Elaine Morgan says we evolved from aquatic apes

446,659 views ใƒป 2009-07-31

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyoungjin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Shin Yoo
00:12
Well, this is 2009.
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์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” 2009๋…„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
And it's the Bicentenary of Charles Darwin.
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ ํƒ„์ƒ 200์ฃผ๋…„์ด์ฃ .
00:22
And all over the world, eminent evolutionists
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
00:25
are anxious to celebrate this.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ด์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
And what they're planning to do is to enlighten us
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
00:31
on almost every aspect
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๋‹ค์œˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ถ์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€
00:33
of Darwin and his life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋Š”์ง€
00:35
and how he changed our thinking.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
I say almost every aspect,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
00:40
because there is one aspect of this story
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ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
00:43
which they have thrown no light on.
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ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And they seem anxious to skirt around it and step over it
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์ด ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ 
00:49
and to talk about something else.
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๋ง์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ์• ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
So I'm going to talk about it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
It's the question of, why are we so different from the chimpanzees?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
We get the geneticists keeping on telling us
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์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์ง€,
01:01
how extremely closely we are related -- hardly any genes of difference,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์€์ง€, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:05
very, very closely related.
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๊ณ„์† ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
And yet, when you look at the phenotypes,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:11
there's a chimp, there's a man;
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€, ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ
01:13
they're astoundingly different,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ
01:15
no resemblance at all.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
I'm not talking about airy-fairy stuff
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์ „ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฐ™์€
01:19
about culture or psychology, or behavior.
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์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
I'm talking about ground-base, nitty-gritty,
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ํ™•๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
01:26
measurable physical differences.
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์œก์ฒด์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
They, that one,
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€
01:30
is hairy and walking on four legs.
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ํ„ธ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋„ค ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฑท์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
That one is a naked biped. Why?
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด ์ง๋ฆฝ๋ณดํ–‰๋™๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ . ์™œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:36
I mean --
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์ œ ๋ง์€,
01:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:39
if I'm a good Darwinist, I've got to believe
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ๋‹ค์œˆ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
01:41
there's a reason for that.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
If we changed so much, something must have happened.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
What happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:48
Now 50 years ago, that was a laughably simple question.
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50๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์šฐ์Šต๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Everybody knew the answer.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:53
They knew what happened.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
The ancestor of the apes stayed in the trees;
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์œ ์ธ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
our ancestors went out onto the plain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ƒ์€ ํ‰์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
That explained everything.
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
We had to get up on our legs to peer over the tall grass,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‚ค ํฐ ํ’€ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
02:06
or to chase after animals,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋’ค์ซ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
02:08
or to free our hands for weapons.
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์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
And we got so overheated in the chase
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ซ“๋Š๋ผ ์ฒด์˜จ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ฌ๋ผ
02:14
that we had to take off that fur coat and throw it away.
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ํ„ธ์˜ท์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Everybody knew that, for generations.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
But then, in the '90s, something began to unravel.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ, 90๋…„๋Œ€์— ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
The paleontologists themselves looked a bit more closely
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์›์‹œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์—
02:29
at the accompanying microfauna
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์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋™๋ฌผ์ƒ์„
02:33
that lived in the same time and place as the hominids.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
And they weren't savanna species.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ดˆ์›์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And they looked at the herbivores. And they weren't savanna herbivores.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดˆ์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ๋Œ€์ดˆ์› ์ดˆ์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
And then they were so clever, they found a way to analyze
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”
02:47
fossilized pollen.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Shock, horror.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ณตํฌ์˜€์ฃ .
02:51
The fossilized pollen was not of savanna vegetation.
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ํ™”์„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ดˆ์› ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Some of it even came from lianas,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •๊ธ€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
02:58
those things that dangle in the middle of the jungle.
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๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ๊ตด ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
So we're left with a situation where
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:03
we know that our earliest ancestors
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๋Œ€์ดˆ์› ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
03:07
were moving around on four legs in the trees,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋„ค ๋ฐœ๋กœ
03:11
before the savanna ecosystem even came into existence.
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๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•„๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
This is not something I've made up.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
It's not a minority theory.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ก ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Everybody agrees with it.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Professor Tobias came over from South Africa
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆฝ ํ† ๋น„์–ด์Šค ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:27
and spoke to University College London.
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์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œํ‹ฐ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ์™€์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
He said, "Everything I've been telling you for the last 20 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ
03:33
forget about it. It was wrong.
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์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ , ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
We've got to go back to square one and start again."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
03:40
It made him very unpopular. They didn't want to go back to square one.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
03:46
I mean, it's a terrible thing to happen.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„  ์•ˆ ๋  ์ผ์ด๋ž€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:48
You've got this beautiful paradigm.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒ ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
You've believed it through generations.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Nobody has questioned it.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
You've been constructing fanciful things on top of it,
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๊ทธ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
relying on it to be as solid as a rock.
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๋ฐ”์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
04:01
And now it's whipped away from under you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ํœ™ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
What do you do? What does a scientist do in that case?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
Well, we know the answer because
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ํ† ๋จธ์Šค S. ์ฟค์ด
04:09
Thomas S. Kuhn
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์ง€๋‚œ 1962๋…„ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„
04:12
wrote a seminal treatise
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์ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:16
about this back in 1962.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
He said what scientists do
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
04:20
when a paradigm fails
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ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ,
04:24
is, guess what -- they carry on as if nothing had happened.
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์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:30
If they haven't got a paradigm they can't ask the question.
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ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
So they say, "Yes it's wrong,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
04:35
but supposing it was right ..."
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉดโ€ฆโ€
04:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:39
And the only other option open to them
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์€
04:43
is to stop asking the questions.
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์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธธ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
So that is what they have done now.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
That's why you don't hear them talking about it. It's yesterday's question.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์  ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:52
Some of them have even elevated it into a principle.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ์กฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
It's what we ought to be doing.
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์‹ ์กฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
04:57
Aaron Filler from Harvard said,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ์˜ ์•„๋ก  ํ•„๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
"Isn't it time we stopped talking about selective pressures?
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โ€œ์„ ํƒ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?
05:04
I mean, why don't we talk about, well, there's chromosomes, and there's genes.
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์Œ, ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
05:07
And we just record what we see."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ๋ฟ์ด์˜ˆ์š”โ€
05:10
Charles Darwin must be spinning in his grave!
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋ˆ•๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
05:13
He knew all about that kind of science.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And he called it hypothesis-free science.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์—†๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
05:19
And he despised it from the bottom of his heart.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
And if you're going to say,
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โ€œ์„ ํƒ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘๊ฒ ์–ด.โ€
05:25
"I'm going to stop talking about selective pressures,"
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:27
you can take "The Origin of Species" and throw it out of the window,
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ใ€Ž์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›ใ€์„ ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
for it's about nothing else but selective pressures.
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ ํƒ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:33
And the irony of it is,
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์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
05:35
that this is one occasion of a paradigm collapse
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด
05:38
where we didn't have to wait for a new paradigm to come up.
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ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ถ•๊ดด์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
There was one waiting in the wings.
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๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์˜†์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
It had been waiting there since 1960
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋””๊ฐ€
05:46
when Alister Hardy, a marine biologist,
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โ€œ์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€
05:49
said, "I think what happened,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋™์•ˆ
05:51
perhaps our ancestors
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์ˆ˜์ƒ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ƒํ™œ์„
05:53
had a more aquatic existence
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ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ
05:55
for some of the time."
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์ง€๋‚œ 1962๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
He kept it to himself for 30 years.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 30๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ„์งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:00
But then the press got hold of it and all hell broke loose.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
All his colleagues said, "This is outrageous.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ โ€œ์ด๊ฑด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋‹ค.
06:06
You've exposed us to public ridicule!
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์›ƒ์Œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์–ด!
06:10
You must never do that again."
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And at that time, it became set in stone:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์€
06:15
the aquatic theory should be dumped
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UFO, ์„ค์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
06:18
with the UFOs and the yetis,
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๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํŒŒ์˜
06:20
as part of the lunatic fringe of science.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์จ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ตณ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Well I don't think that.
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์ „ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
I think that Hardy had a lot going for him.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋””๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
I'd like to talk about just a handful
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
06:31
of what have been called the
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋‘,
06:33
hallmarks of mankind,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค๊ณผ
06:35
the things that made us different from everybody else,
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
06:37
and all our relatives.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
Let's look at our naked skin.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ„ธ ์—†๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:43
It's obvious that most of the things we think about
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์ฒด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ๋ชธ์— ํ„ธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
06:47
that have lost their body hair, mammals without body hair,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋“€๊ณต, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ,
06:50
are aquatic ones, like the dugong, the walrus,
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜, ํ•˜๋งˆ, ๋งค๋„ˆํ‹ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด
06:53
the dolphin, the hippopotamus, the manatee.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And a couple of wallowers-in-mud like the babirusa.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋น„๋ฃจ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ™์—์„œ ๋’น๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ช‡ ์ข…์ด๋ž‘์š”.
07:03
And you're tempted to think, well perhaps,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
07:05
could that be why we are naked?
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๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด์ธ ์ด์œ ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
I suggested it and people said, "No no no.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ โ€œ์•„๋ƒ ์•„๋ƒ.
07:10
I mean, look at the elephant.
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด.
07:12
You've forgotten all about the elephant haven't you?"
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด?โ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So back in 1982 I said,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๋‚œ 1982๋…„ ์ €๋Š”
07:17
"Well perhaps the elephant had an aquatic ancestor."
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โ€œ์Œ, ์•„๋งˆ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:20
Peals of merry laughter!
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์™์ž์ง€๊ป„ํ•œ ์›ƒ์Œ์ด ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
07:23
"That crazy woman. She's off again. She'll say anything won't she?"
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"์ •์‹  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋„ค. ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์•ผ?"
07:26
But by now, everybody agrees that the elephant had an aquatic ancestor.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
This has come 'round to be that all those naked pachyderms
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ„ธ ์—†๋Š” ํ›„ํ”ผ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์กฐ์ƒ์„
07:35
have aquatic ancestors.
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๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
The last exception was supposed to be the rhinoceros.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์€ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Last year in Florida they found extinct ancestor of a rhinoceros
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์ง€๋‚œํ•ด ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋๊ณ 
07:43
and said, "Seems to have spent most of its time in the water."
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โ€œ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So this is a close connection between nakedness and water.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด์™€ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
As an absolute connection, it only works one way.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
You can't say all aquatic animals are naked,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํ„ธ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
07:59
because look at the sea otter.
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ํ•ด๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:01
But you can say
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“ 
08:03
that every animal that has become naked
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๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ, ํ˜น์€
08:07
has been conditioned by water, in its own lifetime,
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์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ์— ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ 
08:10
or the lifetime of its ancestors. I think this is significant.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
08:14
The only exception is the naked Somalian mole-rat,
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด๋‘๋”์ง€์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋•… ์œ„๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
08:22
And take bipedality.
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์ง๋ฆฝ๋ณดํ–‰์„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:24
Here you can't find anybody to compare it with,
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์ด ์ ์—์„  ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
because we're the only animal that walks upright on two legs.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„œ์„œ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:32
But you can say this: all the apes and all the monkeys
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž ๊น ๋™์•ˆ
08:35
are capable of walking on two legs,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ธ์›๊ณผ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ
08:37
if they want to, for a short time.
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๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
There is only one circumstance in which they
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ
08:42
always, all of them, walk on two legs,
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๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋”ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
and that is when they are wading through water.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ ์†์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๊ฑด๋„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Do you think that's significant?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:50
David Attenborough thinks it's significant,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์• ํŠผ๋ณด๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
as the possible beginning of our bipedalism.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง๋ฆฝ ๋ณดํ–‰ ์‹œ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์š”.
08:56
Look at the fat layer.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์ธต์„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:58
We have got, under our skin, a layer of fat, all over:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ‘์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ธต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
nothing in the least like that in any other primate.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์—์„  ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
09:06
Why should it be there?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์™œ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:08
Well they do know, that if you look at other aquatic mammals,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:11
the fat that in most land mammals
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๋ณดํ†ต ์œก์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„  ์ฒด๋ฒฝ ๋‚ด,
09:13
is deposited inside the body wall,
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์‹ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์ž ๋ถ€๊ทผ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ
09:16
around the kidneys and the intestines and so on,
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์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
09:20
has started to migrate to the outside,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ธต์— ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
09:22
and spread out in a layer inside the skin.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
In the whale it's complete:
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์™„์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
no fat inside at all, all in blubber outside.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์—” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
We cannot avoid the suspicion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ
09:34
that in our case it's started to happen.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
We have got skin lined with this layer.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด ์ธต์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
It's the only possible explanation of why humans,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์—์„  ์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:44
if they're very unlucky,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด,
09:47
can become grossly obese,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ถˆ์šดํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ
09:50
in a way that would be totally impossible for any other primate, physically impossible.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Something very odd, matter-of-factly, never explained.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ, ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:58
The question of why we can speak.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
We can speak.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And the gorilla can't speak. Why?
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๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ์š”. ์™œ์ฃ ?
10:05
Nothing to do with his teeth or his tongue or his lungs or anything like that --
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์น˜์•„, ํ˜€, ํ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
purely has to do with its conscious control of its breath.
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ํ˜ธํก์„ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
You can't even train a gorilla to say "Ah" on request.
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๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด โ€œ์•„โ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
The only creatures that have got conscious control of their breath
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ํ˜ธํก์„ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
10:24
are the diving animals and the diving birds.
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์ž ์ˆ˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
It was an absolute precondition for our being able to speak.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
And then again, there is the fact that we are streamlined.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Trying to imagine a diver
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๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ ํŠ€๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
10:38
diving into water -- hardly makes a splash.
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๋ฌผ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:40
Try to imagine a gorilla
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š”
10:43
performing the same maneuver,
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๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:46
and you can see that, compared with gorilla,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐ˜์ฏค
10:48
we are halfway to being shaped like a fish.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
I am trying to suggest that, for 40-odd years,
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์ „ 40์—ฌ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์ด
10:54
this aquatic idea has been miscategorized as lunatic fringe,
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์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
10:59
and it is not lunatic fringe.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
And the ironic thing about it is that
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๋ฐ˜์–ด์ ์ธ ์ ์€
11:05
they are not staving off the aquatic theory
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”
11:08
to protect a theory of their own,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
11:10
which they've all agreed on, and they love.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
There is nothing there.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
They are staving off the aquatic theory
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๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
11:16
to protect a vacuum.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ”ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:26
How do they react when I say these things?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:29
One very common reaction I've heard about 20 times
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋ฌด ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
is, "But it was investigated.
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โ€œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ž–์•„.
11:35
They conducted a serious investigation of this at the beginning,
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ํ•˜๋””๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋˜
11:39
when Hardy put forward his article."
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ž–์•„.โ€
11:43
I don't believe it.
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์ „ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:46
For 35 years I've been looking for any evidence
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35๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
11:49
of any incident of that kind,
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ
11:51
and I've concluded that that's one of the urban myths.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋„์‹œ ์ „์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
It's never been done.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
11:57
I ask people sometimes, and they say,
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
"I like the aquatic theory!
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โ€œ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ข‹์•„!โ€
12:01
Everybody likes the aquatic theory.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Of course they don't believe it, but they like it."
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Well I say, "Why do you think it's rubbish?"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ โ€œ์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
12:09
They say "Well ...
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๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์Œโ€ฆ
12:11
everybody I talk to says it's rubbish.
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ „๋ถ€ ์‹œ์‹œํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ.
12:14
And they can't all be wrong, can they?"
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ „๋ถ€ ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„?โ€
12:16
The answer to that, loud and clear, is, "Yes! They can all be wrong."
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ทธ๋ž˜! ์ „๋ถ€ ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด.โ€
12:20
History is strewn with the cases when they've all got it wrong.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:32
And if you've got a scientific problem like that,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
12:34
you can't solve it by holding a head count,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์„œ โ€œ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์•„โ€
12:37
and saying, "More of us say yes than say no."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:41
Apart from that, some of the heads count more than others.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
Some of them have come over.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ช‡๋ช‡์ด ์ด์ชฝ ํŽธ์ด ๋์ฃ .
12:48
There was Professor Tobias. He's come over.
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ํ† ๋น„์–ด์Šค ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Daniel Dennett, he's come over.
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๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ๋Œ€๋‹›๋„ ์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Sir David Attenborough, he's come over.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์• ํŠผ๋ณด๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
Anybody else out there? Come on in.
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์ €์ชฝ์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์„ธ์š”.
12:59
The water is lovely.
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๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:04
And now we've got to look to the future.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Ultimately one of three things is going to happen.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Either they will go on for the next 40 years, 50 years, 60 years.
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๋‹ค์Œ 40๋…„, 50๋…„, 60๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
"Yeah well we don't talk about that. Let's talk about something interesting."
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โ€œ๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ž.โ€
13:22
That would be very sad.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
The second thing that could happen
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ Š์€ ์ฒœ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜
13:26
is that some young genius will arrive,
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โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด.
13:28
and say, "I've found it.
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๋Œ€์ดˆ์›๋„ ๋ฌผ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฑฐ์•ผ!โ€
13:30
It was not the savanna, it was not the water, it was this!"
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
No sign of that happening either.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ง•์กฐ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
I don't think there is a third option.
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์ œ3์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
So the third thing that might happen is
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€
13:42
a very beautiful thing.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ฃ .
13:45
If you look back at the early years of the last century,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด
13:48
there was a stand-off, a lot of bickering and bad feeling
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๋ฉ˜๋ธ ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž์™€ ๋‹ค์œˆ ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์—
13:52
between the believers in Mendel,
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๊ต์ฐฉ ์ƒํƒœ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง๋‹คํˆผ๊ณผ
13:54
and the believers in Darwin.
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์•…๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
It ended with a new synthesis:
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
14:00
Darwin's ideas and Mendel's ideas
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๋‹ค์œˆ๊ณผ ๋ฉ˜๋ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
14:03
blending together.
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์œตํ•ฉ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
And I think the same thing will happen here.
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์ „ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
You'll get a new synthesis.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:11
Hardy's ideas and Darwin's ideas
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ํ•˜๋””์™€ ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
14:13
will be blended together.
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์œตํ•ฉ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
And we can move forward from there,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€
14:17
and really get somewhere.
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์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
That would be a beautiful thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
14:22
It would be very nice for me if it happened soon.
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์ „ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:36
Because I'm older now than George Burns was when he said,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ „ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฒˆ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋Š™์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
14:41
"At my age, I don't even buy green bananas."
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โ€œ๋‚ด ๋‚˜์ด์—๋Š” ๋œ ์ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋„ ์•ˆ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.โ€
14:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:51
So if it's going to come and it's going to happen,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
14:54
what's holding it up?
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๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:56
I can tell you that in three words.
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์„ธ ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
Academia says no.
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ํ•™๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
They decided in 1960,
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ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” 1960๋…„ โ€œ์ด ์ด๋ก ์€
15:05
"That belongs with the UFOs and the yetis."
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UFO์™€ ์„ค์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
And it's not easy to change their minds.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
15:12
The professional journals
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์ „๋ฌธ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋Š” ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ด
15:14
won't touch it with a barge pole.
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๋”ฑ ์งˆ์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
The textbooks don't mention it.
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๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
The syllabus doesn't mention even the fact that we're naked,
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๊ฐ•์˜ ์š”๊ฐ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก 
15:22
let alone look for a reason to it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ์ˆญ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
"Horizon," which takes its cue from the academics,
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ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹คํ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
15:28
won't touch it with a barge pole.
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โ€œํ˜ธ๋ผ์ด์ฆŒโ€๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์งˆ์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
So we never hear the case put for it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:34
except in jocular references
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์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด
15:37
to people on the lunatic fringe.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
I don't know quite where this diktat comes from.
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์ „ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ด ์–ธ๋ช…๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
Somebody up there
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์ € ์œ„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
15:47
is issuing the commandment,
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๊ณ„์œจ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
"Thou shalt not believe in the aquatic theory.
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โ€œ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€์–ด๋‹ค.โ€
15:55
And if you hope to make progress in this profession,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ง์—…์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ
15:58
and you do believe it, you'd better keep it to yourself,
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์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
because it will get in your way."
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:04
So I get the impression that some parts
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๊ณผํ•™ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
16:07
of the scientific establishment
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ œ๋‹จ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š”
16:10
are morphing into a kind of priesthood.
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์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
But you know, that makes me feel good,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
because Richard Dawkins has told us
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์‚ฌ์ œ๋‹จ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋„ํ‚จ์Šค๊ฐ€
16:21
how to treat a priesthood.
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๋งํ•ด์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:25
He says, "Firstly, you've got to refuse to give it
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โ€œ๋จผ์ € ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„
16:28
all the excessive awe and reverence
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์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
16:31
it's been trained to receive."
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์ข…๊ต๋Š” ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€
16:33
Right. I'll go ahead with that.
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
And secondly, he says,
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๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋„ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ
16:37
"You must never be afraid to rock the boat."
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โ€œ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:40
I'll go along with that too.
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์ „ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:42
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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