Elaine Morgan says we evolved from aquatic apes

445,894 views ใƒป 2009-07-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avihu Turzion ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Well, this is 2009.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืฉื ืช 2009.
00:17
And it's the Bicentenary of Charles Darwin.
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ื•ืืœื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช 200 ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
00:22
And all over the world, eminent evolutionists
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืชื•ืจืช-ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื
00:25
are anxious to celebrate this.
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ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื–ืืช.
00:27
And what they're planning to do is to enlighten us
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•
00:31
on almost every aspect
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
00:33
of Darwin and his life,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื•,
00:35
and how he changed our thinking.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:37
I say almost every aspect,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
00:40
because there is one aspect of this story
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:43
which they have thrown no light on.
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ืื™ืจื• ื›ืœืœ.
00:46
And they seem anxious to skirt around it and step over it
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื“ืœื’ ืžืขืœ ื–ื”
00:49
and to talk about something else.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
00:51
So I'm going to talk about it.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:53
It's the question of, why are we so different from the chimpanzees?
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื?
00:59
We get the geneticists keeping on telling us
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ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
01:01
how extremely closely we are related -- hardly any genes of difference,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:05
very, very closely related.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:08
And yet, when you look at the phenotypes,
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื,
01:11
there's a chimp, there's a man;
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ื ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื,
01:13
they're astoundingly different,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
01:15
no resemblance at all.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
01:17
I'm not talking about airy-fairy stuff
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคื™ื•ืช
01:19
about culture or psychology, or behavior.
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ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
01:23
I'm talking about ground-base, nitty-gritty,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:26
measurable physical differences.
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื™ื.
01:28
They, that one,
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ื”ื, ื–ื”,
01:30
is hairy and walking on four legs.
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ืฉืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
01:32
That one is a naked biped. Why?
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื. ืœืžื”?
01:36
I mean --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช --
01:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:39
if I'm a good Darwinist, I've got to believe
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ืื ืื ื™ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
01:41
there's a reason for that.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
01:43
If we changed so much, something must have happened.
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ืื ื”ืฉืชื ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ืงืจื”.
01:46
What happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
01:48
Now 50 years ago, that was a laughably simple question.
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš.
01:51
Everybody knew the answer.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
01:53
They knew what happened.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืงืจื”.
01:55
The ancestor of the apes stayed in the trees;
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ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
01:57
our ancestors went out onto the plain.
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ื•ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:00
That explained everything.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
02:03
We had to get up on our legs to peer over the tall grass,
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ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืฃ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืฉื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
02:06
or to chase after animals,
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:08
or to free our hands for weapons.
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื.
02:10
And we got so overheated in the chase
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ
02:14
that we had to take off that fur coat and throw it away.
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ืฉื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžืขื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
02:18
Everybody knew that, for generations.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:21
But then, in the '90s, something began to unravel.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:25
The paleontologists themselves looked a bit more closely
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ื”ืคืœืื•ื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
02:29
at the accompanying microfauna
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ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื• ืืœื™ื ื•
02:33
that lived in the same time and place as the hominids.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:37
And they weren't savanna species.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื”.
02:40
And they looked at the herbivores. And they weren't savanna herbivores.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื”.
02:44
And then they were so clever, they found a way to analyze
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ืœื ืชื—
02:47
fossilized pollen.
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ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:49
Shock, horror.
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ืชื“ื”ืžื”, ืื™ืžื”.
02:51
The fossilized pollen was not of savanna vegetation.
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ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื•ืื ื”.
02:56
Some of it even came from lianas,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื™ืื ื•ืช,
02:58
those things that dangle in the middle of the jungle.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
03:01
So we're left with a situation where
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ืื– ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื•
03:03
we know that our earliest ancestors
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
03:07
were moving around on four legs in the trees,
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ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื™ื,
03:11
before the savanna ecosystem even came into existence.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”.
03:16
This is not something I've made up.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืืชื™.
03:19
It's not a minority theory.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜.
03:21
Everybody agrees with it.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
03:23
Professor Tobias came over from South Africa
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:27
and spoke to University College London.
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
03:30
He said, "Everything I've been telling you for the last 20 years,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:33
forget about it. It was wrong.
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ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื–ื”. ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช.
03:36
We've got to go back to square one and start again."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
03:40
It made him very unpopular. They didn't want to go back to square one.
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ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.
03:46
I mean, it's a terrible thing to happen.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื.
03:48
You've got this beautiful paradigm.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”.
03:51
You've believed it through generations.
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ื”ืืžื ืชื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:53
Nobody has questioned it.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืคื™ืงืคืง ื‘ื›ืš.
03:55
You've been constructing fanciful things on top of it,
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”
03:59
relying on it to be as solid as a rock.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื ื” ื›ืกืœืข.
04:01
And now it's whipped away from under you.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืชื—ืชื›ื.
04:04
What do you do? What does a scientist do in that case?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืžื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”?
04:07
Well, we know the answer because
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™
04:09
Thomas S. Kuhn
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ืชื•ืžืืก ืก. ืงื•ืŸ
04:12
wrote a seminal treatise
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ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
04:16
about this back in 1962.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1962.
04:18
He said what scientists do
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:20
when a paradigm fails
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ื›ืฉืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื ื›ืฉืœืช,
04:24
is, guess what -- they carry on as if nothing had happened.
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ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”, ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:30
If they haven't got a paradigm they can't ask the question.
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”.
04:33
So they say, "Yes it's wrong,
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ืื– ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™,
04:35
but supposing it was right ..."
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ..."
04:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:39
And the only other option open to them
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ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื
04:43
is to stop asking the questions.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช.
04:45
So that is what they have done now.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:49
That's why you don't hear them talking about it. It's yesterday's question.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ.
04:52
Some of them have even elevated it into a principle.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื• ื–ืืช ืœืจืžืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ.
04:55
It's what we ought to be doing.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:57
Aaron Filler from Harvard said,
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ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืจ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืืžืจ,
05:00
"Isn't it time we stopped talking about selective pressures?
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"ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื™ื?
05:04
I mean, why don't we talk about, well, there's chromosomes, and there's genes.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื.
05:07
And we just record what we see."
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ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื”."
05:10
Charles Darwin must be spinning in his grave!
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื— ืžืชื”ืคืš ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืจื•!
05:13
He knew all about that kind of science.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
05:16
And he called it hypothesis-free science.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื•ืช.
05:19
And he despised it from the bottom of his heart.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืขื‘ ื–ืืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ืœื™ื‘ื•.
05:22
And if you're going to say,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
05:25
"I'm going to stop talking about selective pressures,"
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"ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื™ื,"
05:27
you can take "The Origin of Species" and throw it out of the window,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช "ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื" ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
05:31
for it's about nothing else but selective pressures.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื™ื.
05:33
And the irony of it is,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื,
05:35
that this is one occasion of a paradigm collapse
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”
05:38
where we didn't have to wait for a new paradigm to come up.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:42
There was one waiting in the wings.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืคืชื—.
05:44
It had been waiting there since 1960
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœื” ืžืื– 1960
05:46
when Alister Hardy, a marine biologist,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืืจื“ื™, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ืžื™,
05:49
said, "I think what happened,
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ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื”,
05:51
perhaps our ancestors
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
05:53
had a more aquatic existence
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ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืงื™ื•ื ื™ืžื™
05:55
for some of the time."
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ."
05:58
He kept it to himself for 30 years.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”.
06:00
But then the press got hold of it and all hell broke loose.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ืืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:03
All his colleagues said, "This is outrageous.
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ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืžืจื•, "ื–ื” ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™.
06:06
You've exposed us to public ridicule!
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ื—ืฉืคืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืœืขื’ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™!
06:10
You must never do that again."
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘."
06:12
And at that time, it became set in stone:
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืง ื‘ืื‘ืŸ
06:15
the aquatic theory should be dumped
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ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืชื•ืฉืœืš
06:18
with the UFOs and the yetis,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื‘"ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื˜ื™,
06:20
as part of the lunatic fringe of science.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
06:24
Well I don't think that.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืš.
06:26
I think that Hardy had a lot going for him.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืืจื“ื™ ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
06:28
I'd like to talk about just a handful
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ืœืง
06:31
of what have been called the
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ืžืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื•
06:33
hallmarks of mankind,
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ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:35
the things that made us different from everybody else,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
06:37
and all our relatives.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•.
06:39
Let's look at our naked skin.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื.
06:43
It's obvious that most of the things we think about
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
06:47
that have lost their body hair, mammals without body hair,
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ,
06:50
are aquatic ones, like the dugong, the walrus,
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ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ื’ื•ื ื’ ื•ืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื,
06:53
the dolphin, the hippopotamus, the manatee.
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ื, ืคืจืช ื”ื™ื.
06:57
And a couple of wallowers-in-mud like the babirusa.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืชืคืœืฉื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื™ื.
07:03
And you're tempted to think, well perhaps,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืืžื ื,
07:05
could that be why we are naked?
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื?
07:08
I suggested it and people said, "No no no.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ื–ืืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ืœื ืœื ืœื.
07:10
I mean, look at the elephant.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืกืชื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ.
07:12
You've forgotten all about the elephant haven't you?"
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ืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืคื™ืœ, ืœื?"
07:14
So back in 1982 I said,
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1982 ืืžืจืชื™,
07:17
"Well perhaps the elephant had an aquatic ancestor."
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™."
07:20
Peals of merry laughter!
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ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ!
07:23
"That crazy woman. She's off again. She'll say anything won't she?"
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"ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื ืชืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ืืช?"
07:26
But by now, everybody agrees that the elephant had an aquatic ancestor.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™.
07:32
This has come 'round to be that all those naked pachyderms
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ื™-ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื
07:35
have aquatic ancestors.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™.
07:37
The last exception was supposed to be the rhinoceros.
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ื”ืขื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื ืฃ.
07:39
Last year in Florida they found extinct ancestor of a rhinoceros
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ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฆืื• ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ืฃ
07:43
and said, "Seems to have spent most of its time in the water."
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื."
07:47
So this is a close connection between nakedness and water.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื.
07:52
As an absolute connection, it only works one way.
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ื›ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜; ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
07:55
You can't say all aquatic animals are naked,
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื.
07:59
because look at the sea otter.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื˜ืจื”.
08:01
But you can say
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ
08:03
that every animal that has become naked
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ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”
08:07
has been conditioned by water, in its own lifetime,
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืžื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”,
08:10
or the lifetime of its ancestors. I think this is significant.
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
08:14
The only exception is the naked Somalian mole-rat,
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืคืจืคืจืช ื”ืกื•ืžืœื™ืช.
08:18
which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืืคื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
08:22
And take bipedality.
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ื•ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
08:24
Here you can't find anybody to compare it with,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช.
08:27
because we're the only animal that walks upright on two legs.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื–ืงื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”.
08:32
But you can say this: all the apes and all the monkeys
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื
08:35
are capable of walking on two legs,
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
08:37
if they want to, for a short time.
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ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
08:39
There is only one circumstance in which they
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื•,
08:42
always, all of them, walk on two legs,
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ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ื•ืœื, ื™ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
08:45
and that is when they are wading through water.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื.
08:48
Do you think that's significant?
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™?
08:50
David Attenborough thinks it's significant,
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
08:52
as the possible beginning of our bipedalism.
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ื›ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
08:56
Look at the fat layer.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
08:58
We have got, under our skin, a layer of fat, all over:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:02
nothing in the least like that in any other primate.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ.
09:06
Why should it be there?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื?
09:08
Well they do know, that if you look at other aquatic mammals,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ื™ืžื™ ืื—ืจ,
09:11
the fat that in most land mammals
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช
09:13
is deposited inside the body wall,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
09:16
around the kidneys and the intestines and so on,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
09:20
has started to migrate to the outside,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
09:22
and spread out in a layer inside the skin.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืœืชื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
09:26
In the whale it's complete:
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ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
09:28
no fat inside at all, all in blubber outside.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
09:31
We cannot avoid the suspicion
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื—ืฉืฉ
09:34
that in our case it's started to happen.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
09:37
We have got skin lined with this layer.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ.
09:41
It's the only possible explanation of why humans,
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
09:44
if they're very unlucky,
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ืื ืื™ืชืจืข ืžื–ืœื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“,
09:47
can become grossly obese,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ื—ื”,
09:50
in a way that would be totally impossible for any other primate, physically impossible.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ, ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
09:54
Something very odd, matter-of-factly, never explained.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ.
09:58
The question of why we can speak.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
10:00
We can speak.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
10:02
And the gorilla can't speak. Why?
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืžื”?
10:05
Nothing to do with his teeth or his tongue or his lungs or anything like that --
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื• ืื• ืœืœืฉื•ื ื• ืื• ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
10:09
purely has to do with its conscious control of its breath.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืชื•.
10:14
You can't even train a gorilla to say "Ah" on request.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืืžืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืื”" ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉื”.
10:19
The only creatures that have got conscious control of their breath
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืชื
10:24
are the diving animals and the diving birds.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช.
10:27
It was an absolute precondition for our being able to speak.
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ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
10:32
And then again, there is the fact that we are streamlined.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช.
10:36
Trying to imagine a diver
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ื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืŸ
10:38
diving into water -- hardly makes a splash.
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ืงื•ืคืฅ ืจืืฉ ืœืžื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืœื™ื.
10:40
Try to imagine a gorilla
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ื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”
10:43
performing the same maneuver,
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ืžื ืกื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชืžืจื•ืŸ.
10:46
and you can see that, compared with gorilla,
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ื•ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”,
10:48
we are halfway to being shaped like a fish.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื.
10:51
I am trying to suggest that, for 40-odd years,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื™ื,
10:54
this aquatic idea has been miscategorized as lunatic fringe,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืงื•ื˜ืœื’ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื,
10:59
and it is not lunatic fringe.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
11:02
And the ironic thing about it is that
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื
11:05
they are not staving off the aquatic theory
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
11:08
to protect a theory of their own,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืœื”ื,
11:10
which they've all agreed on, and they love.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
11:12
There is nothing there.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื.
11:14
They are staving off the aquatic theory
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช
11:16
to protect a vacuum.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื•ืืงื•ื.
11:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:26
How do they react when I say these things?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
11:29
One very common reaction I've heard about 20 times
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืคืขื
11:33
is, "But it was investigated.
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ื”ื™ื, "ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:35
They conducted a serious investigation of this at the beginning,
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ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:39
when Hardy put forward his article."
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ื›ืฉื”ืืจื“ื™ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื•."
11:43
I don't believe it.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืœื–ื”.
11:46
For 35 years I've been looking for any evidence
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 35 ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ
11:49
of any incident of that kind,
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ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
11:51
and I've concluded that that's one of the urban myths.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”, ืฉื–ื• ืื’ื“ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
11:54
It's never been done.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจื”.
11:57
I ask people sometimes, and they say,
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
11:59
"I like the aquatic theory!
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"ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช!
12:01
Everybody likes the aquatic theory.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช.
12:03
Of course they don't believe it, but they like it."
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”."
12:05
Well I say, "Why do you think it's rubbish?"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืœืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช?"
12:09
They say "Well ...
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ...
12:11
everybody I talk to says it's rubbish.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:14
And they can't all be wrong, can they?"
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
12:16
The answer to that, loud and clear, is, "Yes! They can all be wrong."
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, "ื›ืŸ! ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื™ื."
12:20
History is strewn with the cases when they've all got it wrong.
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื“.
12:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:32
And if you've got a scientific problem like that,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ื–ื•,
12:34
you can't solve it by holding a head count,
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ืจืืฉื™ื,
12:37
and saying, "More of us say yes than say no."
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื."
12:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:41
Apart from that, some of the heads count more than others.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
12:45
Some of them have come over.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฆื“.
12:48
There was Professor Tobias. He's come over.
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ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืก. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื“.
12:51
Daniel Dennett, he's come over.
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“ื ื˜, ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื“.
12:53
Sir David Attenborough, he's come over.
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ืกืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื“.
12:57
Anybody else out there? Come on in.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื? ื‘ื•ืื• ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื•.
12:59
The water is lovely.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
13:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:04
And now we've got to look to the future.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“.
13:09
Ultimately one of three things is going to happen.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
13:13
Either they will go on for the next 40 years, 50 years, 60 years.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื™ื, 50 ืฉื ื™ื, 60 ืฉื ื™ื.
13:18
"Yeah well we don't talk about that. Let's talk about something interesting."
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"ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ."
13:22
That would be very sad.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ื‘.
13:24
The second thing that could happen
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
13:26
is that some young genius will arrive,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
13:28
and say, "I've found it.
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ื•ื™ืืžืจ, "ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:30
It was not the savanna, it was not the water, it was this!"
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”!"
13:34
No sign of that happening either.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
13:37
I don't think there is a third option.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
13:39
So the third thing that might happen is
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื
13:42
a very beautiful thing.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”.
13:45
If you look back at the early years of the last century,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
13:48
there was a stand-off, a lot of bickering and bad feeling
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืจื‘ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืจืขื”
13:52
between the believers in Mendel,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื“ืœ,
13:54
and the believers in Darwin.
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ื•ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
13:57
It ended with a new synthesis:
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ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
14:00
Darwin's ideas and Mendel's ideas
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœ
14:03
blending together.
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ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
14:05
And I think the same thing will happen here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
14:08
You'll get a new synthesis.
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ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
14:11
Hardy's ideas and Darwin's ideas
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื“ื™, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
14:13
will be blended together.
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ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
14:15
And we can move forward from there,
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” ืžืฉื,
14:17
and really get somewhere.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื”ื•.
14:19
That would be a beautiful thing.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
14:22
It would be very nice for me if it happened soon.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
14:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:36
Because I'm older now than George Burns was when he said,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืจื ืก ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
14:41
"At my age, I don't even buy green bananas."
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"ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช."
14:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:51
So if it's going to come and it's going to happen,
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ืื– ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช,
14:54
what's holding it up?
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ืžื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”?
14:56
I can tell you that in three words.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
14:59
Academia says no.
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ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื.
15:03
They decided in 1960,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘-1960,
15:05
"That belongs with the UFOs and the yetis."
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"ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืขื‘"ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื."
15:08
And it's not easy to change their minds.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื.
15:12
The professional journals
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ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขื˜ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื
15:14
won't touch it with a barge pole.
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ืœื ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื”.
15:16
The textbooks don't mention it.
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
15:19
The syllabus doesn't mention even the fact that we're naked,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื,
15:22
let alone look for a reason to it.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
15:25
"Horizon," which takes its cue from the academics,
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"ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ืŸ" (ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™), ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื,
15:28
won't touch it with a barge pole.
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ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื”.
15:30
So we never hear the case put for it,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ืขื“,
15:34
except in jocular references
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ืจื™ื
15:37
to people on the lunatic fringe.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
15:39
I don't know quite where this diktat comes from.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ื•.
15:45
Somebody up there
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื
15:47
is issuing the commandment,
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ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื”,
15:51
"Thou shalt not believe in the aquatic theory.
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"ืœื ืชืืžื™ืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™."
15:55
And if you hope to make progress in this profession,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื–ื”,
15:58
and you do believe it, you'd better keep it to yourself,
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžืš.
16:02
because it will get in your way."
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ืš.
16:04
So I get the impression that some parts
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
16:07
of the scientific establishment
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื™
16:10
are morphing into a kind of priesthood.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืจื”.
16:14
But you know, that makes me feel good,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
16:18
because Richard Dawkins has told us
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ื›ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก ืืžืจ ืœื ื•
16:21
how to treat a priesthood.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื•ืจื”.
16:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:25
He says, "Firstly, you've got to refuse to give it
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื”
16:28
all the excessive awe and reverence
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื™ื
16:31
it's been trained to receive."
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ."
16:33
Right. I'll go ahead with that.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืขื ื–ื”.
16:35
And secondly, he says,
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"ื•ืฉื ื™ืช," ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
16:37
"You must never be afraid to rock the boat."
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"ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืœืคื—ื“ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”."
16:40
I'll go along with that too.
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ืื ื™ ืืœืš ื’ื ืขื ื–ื”.
16:42
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ืžืื•ื“.
16:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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