E.O. Wilson calls for an Encyclopedia of Life

73,394 views ใƒป 2007-04-05

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tom Bielik
00:25
I have all my life wondered what "mind-boggling" meant.
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื“ื”ื™ื."
00:30
After two days here, I declare myself boggled, and enormously impressed,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ื“ื”ื, ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™.
00:40
and feel that you are one of the great hopes --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:46
not just for American achievement in science and technology,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:53
but for the whole world.
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ืืœื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:55
I've come, however, on a special mission on behalf of my constituency,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:03
which are the 10-to-the-18th-power -- that's a million trillion --
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ื•ืืœื” 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 18, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
01:12
insects and other small creatures, and to make a plea for them.
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื.
01:26
If we were to wipe out insects alone, just that group alone, on this planet --
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื,
01:32
which we are trying hard to do --
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•,
01:36
the rest of life and humanity with it would mostly disappear from the land.
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ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:45
And within a few months.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:47
Now, how did I come to this particular position of advocacy?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื ื’ื•ืจ?
01:53
As a little boy, and through my teenage years,
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ื›ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื”,
01:59
I became increasingly fascinated by the diversity of life.
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ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:02
I had a butterfly period, a snake period, a bird period, a fish period, a cave period
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืจืคืจื™ื, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ืžืขืจื•ืช
02:14
and finally and definitively, an ant period.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
02:18
By my college years, I was a devoted myrmecologist,
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ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื™ ืœืžื›ืœืœื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื™ืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื•ืจ,
02:23
a specialist on the biology of ants,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื.
02:25
but my attention and research continued to make journeys
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ื“ื“ื• ื’ื
02:30
across the great variety of life on Earth in general --
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ืืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•.
02:34
including all that it means to us as a species, how little we understand it
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:42
and how pressing a danger that our activities have created for it.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”.
02:49
Out of that broader study has emerged a concern and an ambition,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ืขื” ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื“ื—ืฃ,
02:54
crystallized in the wish that I'm about to make to you.
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ืฉืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
02:59
My choice is the culmination of a lifetime commitment
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™
03:04
that began with growing up on the Gulf Coast of Alabama, on the Florida peninsula.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืืœืื‘ืžื”, ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
03:11
As far back as I can remember, I was enchanted by the natural beauty of that region
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ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
03:20
and the almost tropical exuberance of the plants and animals that grow there.
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ื•ืžื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืฉื.
03:26
One day when I was only seven years old and fishing,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข,
03:30
I pulled a "pinfish," they're called, with sharp dorsal spines, up too hard and fast,
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ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื›ืชื™ ื“ื’ ืขื ืงื•ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™,
03:38
and I blinded myself in one eye.
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ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจืชื™ ืžื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช.
03:40
I later discovered I was also hard of hearing,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื”
03:43
possibly congenitally, in the upper registers.
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ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื.
03:46
So in planning to be a professional naturalist --
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ืื– ื›ืฉืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ -
03:51
I never considered anything else in my entire life --
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืงืœืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ -
03:54
I found that I was lousy at bird watching and couldn't track frog calls either.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ื’ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื.
04:02
So I turned to the teeming small creatures
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ืื– ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืคืข ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื
04:06
that can be held between the thumb and forefinger:
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืื’ื•ื“ืœ,
04:11
the little things that compose the foundation of our ecosystems,
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ืื•ืชื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:18
the little things, as I like to say, who run the world.
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ.
04:23
In so doing, I reached a frontier of biology so strange, so rich,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื•ื›ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”
04:31
that it seemed as though it exists on another planet.
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ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:37
In fact, we live on a mostly unexplored planet.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื”.
04:41
The great majority of organisms on Earth remain unknown to science.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ืข.
04:46
In the last 30 years, thanks to explorations in remote parts of the world
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ื‘ 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:52
and advances in technology,
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
04:54
biologists have, for example, added a full one-third of the known frog and other amphibian species,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืขื•ื“ 30% ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
05:04
to bring the current total to 5,400,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกืš ืฉืœ 5,400 ืžื™ื ื™ื,
05:08
and more continue to pour in.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
05:10
Two new kinds of whales have been discovered, along with two new antelopes,
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืœื•ืคื•ืช,
05:16
dozens of monkey species and a new kind of elephant --
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ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื.
05:20
and even a distinct kind of gorilla.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”.
05:23
At the extreme opposite end of the size scale, the class of marine bacteria,
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื™ืžื™,
05:33
the Prochlorococci -- that will be on the final exam --
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ืคืจื•ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืงื•ืงื™ - ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ -
05:39
although discovered only in 1988, are now recognized as likely the most abundant organisms on Earth,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ 1988, ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื,
05:48
and moreover, responsible for a large part of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean.
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ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื™ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:55
These bacteria were not uncovered sooner
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:59
because they are also among the smallest of all Earth's organisms --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื -
06:04
so minute that they cannot be seen with conventional optical microscopy.
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ื›"ื› ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
06:10
Yet life in the sea may depend on these tiny creatures.
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ืืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
06:14
These examples are just the first glimpse of our ignorance of life on this planet.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ืฆืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื.
06:19
Consider the fungi -- including mushrooms, rusts, molds and many disease-causing organisms.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ื“ื”, ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
06:26
60,000 species are known to science,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžื›ื™ืจ 60,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:30
but more than 1.5 million have been estimated to exist.
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ืืš ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืœ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
06:34
Consider the nematode roundworm, the most abundant of all animals.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื” (ืชื•ืœืขืช), ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:40
Four out of five animals on Earth are nematode worms --
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4 ืžื›ืœ 5 ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืŸ ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช -
06:48
if all solid materials except nematode worms were to be eliminated,
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง ืคืจื˜ ืœื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื,
06:52
you could still see the ghostly outline of most of it in nematode worms.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ื— ืจืคืื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืœืขื™ ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช.
06:59
About 16,000 species of nematode worms
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ื‘ืขืจืš 16,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช
07:04
have been discovered and diagnosed by scientists;
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ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื•ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
07:07
there could be hundreds of thousands of them, even millions, still unknown.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชื’ืœื•.
07:12
This vast domain of hidden biodiversity is increased still further
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืกืชืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:17
by the dark matter of the biological world of bacteria,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
07:23
which within just the last several years
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ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
07:29
still were known from only about 6,000 species of bacteria worldwide.
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืจืง ื› 6,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:36
But that number of bacteria species can be found in one gram of soil,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”,
07:42
just a little handful of soil, in the 10 billion bacteria that would be there.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
07:51
It's been estimated that a single ton of soil -- fertile soil --
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื”
07:56
contains approximately four million species of bacteria, all unknown.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื› 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
08:04
So the question is: what are they all doing?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
08:12
The fact is, we don't know.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
08:15
We are living on a planet with a lot of activities, with reference to our living environment,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœืื ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
08:24
done by faith and guess alone.
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ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
08:28
Our lives depend upon these creatures.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:32
To take an example close to home: there are over 500 species of bacteria now known --
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื•: ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขืœ 500 ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื -
08:40
friendly bacteria -- living symbiotically in your mouth and throat
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
08:45
probably necessary to your health for holding off pathogenic bacteria.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื.
08:52
At this point I think we have a little impressionistic film
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืงืฆืจ
08:56
that was made especially for this occasion.
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:58
And I'd like to show it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
09:01
Assisted in this by Billie Holiday.
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื™.
09:04
(Video)
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(ืกืจื˜)
11:06
And that may be just the beginning!
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ื•ื–ืืช ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:09
The viruses, those quasi-organisms among which are the prophages,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืžืขื™ืŸ-ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืคืจื•ืคื–ื™ื” -
11:15
the gene weavers that promote the continued evolution in the lives of the bacteria,
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ื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื -
11:22
are a virtually unknown frontier of modern biology, a world unto themselves.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
11:31
What constitutes a viral species is still unresolved,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™,
11:35
although they're obviously of enormous importance to us.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
11:39
But this much we can say: the variety of genes on the planet in viruses
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
11:45
exceeds, or is likely to exceed, that in all of the rest of life combined.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
11:53
Nowadays, in addressing microbial biodiversity,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
11:57
scientists are like explorers in a rowboat launched onto the Pacific Ocean.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื—ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืจืช ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:03
But that is changing rapidly with the aid of new genomic technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
12:08
Already it is possible to sequence the entire genetic code of a bacterium in under four hours.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 4 ืฉืขื•ืช.
12:15
Soon we will be in a position to go forth in the field with sequencers on our backs --
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ืžืจืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืœ -
12:21
to hunt bacteria in tiny crevices of the habitat's surface
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
12:27
in the way you go watching for birds with binoculars.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืชืฆืคืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉืงืคืช.
12:31
What will we find as we map the living world, as, finally, we get this underway seriously?
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ืžื” ื ื’ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช?
12:39
As we move past the relatively gigantic mammals, birds, frogs and plants
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ื›ืฉื ื ื•ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื
12:44
to the more elusive insects and other small invertebrates and then beyond
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ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื™ื, ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ -
12:50
to the countless millions of organisms in the invisible living world
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ืืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:55
enveloped and living within humanity?
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ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
12:59
Already what were thought to be bacteria for generations
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
13:05
have been found to compose, instead, two great domains of microorganisms:
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื:
13:11
true bacteria and one-celled organisms the archaea,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื”,
13:15
which are closer than other bacteria to the eukaryota, the group that we belong to.
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ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
13:22
Some serious biologists, and I count myself among them,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
13:27
have begun to wonder that among the enormous and still unknown diversity of microorganisms,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืœื-ื ื•ื“ืข
13:36
one might -- just might -- find aliens among them.
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ื ืžืฆื, ืื•ืœื™, ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
13:41
True aliens, stocks that arrived from outer space.
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ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
13:46
They've had billions of years to do it,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืŸ,
13:48
but especially during the earliest period of biological evolution on this planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื”"ื.
13:55
We do know that some bacterial species that have earthly origin
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื
13:59
are capable of almost unimaginable extremes of temperature
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
14:07
and other harsh changes in environment,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:10
including hard radiation strong enough and maintained long enough to crack the Pyrex vessels
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื” ื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ื•ืง ื›ืœื™ ืคื™ื™ืจืงืก
14:18
around the growing population of bacteria.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช.
14:21
There may be a temptation to treat the biosphere holistically
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™
14:27
and the species that compose it as a great flux of entities
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ื•ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื˜ืฃ ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
14:33
hardly worth distinguishing one from the other.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
14:37
But each of these species, even the tiniest Prochlorococci,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืงื•ืงื™ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:42
are masterpieces of evolution.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
14:44
Each has persisted for thousands to millions of years.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:50
Each is exquisitely adapted to the environment in which it lives,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™,
14:54
interlocked with other species to form ecosystems upon which our own lives depend
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•
15:01
in ways we have not begun even to imagine.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื.
15:05
We will destroy these ecosystems and the species composing them
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ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
15:09
at the peril of our own existence --
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ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื›ื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• -
15:12
and unfortunately we are destroying them with ingenuity and ceaseless energy.
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ื•ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื™ืช.
15:21
My own epiphany as a conservationist came in 1953, while a Harvard graduate student,
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ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืฉื•ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ 1953, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“
15:31
searching for rare ants found in the mountain forests of Cuba,
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ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื ืžืœื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื”.
15:35
ants that shine in the sunlight --
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ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ -
15:37
metallic green or metallic blue, according to species, and one species, I discovered, metallic gold.
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ื™ืจื•ืง ืžื˜ืืœื™, ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžื˜ืืœื™, ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ืืœื™.
15:45
I found my magical ants, but only after a tough climb into the mountains
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืงืฉื” ืืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื,
15:50
where the last of the native Cuban forests hung on,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื”,
15:54
and were then -- and still are -- being cut back.
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ื•ืฉืื–, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื’ื“ืข.
16:00
I realized then that these species
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื– ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”
16:03
and a large part of the other unique, marvelous animals and plants on that island --
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื™,
16:09
and this is true of practically every part of the world --
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
16:14
which took millions of years to evolve, are in the process of disappearing forever.
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ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœืงื— ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืœืขื“.
16:19
And so it is everywhere one looks.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืชื‘ื™ื˜.
16:24
The human juggernaut is permanently eroding Earth's ancient biosphere by a combination of forces
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ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื•ื—ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
16:32
that can be summarized by the acronym "HIPPO," the animal hippo.
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืจ"ืช HIPPO.
16:37
H is for habitat destruction, including climate change forced by greenhouse gases.
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H ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืก ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
16:44
I is for the invasive species like the fire ants, the zebra mussels, broom grasses
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I ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืžืœื™ ื”ืืฉ, ืฆื“ืคื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื”, ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืžื˜ืื˜ื
16:52
and pathogenic bacteria and viruses that are flooding every country, and at an exponential rate -- that's the I.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ - ื–ื” I.
17:03
The P, the first one in "HIPPO," is for pollution.
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ื” P ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
17:07
The second is for continued population, human population expansion.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
17:13
And the final letter is O, for over-harvesting --
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ O ื”ื•ื ืงืฆื™ืจ ื™ืชืจ
17:16
driving species into extinction by excessive hunting and fishing.
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ื”ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืฆื™ื“ ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื.
17:20
The HIPPO juggernaut we have created, if unabated, is destined --
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ื”ืจืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช HIPPO, ืื ืœื ื™ื™ืขืฆืจ, ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• -
17:26
according to the best estimates of ongoing biodiversity research --
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ -
17:30
to reduce half of Earth's still surviving animal and plant species
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื
17:35
to extinction or critical endangerment by the end of the century.
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ื™ื›ื—ื“ื• ืื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”.
17:40
Human-forced climate change alone -- again, if unabated --
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืข"ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืœื‘ื“ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง
17:45
could eliminate a quarter of surviving species during the next five decades.
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ืจื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืš 50 ืฉื ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื™ืขืฆืจื•.
17:51
What will we and all future generations lose
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ืžื” ื ืคืกื™ื“ ืื ื• ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื•
17:55
if much of the living environment is thus degraded?
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ืื ื—ืœืง ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ื™ื™ืคื’ืข?
18:01
Huge potential sources of scientific information yet to be gathered,
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ืืกืคื ื•,
18:05
much of our environmental stability
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
18:09
and new kinds of pharmaceuticals and new products of unimaginable strength and value --
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ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ื ื -
18:16
all thrown away.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœื˜ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
18:19
The loss will inflict a heavy price
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ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“
18:22
in wealth, security and yes, spirituality for all time to come,
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ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ - ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
18:29
because previous cataclysms of this kind --
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืงืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” -
18:31
the last one, that ended the age of dinosaurs --
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ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื -
18:34
took, normally, five to 10 million years to repair.
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ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื“"ื› 5-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
18:40
Sadly, our knowledge of biodiversity is so incomplete
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื—ืกืจ
18:44
that we are at risk of losing a great deal of it before it is even discovered.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ืชื’ืœื•.
18:49
For example, even in the United States, the 200,000 species known currently
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ 200,000 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
18:58
actually has been found to be only partial in coverage;
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ืžื›ืกื™ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื,
19:05
it is mostly unknown to us in basic biology.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
19:10
Only about 15 percent of the known species have been studied well enough to evaluate their status.
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ืจืง ื› 15% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื ื—ืงืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื.
19:17
Of the 15 percent evaluated, 20 percent are classified as "in peril,"
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ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื 15%, 20% ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”,
19:23
that is, in danger of extinction.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
19:25
That's in the United States.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
19:27
We are, in short, flying blind into our environmental future.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
19:34
We urgently need to change this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช.
19:36
We need to have the biosphere properly explored
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
19:40
so that we can understand and competently manage it.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
19:44
We need to settle down before we wreck the planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืคืœืื ื˜ื”.
19:48
And we need that knowledge.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
19:49
This should be a big science project equivalent to the Human Genome Project.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
19:54
It should be thought of as a biological moonshot with a timetable.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืชื—ืช ืœื•ื—-ื–ืžื ื™ื.
19:59
So this brings me to my wish for TEDsters,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื, ืงื”ืœ TED,
20:03
and to anyone else around the world who hears this talk.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
20:06
I wish we will work together to help create the key tools
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ืžืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืชื—
20:12
that we need to inspire preservation of Earth's biodiversity.
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ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื.
20:16
And let us call it the "Encyclopedia of Life."
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ื•ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
20:20
What is the "Encyclopedia of Life?" A concept that has already taken hold
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ืžื”ื™ "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" - ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก,
20:24
and is beginning to spread and be looked at seriously?
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ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช?
20:28
It is an encyclopedia that lives on the Internet
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
20:31
and is contributed to by thousands of scientists around the world.
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ื•ื ืชืจืžืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
20:36
Amateurs can do it also.
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ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
20:39
It has an indefinitely expandable page for each species.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™.
20:44
It makes all key information about life on Earth accessible to anyone,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
20:50
on demand, anywhere in the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
20:52
I've written about this idea before,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
20:56
and I know there are people in this room who have expended significant effort on it in the past.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
21:03
But what excites me is that since I first put forward this particular idea in that form,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
21:11
science has advanced.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืชืงื“ื.
21:13
Technology has moved forward.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื”.
21:16
Today, the practicalities of making such an encyclopedia,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
21:20
regardless of the magnitude of the information put into it, are within reach.
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ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœื™ื”.
21:26
Indeed, in the past year, a group of influential scientific institutions
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ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื
21:30
have begun mobilizing to realize this dream.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
21:34
I wish you would help them.
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ืžืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื.
21:37
Working together, we can make this real.
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ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
21:41
The encyclopedia will quickly pay for itself in practical applications.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.
21:46
It will address transcendent qualities in the human consciousness, and sense of human need.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
21:52
It will transform the science of biology in ways of obvious benefit to humanity.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
21:58
And most of all, it can inspire a new generation of biologists
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
22:03
to continue the quest that started, for me personally, 60 years ago:
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ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื”:
22:08
to search for life, to understand it and finally, above all, to preserve it.
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ - ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ - ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื.
22:13
That is my wish. Thank you.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉืืœืชื™. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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