize and neutralize
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ
04:59
a specific invader.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers,
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HIV๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ ๋ง‰ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ,
05:04
it infects immune cells to replicate.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
The invader draws the attention
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๊ทธ ์นจ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ตœ์ „๋ฐฉ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜
05:10
of the immune system's front-line troops.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Dendritic cells, or macrophages,
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์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ๋งคํฌ๋กœํŒŒ์ง€(๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ์ข…)๋Š”
05:14
capture the virus and display pieces of it.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ „์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine
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HIV ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
05:21
are activated when they learn
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HIV์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ „๋ฐฉ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
05:23
HIV is present from the front-line troops.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
These memory cells immediately deploy
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์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
05:29
the exact weapons needed.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Memory B cells turn into plasma cells,
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๊ธฐ์–ต ์„ธํฌ B๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
which produce wave after wave
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HIV๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:37
of the specific antibodies
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๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ฒด์˜
05:39
that latch onto HIV
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๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
05:41
to prevent it from infecting cells,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
while squadrons of killer T cells
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ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ T ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†Œํ•จ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
05:45
seek out and destroy cells
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์ด๋ฏธ HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
05:47
that are already HIV infected.
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ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:50
The virus is defeated.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
Without a vaccine,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:54
these responses would have taken more than a week.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
By that time, the battle against HIV
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ •๋„๋ฉด HIV์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ
05:59
would already have been lost.
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์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
Seth Berkley: Really cool video, isn't it?
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์„ธ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ: ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์ฃ ?
06:11
The antibodies you just saw in this video,
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์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹  ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์€
06:14
in action, are the ones that make most vaccines work.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
So the real question then is:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง„์งœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
06:19
How do we ensure that your body makes
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๋…๊ฐ๊ณผ HIV์„ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
06:21
the exact ones that we need to protect
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ • ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
06:23
against flu and HIV?
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
The principal challenge for both of these viruses
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ
06:28
is that they're always changing.
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๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
So let's take a look at the flu virus.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์ฃ .
06:33
In this rendering of the flu virus,
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์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ
06:35
these different colored spikes are what it uses to infect you.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
And also, what the antibodies use is a handle
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:41
to essentially grab and neutralize the virus.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
When these mutate, they change their shape,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€์ด๋  ๋•Œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ 
06:47
and the antibodies don't know what they're looking at anymore.
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
So that's why every year
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ๋งค๋…„
06:53
you can catch a slightly different strain of flu.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
It's also why in the spring,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ด„์—
06:58
we have to make a best guess
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋…„์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ•  ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜
07:00
at which three strains are going to prevail the next year,
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์„œ
07:03
put those into a single vaccine
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ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
07:05
and rush those into production for the fall.
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๊ฐ€์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Even worse,
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๋” ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
07:10
the most common influenza -- influenza A --
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ธ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž A๋Š”
07:13
also infects animals
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š”
07:15
that live in close proximity to humans,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
07:17
and they can recombine
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„
07:19
in those particular animals.
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์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
In addition, wild aquatic birds
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์•ผ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€
07:23
carry all known strains
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์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์œ ํ˜•์„
07:25
of influenza.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
So, you've got this situation:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
In 2003,
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2003๋…„์—,
07:31
we had an H5N1 virus
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” H5N1 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
that jumped from birds into humans
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๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋ช‡ ๋ช‡์˜ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:37
in a few isolated cases
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์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด 70ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜€๋˜
07:39
with an apparent mortality rate of 70 percent.
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์ƒˆ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Now luckily, that particular virus,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ทธ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”
07:45
although very scary at the time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฌด์„œ์› ์ง€๋งŒ
07:47
did not transmit from person to person
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋˜์ง€
07:49
very easily.
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์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
This year's H1N1 threat
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์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์˜ H1N1์œ„ํ˜‘์€
07:54
was actually a human, avian, swine mixture
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
that arose in Mexico.
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:00
It was easily transmitted,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
but, luckily, was pretty mild.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ฝค ์•ฝํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And so, in a sense,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
08:07
our luck is holding out,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด์ด ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
but you know, another wild bird could fly over at anytime.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์–ด๋–ค ์•ผ์ƒ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋‚ ์•„๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Now let's take a look at HIV.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ HIV๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:15
As variable as flu is,
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๋…๊ฐ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์‰ฝ๋“ฏ์ด
08:17
HIV makes flu
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HIV๋Š” ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด
08:19
look like the Rock of Gibraltar.
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
The virus that causes AIDS
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์—์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”
08:23
is the trickiest pathogen
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋“ค ์ค‘
08:25
scientists have ever confronted.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
It mutates furiously,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
it has decoys to evade the immune system,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์นจ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ต๋ž€์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
it attacks the very cells that are trying to fight it
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŠน์ • ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
and it quickly hides itself
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
08:36
in your genome.
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์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ˆจ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
Here's a slide looking at
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ณ€์ด ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค๊ณผ
08:40
the genetic variation of flu
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HIV์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋†“์€
08:42
and comparing that to HIV,
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๊ฒƒ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
a much wilder target.
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๋” ๋„“์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:47
In the video a moment ago,
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์ž ์‹œ ์ „์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ
08:49
you saw fleets of new viruses launching from infected cells.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Now realize that in a recently infected person,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
08:55
there are millions of these ships;
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•จ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ด์ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์”ฉ์˜
08:57
each one is just slightly different.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ค๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:59
Finding a weapon that recognizes
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์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ฐŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:01
and sinks all of them
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๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:03
makes the job that much harder.
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
Now, in the 27 years since HIV
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์ด์ œ, ์—์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ HIV๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ ์ง€
09:08
was identified as the cause of AIDS,
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27๋…„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” HIV๋ฅผ
09:11
we've developed more drugs to treat HIV
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
than all other viruses put together.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์ด์ฃ .
09:16
These drugs aren't cures,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ๋“ค์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
but they represent a huge triumph of science
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
because they take away the automatic death sentence
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด HIV์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ
09:22
from a diagnosis of HIV,
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๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
at least for those who can access them.
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๊ทธ ์•ฝ์„ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
The vaccine effort though is really quite different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
Large companies moved away from it
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ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
because they thought the science was so difficult
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:35
and vaccines were seen as poor business.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์ „๋ง์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Many thought that it was just impossible to make an AIDS vaccine,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
but today, evidence tells us otherwise.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
In September,
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9์›”์—
09:46
we had surprising but exciting findings
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
from a clinical trial that took place in Thailand.
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ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
For the first time, we saw an AIDS vaccine work in humans --
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
albeit, quite modestly --
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
and that particular vaccine was made
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜
10:00
almost a decade ago.
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์‹ญ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
Newer concepts and early testing now
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œํ—˜์€
10:04
show even greater promise in the best of our animal models.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ฐ€๋ง์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
But in the past few months, researchers have also isolated
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด
10:12
several new broadly neutralizing antibodies
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๋„“๊ฒŒ HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”
10:15
from the blood of an HIV infected individual.
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
Now, what does this mean?
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:20
We saw earlier that HIV
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € HIV๊ฐ€
10:22
is highly variable,
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๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
that a broad neutralizing antibody
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๋„“์€ ์ค‘ํ™” ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
10:26
latches on and disables
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค์—
10:28
multiple variations of the virus.
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๋ถ™์–ด ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
If you take these and you put them
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜
10:33
in the best of our monkey models,
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์›์ˆญ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
10:35
they provide full protection from infection.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
In addition, these researchers found
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๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€
10:40
a new site on HIV
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ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ถ™์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:42
where the antibodies can grab onto,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
and what's so special about this spot
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์ด ๊ณณ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
10:46
is that it changes very little
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์ด ๋  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ–์—
10:48
as the virus mutates.
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๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
It's like, as many times
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด
10:52
as the virus changes its clothes,
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์˜ท์„ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„
10:54
it's still wearing the same socks,
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘๋ง์„ ์‹ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
and now our job is to make sure
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด ์ € ์–‘๋ง๋“ค์„
10:58
we get the body to really hate those socks.
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์ •๋ง ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
So what we've got is a situation.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฅ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
The Thai results tell us
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ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
11:05
we can make an AIDS vaccine,
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์—์ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
and the antibody findings
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์€
11:09
tell us how we might do that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
This strategy, working backwards
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์ด ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
from an antibody to create a vaccine candidate,
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ํ•ญ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:16
has never been done before in vaccine research.
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๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์‹œ๋„๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
It's called retro-vaccinology,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ-๋ฐฑ์‹ ํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
and its implications extend
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‘์šฉ์€
11:24
way beyond that of just HIV.
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๊ทธ์ € HIV์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
So think of it this way.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:29
We've got these new antibodies we've identified,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
and we know that they latch onto many, many variations of the virus.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ณ€์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
We know that they have to latch onto a specific part,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
so if we can figure out the precise structure of that part,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:41
present that through a vaccine,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:43
what we hope is we can prompt
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์—
11:45
your immune system to make these matching antibodies.
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๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
And that would create
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
11:50
a universal HIV vaccine.
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์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ HIV๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
Now, it sounds easier than it is
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์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
because the structure actually looks more like
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ง€์ ์— ๋ถ™์€
11:56
this blue antibody diagram
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ํ•ญ์ฒด ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๋žจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:58
attached to its yellow binding site,
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์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
and as you can imagine, these three-dimensional structures
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ด ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์€
12:02
are much harder to work on.
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๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
And if you guys have ideas to help us solve this,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด
12:06
we'd love to hear about it.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
But, you know, the research that has occurred from HIV now
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, HIV์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ
12:11
has really helped with innovation with other diseases.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด์—๋„ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
So for instance, a biotechnology company
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
12:16
has now found broadly neutralizing
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์ด์ œ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฅผ
12:18
antibodies to influenza,
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์ค‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
as well as a new antibody target on the flu virus.
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
They're currently making a cocktail --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ญ์ฒดํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
an antibody cocktail -- that can be used to treat
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์ด ํ•ญ์ฒด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ๋…๊ฐ์„
12:29
severe, overwhelming cases of flu.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
In the longer term, what they can do
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์ด์ œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญ-๋ฐฑ์‹ ํ•™์˜
12:34
is use these tools of retro-vaccinology
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๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:36
to make a preventive flu vaccine.
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
Now, retro-vaccinology is just one technique
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์ด์ œ, ์—ญ-๋ฐฑ์‹ ํ•™์€ ์ด์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
12:42
within the ambit of so-called rational vaccine design.
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๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
Let me give you another example.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:48
We talked about before the H and N spikes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์— H์™€ M ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
on the surface of the flu virus.
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:52
Notice these other, smaller protuberances.
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์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ์ถœ๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
12:55
These are largely hidden from the immune system.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
Now it turns out that these spots
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์ด ์ง€์ ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ธธ
13:00
also don't change much when the virus mutates.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€์ด๋  ๋•Œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
If you can cripple these with specific antibodies,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:05
you could cripple all versions of the flu.
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋…๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
So far, animal tests indicate
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”, ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅดํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”
13:10
that such a vaccine could prevent severe disease,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
although you might get a mild case.
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์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
So if this works in humans, what we're talking about
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ
13:18
is a universal flu vaccine,
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๋งŒ๋Šฅ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
one that doesn't need to change every year
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๋งค๋…„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๊ณ 
13:22
and would remove the threat of death.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
We really could think of flu, then,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…๊ฐ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
13:27
as just a bad cold.
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์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
Of course, the best vaccine imaginable
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:32
is only valuable to the extent
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๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ์ด
13:34
we get it to everyone who needs it.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
So to do that, we have to combine
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ
13:38
smart vaccine design with smart production methods
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๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
and, of course, smart delivery methods.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์šด์†ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:44
So I want you to think back a few months ago.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
In June, the World Health Organization
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6์›”์—, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
13:49
declared the first global
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41๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋…๊ฐ
13:51
flu pandemic in 41 years.
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๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์„ ์„ ํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
The U.S. government promised
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 15์–ต ๋„์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„
13:55
150 million doses of vaccine
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10์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…๊ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:57
by October 15th for the flu peak.
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์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Vaccines were promised to developing countries.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์•ฝ์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent
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๋ช‡ ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์”ฉ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†์—
14:03
and flowed to accelerating vaccine manufacturing.
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์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
So what happened?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:08
Well, we first figured out
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € 1940๋…„๋Œ€์—
14:10
how to make flu vaccines, how to produce them,
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
14:13
in the early 1940s.
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์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
It was a slow, cumbersome process
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ฐ€์‹  ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
that depended on chicken eggs,
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๊ณ„๋ž€์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:21
millions of living chicken eggs.
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฐ ๊ณ„๋ž€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:24
Viruses only grow in living things,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
and so it turned out that, for flu,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ธธ, ๋…๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
14:28
chicken eggs worked really well.
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๊ณ„๋ž€์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
For most strains, you could get one to two doses
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1์—์„œ 2๋„์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ณ„๋ž€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‹น
14:33
of vaccine per egg.
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์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
Luckily for us,
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ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”,
14:37
we live in an era of breathtaking
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ
14:39
biomedical advances.
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
So today, we get our flu vaccines from ...
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์€......
14:44
chicken eggs,
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......๊ณ„๋ž€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:48
hundreds of millions of chicken eggs.
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๋ช‡ ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ž€์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
Almost nothing has changed.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
The system is reliable
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๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
but the problem is you never know how well
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž„ ์ง€
14:56
a strain is going to grow.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
This year's swine flu strain
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์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์˜ ๋ผ์ง€ ๋…๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€
15:01
grew very poorly in early production:
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
basically .6 doses per egg.
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ณ„๋ž€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹น 0.6 ๋„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
15:08
So, here's an alarming thought.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
What if that wild bird flies by again?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์•ผ์ƒ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:12
You could see an avian strain
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:14
that would infect the poultry flocks,
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
and then we would have no eggs for our vaccines.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ž€์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
So, Dan [Barber], if you want
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ„ (๋ฐ”๋ฒ„), ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
15:20
billions of chicken pellets
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์„  ๋†์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:22
for your fish farm,
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๋ช‡ ์‹ญ์–ต์˜ ๋‹ญ ๋˜ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:24
I know where to get them.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
So right now, the world can produce
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ์€, ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
15:28
about 350 million doses
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์•ฝ 3์–ต 5์ฒœ ๋งŒ ๋„์Šค์˜
15:30
of flu vaccine for the three strains,
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
and we can up that to about 1.2 billion doses
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ผ์ง€ ๋…๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„
15:36
if we want to target a single variant
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๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–‘์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€
15:38
like swine flu.
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120์–ต ๋„์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
But this assumes that our factories are humming
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ๋“ค์ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
because, in 2004,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด 2004๋…„๋„์—
15:45
the U.S. supply was cut in half
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
by contamination at one single plant.
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ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:50
And the process still takes
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ
15:52
more than half a year.
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๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
So are we better prepared
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1918๋…„์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”
15:56
than we were in 1918?
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์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:58
Well, with the new technologies emerging now,
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์Œ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค๋กœ
16:00
I hope we can say definitively, "Yes."
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"์˜ˆ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
Imagine we could produce enough flu vaccine
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜
16:05
for everyone in the entire world
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:08
for less than half of what we're currently spending
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง€์ถœํ•˜๋Š”
16:10
now in the United States.
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๋ˆ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
With a range of new technologies, we could.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
Here's an example:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
A company I'm engaged with has found
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
16:19
a specific piece of the H spike of flu
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๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” H ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ ๋…๊ฐ์˜
16:21
that sparks the immune system.
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ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
If you lop this off and attach it
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋•Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
16:25
to the tail of a different bacterium,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด
16:28
which creates a vigorous immune response,
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์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ
16:30
they've created a very powerful flu fighter.
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๋…๊ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ ๊ตฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
This vaccine is so small
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์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
it can be grown in a common bacteria, E. coli.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ”ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
Now, as you know, bacteria reproduce quickly --
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
it's like making yogurt --
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์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:42
and so we could produce enough swine origin flu
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ž€ ์—†์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ
16:44
for the entire world in a few factories, in a few weeks,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์˜
16:47
with no eggs,
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๋ผ์ง€ ๋…๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
for a fraction of the cost of current methods.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:57
So here's a comparison of several of these new vaccine technologies.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
And, aside from the radically increased production
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€
17:03
and huge cost savings --
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ์ณ๋‘๊ณ 
17:05
for example, the E. coli method I just talked about --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋งํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
17:08
look at the time saved: this would be lives saved.
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์•„๋‚€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. --์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์–‘ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
The developing world,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
17:13
mostly left out of the current response,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์—์„œ ๋™๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
17:16
sees the potential of these alternate technologies
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
and they're leapfrogging the West.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:21
India, Mexico and others are already
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์ธ๋„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ
17:23
making experimental flu vaccines,
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์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
and they may be the first place
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ 
17:27
we see these vaccines in use.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Because these technologies are so efficient
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ 
17:32
and relatively cheap,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
17:34
billions of people can have access to lifesaving vaccines
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด
17:37
if we can figure out how to deliver them.
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๋ช‡ ์‹ญ์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
Now think of where this leads us.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐˆ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
17:41
New infectious diseases
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€
17:43
appear or reappear
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
every few years.
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
Some day, perhaps soon,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ณง,
17:49
we'll have a virus that is going to threaten all of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
Will we be quick enough to react
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
17:54
before millions die?
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๋Œ€์ฒ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:56
Luckily, this year's flu was relatively mild.
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ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์˜ ๋…๊ฐ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•œ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
I say, "luckily" in part
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ฒŒ๋„"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
18:01
because virtually no one in the developing world
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์ง€
18:04
was vaccinated.
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๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
So if we have the political and financial foresight
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
18:09
to sustain our investments,
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์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:11
we will master these and new tools of vaccinology,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ํ•™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
and with these tools we can produce
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์—
18:16
enough vaccine for everyone at low cost
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๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
and ensure healthy productive lives.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
No longer must flu have to kill half a million people a year.
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์ด์   ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋…๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋…„์— ์˜ค์‹ญ ๋งŒ๋ช…์”ฉ ์ฃฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:24
No longer does AIDS
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์ด์   ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์—์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ
18:26
need to kill two million a year.
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์ผ๋…„์— ์ด๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๋ช…์”ฉ ์ฃฝ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:28
No longer do the poor and vulnerable
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์ด์   ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์ด
18:30
need to be threatened by infectious diseases,
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์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
or indeed, anybody.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:35
Instead of having Vaclav Smil's
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๋ฐ”ํด๋ผ๋ธŒ ์Šค๋ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ "์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ
18:38
"massively fatal discontinuity" of life,
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๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ"์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
18:41
we can ensure
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„
18:43
the continuity of life.
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๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:45
What the world needs now are these new vaccines,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
and we can make it happen.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:59
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:07
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:09
So, the science is changing.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:12
In your mind, Seth -- I mean, you must dream about this --
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์„ธ์Šค --๋ถ„๋ช… ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”--
19:15
what is the kind of time scale
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์–ธ์ œ์ฏค์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ
19:18
on, let's start with HIV,
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HIV๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ ,
19:20
for a game-changing vaccine that's actually out there and usable?
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์ •๋ง ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด๋†“์„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ธ์ œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊นŒ์š”?
19:24
SB: The game change can come at any time,
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์„ธ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ: ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
because the problem we have now is
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ
19:28
we've shown we can get a vaccine to work in humans;
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์ธ๊ฐ€์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
19:30
we just need a better one.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:32
And with these types of antibodies, we know humans can make them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
So, if we can figure out how to do that,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:36
then we have the vaccine,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
19:38
and what's interesting is there already is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜
19:40
some evidence that we're beginning to crack that problem.
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์‹œ์ž‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
So, the challenge is full speed ahead.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„์ „์€ ์ „์†๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:44
CA: In your gut, do you think it's probably going to be at least another five years?
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ 5๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‚˜์š”?
19:46
SB: You know, everybody says it's 10 years,
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์„ธ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ: ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ 10๋…„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
but it's been 10 years every 10 years.
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ์‹ญ๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ญ๋…„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:50
So I hate to put a timeline
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง„๋ณด์—
19:52
on scientific innovation,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:54
but the investments that have occurred are now paying dividends.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
CA: And that's the same with universal flu vaccine, the same kind of thing?
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CA: ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
20:00
SB: I think flu is different. I think what happened with flu is
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SB: ์ „ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”
20:02
we've got a bunch -- I just showed some of this --
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
20:04
a bunch of really cool and useful technologies that are ready to go now.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:07
They look good. The problem has been that,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์•„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
20:09
what we did is we invested in traditional technologies
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
because that's what we were comfortable with.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
20:14
You also can use adjuvants, which are chemicals you mix.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ์•ฝ ๋˜ํ•œ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํ™”ํ•™์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด์ฃ .
20:17
That's what Europe is doing, so we could have diluted out
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
20:19
our supply of flu and made more available,
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๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํฌ์„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
but, going back to what Michael Specter said,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์ŠคํŽ™ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
20:24
the anti-vaccine crowd didn't really want that to happen.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
CA: And malaria's even further behind?
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CA: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
20:29
SB: No, malaria, there is a candidate
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SB: ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
20:31
that actually showed efficacy in an earlier trial
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ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:34
and is currently in phase three trials now.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:36
It probably isn't the perfect vaccine, but it's moving along.
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์•„๋งˆ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:39
CA: Seth, most of us do work where every month,
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CA: ์„ธ์Šค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋งค๋‹ฌ, ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
20:41
we produce something;
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
we get that kind of gratification.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
You've been slaving away at this for more than a decade,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์‹ญ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
and I salute you and your colleagues for what you do.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
The world needs people like you. Thank you.
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋” ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
SB: Thank you.
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SB: ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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