Scott Fraser: The problem with eyewitness testimony

229,282 views ใƒป 2012-09-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:17
The murder happened a little over 21 years ago,
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ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-21 ืฉื ื”,
00:21
January the 18th, 1991,
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ื‘-18 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1991,
ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:26
in a small
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00:28
bedroom community
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00:30
of Lynwood, California, just a few miles
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ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
00:33
southeast of Los Angeles.
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00:36
A father came out of his house
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ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืชื•
00:38
to tell his teenage son and his five friends
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•
00:42
that it was time for them to stop horsing around
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื“ืฉืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”,
00:45
on the front lawn and on the sidewalk,
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00:48
to get home, finish their schoolwork,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื™ื’ืžืจื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™-ื‘ื™ืช
00:50
and prepare themselves for bed.
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ื•ื™ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
00:53
And as the father was administering these instructions,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:57
a car drove by, slowly,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช,
01:00
and just after it passed the father and the teenagers,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื‘ื ื•ื”ื ืขืจื™ื,
01:03
a hand went out from the front passenger window,
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ื ืฉืœืคื” ื™ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ื’,
01:07
and -- "Bam, Bam!" -- killing the father.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื•ื! ื”ืื‘ ื ื”ืจื’.
01:12
And the car sped off.
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฆื” ื•ื ืžืœื˜ื”.
01:15
The police,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
01:17
investigating officers, were amazingly efficient.
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01:21
They considered all the usual culprits,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื,
01:23
and in less than 24 hours, they had selected their suspect:
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื:
01:28
Francisco Carrillo, a 17-year-old kid
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ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ืงืืจื™ื•, ื ืขืจ ื‘ืŸ 17
01:32
who lived about two or three blocks away
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ืฉื’ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 2-3 ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืจื™.
01:34
from where the shooting occurred.
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01:36
They found photos of him. They prepared a photo array,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืกื“ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
01:41
and the day after the shooting,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืจื™,
01:45
they showed it to one of the teenagers, and he said,
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ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ:
01:48
"That's the picture.
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"ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:50
That's the shooter I saw that killed the father."
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"ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™, ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืื‘."
01:55
That was all a preliminary hearing judge had
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜
01:58
to listen to, to bind Mr. Carrillo over to stand trial
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžืจ ืงืืจื™ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:03
for a first-degree murder.
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02:06
In the investigation that followed before the actual trial,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื•,
02:09
each of the other five teenagers was shown
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ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื.
02:12
photographs, the same photo array.
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ืื•ืชื” ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื.
02:16
The picture that we best can determine was probably
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื,
02:19
the one that they were shown in the photo array
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:21
is in your bottom left hand corner of these mug shots.
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02:25
The reason we're not sure absolutely is because
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
02:28
of the nature of evidence preservation
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ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช
02:33
in our judicial system,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:35
but that's another whole TEDx talk for later. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื—"ื› ื”ืจืฆืืช TEDx ืฉืœืžื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:40
So at the actual trial,
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื•
02:43
all six of the teenagers testified,
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ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื,
02:46
and indicated the identifications they had made
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื.
02:50
in the photo array.
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02:53
He was convicted. He was sentenced to life imprisonment,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื•ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื,
02:58
and transported to Folsom Prison.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœื "ืคื•ืœืกื•ื".
03:03
So what's wrong?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
03:05
Straightforward, fair trial, full investigation.
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ืžืงืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืงื™ืคื”.
03:10
Oh yes, no gun was ever found.
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ืื”, ื›ืŸ. ื”ืืงื“ื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืžืฆื.
03:14
No vehicle was ever identified as being the one
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘
ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•,
03:18
in which the shooter had extended his arm,
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03:21
and no person was ever charged with being the driver
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ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจื”.
03:24
of the shooter's vehicle.
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืงืืจื™ื•?
03:28
And Mr. Carrillo's alibi?
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03:32
Which of those parents here in the room might not lie
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ืžื™ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉืงืจ
03:37
concerning the whereabouts of your son or daughter
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืื• ื‘ืชื•
03:40
in an investigation of a killing?
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ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืจืฆื—?
03:46
Sent to prison,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœื,
03:48
adamantly insisting on his innocence,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืคื•ืชื•,
03:52
which he has consistently for 21 years.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 21 ืฉื ื”.
03:57
So what's the problem?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
04:00
The problems, actually, for this kind of case
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
04:03
come manyfold from decades of scientific research
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:07
involving human memory.
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04:11
First of all, we have all the statistical analyses
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™
04:13
from the Innocence Project work,
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ืฉืขืฉื” "ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข",
04:16
where we know that we have, what,
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ื•ืžืžื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืขืจืš 250, 280 ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื
04:18
250, 280 documented cases now where people have
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04:22
been wrongfully convicted and subsequently exonerated,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ืขืœ ืœื ืขื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืคื,
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื•ื›ื•, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
04:26
some from death row, on the basis of later DNA analysis,
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื "ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
04:33
and you know that over three quarters of all of those cases
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืœ 3/4 ืžื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืœืœื•
04:36
of exoneration involved only eyewitness identification
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ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืข"ื™ ืขื“ื™-ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
04:42
testimony during the trial that convicted them.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื•?
04:46
We know that eyewitness identifications are fallible.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืข"ื™ ืขื“-ืจืื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
04:51
The other comes from an interesting aspect
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ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:53
of human memory that's related to various brain functions
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ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื›ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:57
but I can sum up for the sake of brevity here
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04:59
in a simple line:
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
05:02
The brain abhors a vacuum.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืขื‘ ืจื™ืง.
05:06
Under the best of observation conditions,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:10
the absolute best,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
05:12
we only detect, encode and store in our brains
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:16
bits and pieces of the entire experience in front of us,
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ืจืง ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
05:20
and they're stored in different parts of the brain.
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ื•ืืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:22
So now, when it's important for us to be able to recall
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ
05:26
what it was that we experienced,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื•,
05:29
we have an incomplete, we have a partial store,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืื’ืจ ืœื ืฉืœื, ื—ืœืงื™,
05:34
and what happens?
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
05:37
Below awareness, with no requirement for any kind of
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืžื ื™ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
05:40
motivated processing, the brain fills in information
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™,
05:45
that was not there,
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05:47
not originally stored,
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ,
05:50
from inference, from speculation,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช,
05:52
from sources of information that came to you,
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ืš, ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
05:55
as the observer, after the observation.
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05:58
But it happens without awareness such that
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
06:00
you don't, aren't even cognizant of it occurring.
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ื•ืื™ื ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
06:04
It's called reconstructed memories.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื›ืš "ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื".
06:06
It happens to us in all the aspects of our life, all the time.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:10
It was those two considerations, among others --
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื --
06:14
reconstructed memory, the fact about the eyewitness fallibility --
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” --
06:18
that was part of the instigation
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืขืจื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื
06:21
for a group of appeal attorneys
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06:24
led by an amazing lawyer named Ellen Eggers
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืืœืŸ ืื’ืจืก
06:27
to pool their experience and their talents together
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ืฉื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื
06:31
and petition a superior court
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืขืจื›ืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:33
for a retrial for Francisco Carrillo.
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ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ืงืืจื™ื•.
06:38
They retained me, as a forensic neurophysiologist,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ื›ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื–"ืค,
06:43
because I had expertise
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™-ืจืื™ื™ื”,
06:45
in eyewitness memory identification,
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06:47
which obviously makes sense for this case, right?
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:50
But also because I have expertise and testify about
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“
06:53
the nature of human night vision.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:58
Well, what's that got to do with this?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ?
07:01
Well, when you read through the case materials
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™ื•,
07:04
in this Carrillo case,
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07:07
one of the things that suddenly strikes you is that
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื
07:10
the investigating officers said the lighting was good
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
07:13
at the crime scene, at the shooting.
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ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ืจื™.
07:17
All the teenagers testified during the trial
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
07:20
that they could see very well.
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07:24
But this occurred in mid-January,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื ื•ืืจ,
07:26
in the Northern Hemisphere, at 7 p.m. at night.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™-ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจื‘.
07:32
So when I did the calculations
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ื•ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ
07:36
for the lunar data and the solar data
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07:38
at that location on Earth at the time of the incident
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ืจื™,
07:41
of the shooting, all right,
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07:43
it was well past the end of civil twilight
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื
07:46
and there was no moon up that night.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื—.
07:48
So all the light in this area from the sun and the moon
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื—,
07:50
is what you see on the screen right here.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
07:53
The only lighting in that area had to come
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืข
07:56
from artificial sources,
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
07:59
and that's where I go out and I do the actual reconstruction
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข
08:02
of the scene with photometers, with various measures
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื™-ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
08:04
of illumination and various other measures of
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
08:06
color perception, along with special cameras
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ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
08:11
and high-speed film, right?
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ื•ืกืจื˜ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื›ืŸ?
08:13
Take all the measurements and record them, right?
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืขื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ,
08:16
And then take photographs, and this is what the scene
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ื•ืื– ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืืชื” ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ืจื™
08:18
looked like at the time of the shooting
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08:20
from the position of the teenagers
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ืžืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืขืจื™ื
08:22
looking at the car going by and shooting.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื•ื™ื•ืจื”.
08:26
This is looking directly across the street
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืขืžื“ื•.
08:28
from where they were standing.
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08:30
Remember, the investigating officers' report said
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:33
the lighting was good.
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08:35
The teenagers said they could see very well.
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ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
08:37
This is looking down to the east,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ืื™ืฅ ื•ื ืžืœื˜,
08:41
where the shooting vehicle sped off,
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08:44
and this is the lighting directly behind the father
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ื ืขืจื™ื.
08:49
and the teenagers.
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08:52
As you can see, it is at best poor.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
08:56
No one's going to call this well-lit, good lighting,
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืืจ ื•ืฉื–ื• ืชืื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
08:59
and in fact, as nice as these pictures are,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช --
09:03
and the reason we take them is I knew I was going to have to testify in court,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
09:06
and a picture is worth more than a thousand words
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืืœืฃ ืžืœื™ื ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื
09:09
when you're trying to communicate numbers,
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09:12
abstract concepts like lux, the international measurement
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ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืœื•ืงืก", ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื”,
09:15
of illumination, the Ishihara color perception test values.
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ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ "ืื™ืฉื™ื”ืืจื”" ืœืชืคื™ืฉืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
09:20
When you present those to people who are not well-versed
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ื›ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:23
in those aspects of science and that, they become
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09:26
salamanders in the noonday sun. It's like
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
09:29
talking about the tangent of the visual angle, all right?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืง ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื›ืŸ?
09:32
Their eyes just glaze over, all right?
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื’ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืŸ?
09:34
A good forensic expert also has to be a good educator,
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ืขื“-ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:39
a good communicator, and that's part of the reason
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ื–ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
09:41
why we take the pictures, to show not only
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
09:43
where the light sources are, and what we call the spill,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชืื•ืจืช ื–ืœื™ื’ื”",
09:46
the distribution, but also so that it's easier
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:49
for the trier of fact to understand the circumstances.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
09:53
So these are some of the pictures that, in fact,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื™.
09:56
I used when I testified,
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09:58
but more importantly were, to me as a scientist,
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ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
10:00
are those readings, the photometer readings,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“-ื”ืื•ืจ,
10:02
which I can then convert into actual predictions
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช
10:06
of the visual capability of the human eye
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:10
under those circumstances,
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10:12
and from my readings that I recorded at the scene
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื™ืขื“ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข
10:16
under the same solar and lunar conditions
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื™ืจื—
10:18
at the same time, so on and so forth, right,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'
10:21
I could predict
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
10:23
that there would be no reliable color perception,
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช-ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื™ื ื”,
10:25
which is crucial for face recognition,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื,
10:27
and that there would be only scotopic vision,
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ื•ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืจืื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช,
10:29
which means there would be very little resolution,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจืžืช-ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื“,
10:31
what we call boundary or edge detection,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™",
10:34
and that furthermore, because the eyes would have been
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ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“
10:36
totally dilated under this light, the depth of field,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื”, ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื“ื”,
10:40
the distance at which you can focus and see details,
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
10:43
would have been less than 18 inches away.
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ื”ื™ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-45 ืก"ืž.
10:48
I testified to that to the court,
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ื”ืขื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
10:51
and while the judge was very attentive,
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ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืื“
10:53
it had been a very, very long hearing
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10:56
for this petition for a retrial, and as a result,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
11:01
I noticed out of the corner of my eye
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืขื™ื ื™
11:02
that I thought that maybe the judge was going to need
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง
11:07
a little more of a nudge
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข
11:09
than just more numbers.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
11:11
And here I became a bit audacious,
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ื—ืฆื•ืฃ,
11:13
and I turned
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ื•ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ืืžืจืชื™:
11:15
and I asked the judge,
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11:17
I said, "Your Honor, I think you should go out
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ืืช ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข."
11:20
and look at the scene yourself."
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11:22
Now I may have used a tone which was more like a dare
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” --
11:26
than a request โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:28
but nonetheless, it's to this man's credit and his courage
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ื™ืืžืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืื•ืžืฅ
11:32
that he said, "Yes, I will."
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ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื›ืŸ. ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช."
11:36
A shocker in American jurisprudence.
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ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
11:40
So in fact, we found the same identical conditions,
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ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืชื ืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
11:43
we reconstructed the entire thing again,
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ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง,
11:45
he came out with an entire brigade of sheriff's officers
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืฃ
11:49
to protect him in this community, all right? (Laughter)
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:54
We had him stand actually slightly in the street,
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ื”ืขืžื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘,
11:59
so closer to the suspect vehicle, the shooter vehicle,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“, ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจื”,
12:02
than the actual teenagers were,
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื,
12:05
so he stood a few feet from the curb
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”
12:07
toward the middle of the street.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
12:10
We had a car that came by,
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื—ืœื•ืฃ ืœื™ื“ื•,
12:12
same identical car as described by the teenagers, right?
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ืื•ืชื• ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื,
12:17
It had a driver and a passenger,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ ื•ื ื•ืกืข,
12:19
and after the car had passed the judge by,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœืฃ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜
12:23
the passenger extended his hand,
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ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื“ื•,
12:27
pointed it back to the judge as the car continued on,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื”,
12:31
just as the teenagers had described it, right?
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ื–ืืช, ื›ืŸ?
12:33
Now, he didn't use a real gun in his hand,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืืงื“ื— ืืžื™ืชื™,
12:36
so he had a black object in his hand that was similar
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ืืœื ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื“ืžื” ืœืืงื“ื— ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ.
12:39
to the gun that was described.
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12:41
He pointed by, and this is what the judge saw.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจืื”.
12:44
This is the car 30 feet away from the judge.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 10 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.
12:51
There's an arm sticking out of the passenger side
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ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ื•ืกืข
12:54
and pointed back at you.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื›ื.
12:56
That's 30 feet away.
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื•ื 10 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
12:58
Some of the teenagers said that in fact the car
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘
13:00
was 15 feet away when it shot.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
13:03
Okay. There's 15 feet.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” 5 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:06
At this point, I became a little concerned.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื“ืื’.
13:11
This judge is someone you'd never want to play poker with.
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ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืคื•ืงืจ.
13:15
He was totally stoic. I couldn't see a twitch of his eyebrow.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื“-ื’ื‘ื”.
13:20
I couldn't see the slightest bend of his head.
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
13:23
I had no sense of how he was reacting to this,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
13:26
and after he looked at this reenactment,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ,
13:29
he turned to me and he says,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืฉืืœ:
13:30
"Is there anything else you want me to look at?"
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"ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืจืื”?"
13:34
I said, "Your honor," and I don't know whether I was
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ืืžืจืชื™: "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•,"
ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืžืฅ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืก
13:38
emboldened by the scientific measurements that I had
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13:41
in my pocket and my knowledge that they are accurate,
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ,
13:45
or whether it was just sheer stupidity,
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ืื• ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืžื”.
13:47
which is what the defense lawyers thought โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”-- (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:50
when they heard me say,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ:
13:52
"Yes, Your Honor, I want you stand right there
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"ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื
13:54
and I want the car to go around the block again
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"ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ืขืฉื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
13:59
and I want it to come and I want it to stop
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"ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ืš, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ
14:02
right in front of you, three to four feet away,
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"ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœืš, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืžืžืš,
14:06
and I want the passenger to extend his hand
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"ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื•ืกืข ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื“ื•
14:10
with a black object and point it right at you,
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"ื”ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืœื™ืš,
14:12
and you can look at it as long as you want."
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"ื•ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื”."
14:17
And that's what he saw. (Laughter)
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:22
You'll notice, which was also in my test report,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™,
14:26
all the dominant lighting is coming from the north side,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ,
14:28
which means that the shooter's face would
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืจื”
14:30
have been photo-occluded. It would have been backlit.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
14:33
Furthermore, the roof of the car
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘
14:35
is causing what we call a shadow cloud inside the car
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืขื ืŸ ืฆืœ" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘
14:39
which is making it darker.
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ืฉืžืฉื—ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:42
And this is three to four feet away.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื˜ืจ.
14:46
Why did I take the risk?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
14:49
I knew that the depth of field was 18 inches or less.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื” 45 ืก"ืž ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
14:54
Three to four feet, it might as well have been
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื˜ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:55
a football field away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
15:00
This is what he saw.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”.
15:02
He went back, there was a few more days of evidence
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
15:06
that was heard. At the end of it,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืชืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
15:08
he made the judgment that he was going to grant
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15:11
the petition for a retrial.
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15:14
And furthermore, he released Mr. Carrillo
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืจืจ ืืช ืžืจ ืงืืจื™ื•
15:16
so that he could aid in the preparation of his own defense
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœื•
15:19
if the prosecution decided to retry him.
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ืื ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
15:25
Which they decided not to.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืกื’ืช.
15:28
He is now a freed man. (Applause)
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:33
(Applause)
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15:37
This is him embracing his grandmother-in-law.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืง ืืช ืกื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื•.
15:42
He -- His girlfriend was pregnant when he went to trial,
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ื”ื•ื-- ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜,
15:46
right? And she had a little baby boy.
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืŸ.
15:50
He and his son are both attending Cal State, Long Beach
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ'
15:53
right now taking classes. (Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:59
And what does this example --
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•--
16:03
what's important to keep in mind for ourselves?
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ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื›ืš?
16:07
First of all, there's a long history of antipathy
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื”
16:11
between science and the law
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง
16:13
in American jurisprudence.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
16:15
I could regale you with horror stories of ignorance
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื ื’ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช
16:19
over decades of experience as a forensic expert
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ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ ื›ืขื“-ืžื•ืžื—ื”,
16:23
of just trying to get science into the courtroom.
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ืžื›ืš ืฉืจืง ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
16:28
The opposing council always fight it and oppose it.
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ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš.
16:32
One suggestion is that all of us become much more
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ื”ืฆืขื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืขื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
16:36
attuned to the necessity, through policy,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื”ืœื™ื,
16:39
through procedures,
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16:41
to get more science in the courtroom,
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
16:44
and I think one large step toward that
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฆืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
16:46
is more requirements,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช,
16:48
with all due respect to the law schools,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
16:51
of science, technology, engineering, mathematics
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
16:56
for anyone going into the law,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
16:58
because they become the judges.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
17:01
Think about how we select our judges in this country.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•.
17:04
It's very different than most other cultures. All right?
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:08
The other one that I want to suggest,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข,
17:10
the caution that all of us have to have,
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ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
17:13
I constantly have to remind myself,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ,
17:15
about just how accurate are the memories
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ื”ื™ื: ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช
17:18
that we know are true, that we believe in?
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื?
17:23
There is decades of research,
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
17:26
examples and examples of cases like this,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
17:31
where individuals
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื. ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
17:32
really, really believe. None of those teenagers
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17:36
who identified him
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ืฉื–ื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื•,
17:38
thought that they were picking the wrong person.
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
17:41
None of them thought they couldn't see the person's face.
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ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื•.
17:44
We all have to be very careful.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“.
17:47
All our memories are reconstructed memories.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื.
17:50
They are the product of what we originally experienced
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ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ,
17:53
and everything that's happened afterwards.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
17:55
They're dynamic.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื.
17:57
They're malleable. They're volatile,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื”ื ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื™ื,
18:00
and as a result, we all need to remember to be cautious,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ,
18:04
that the accuracy of our memories
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ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•
18:07
is not measured in how vivid they are
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ืœื ื ืžื“ื“ ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
18:11
nor how certain you are that they're correct.
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ืื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
18:16
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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